2
JSCS–4289 Original scientific paper
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental
problems today. Cadmium is a heavy metal that poses serious health hazards
through entry into the food chain by anthropogenic pathways. In the last decade,
biosorption using microbial biomasses as sorbent materials has emerged as a
cost-effective removal technique for the treatment of high volume and low
concentration complex wastewaters containing heavy metal(s) at concentrations
in the order of 1 to 100 mg L–1 metal, compared to other processes such as
chemical precipitation, evaporation, ion exchange and membrane separation. The
conventional methods have disadvantages, including incomplete metal removal,
549
qt =
( c0 − ct )V (1)
m
where c0 and ct are the initial and at time t liquid phase cadmium concentrations (mg L-1), V is
the volume of the solution (L) and m is the mass of the dry biomass used (g).
Correspondingly, the adsorbed amount of cadmium at equilibrium, qe (mg g-1), is given
by:
qeq =
( c0 − ceq )V (2)
m
where ceq is the concentration of cadmium in the supernatant at equilibrium (mg L-1).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of solution pH and zeta potential on the adsorption of cadmium
Previous studies on heavy metal biosorption showed that the pH value of the
solution is an important factor in both the solution chemistry of the metal and the
surface characteristics of the biosorbent.2,5,9,13–18 The effect of the initial pH on
cadmium biosorption by yeast biomass is presented in Fig. 1. The biomass con-
centration was 0.30 g L–1 and the initial metal concentration was 50.0 mg L–1.
(a)
dq 2
= k2,ad ( qeq − q ) (2)
dt
where k2,ad is the rate constant of the second-order biosorption (g mg–1·min–1).
After integration, the following equation is obtained:
t 1 t
= + (3)
2
q k2,ad qeq qeq
It should be noticed that for the utilization of this model, it is not necessary
for the experimental value of qeq to be pre-estimated. By plotting t/q against t for
the initial concentrations (5.0, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 mg L–1), straight lines were
obtained, as shown in Fig. 3b. The values of the second-order rate constants k2,ad
and qeq, determined from the slopes and intercepts of the plots, respectively, are
presented in Table I.
TABLE I. The second-order adsorption rate constants of cadmium adsorption for different
initial concentrations, at pH 6.0, temperature: 22.5 °C, biomass concentration: 0.30 g L-1
c0 / mg L-1 k2,ad / g mg-1 min-1 qeq,cal / mg g-1 R2 qeq,exp / mg g-1
5.0 0.22 16.6 1.000 16.5
12.5 1.5×10-2 20.1 0.961 20.1
25.0 2.1×10-3 40 0.981 36.5
50.0 4.6×10-4 74.6 0.979 60.7
The correlation coefficients for the second-order kinetic model were close to
1.0 for all cases, and the theoretical values of qeq also agreed well with the
experimental data (Table I). The values of second-order rate constant k2,ad were
in the range of 4.6×10–4–0.22 g mg–1·min–1. This suggests that the sorption of
cadmium by baker’s yeast follows second-order kinetics. The second-order ki-
netic parameters can be used to determine the equilibrium sorption capacity, the
percent removal of cadmium, the rate constants and the initial sorption rate to
facilitate bioreactor design.
Adsorption isotherms
The adsorption isotherms of cadmium adsorption by baker’s yeast were
determined in aqueous suspension using the batch technique. The adsorption
isotherms of the adsorption of cadmium ions by baker’s yeast in the initial
concentration range of 10–500 mg L–1 are displayed in Fig. 4a. The adsorption
isotherms determined in the low concentration range of 5–25 mg L–1 are shown
in Fig. 4b. The biomass concentration was 0.30 g L–1 in both cases.
It can be observed from Figs. 4a and 4b that the uptake of cadmium by the
biomass almost linearly increases with increasing initial cadmium concentration
in solution. At an equilibrated concentration of 136.9 mg L–1 (c0 = 214 mg L–1),
(a)
(b)
Biosorption yield
The biosorption yields are presented against the suspension concentrations at
an initial cadmium concentration of 50.0 mg L–1 in Fig. 5. The biomass con-
centrations were 0.30, 0.60, 1.5 and 3.0 g L–1. Increasing of biomass concen-
tration from 0.30 to 3.0 g L–1 caused the biosorption yield to increase up to 38 %.
Above a biomass concentration of 1.5 g L–1, the biosorption yield did not change
significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
The biosorption properties of waste baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae) were stu-
died for cadmium removal from aqueous suspension. The initial heavy metal
concentration, pH of the solution and contact time were found to have an effect
on the bioadsoption capacity of the biomass. The maximal biosorption capacity
was determined at pH of 6.0. With increasing initial cadmium concentration and
contact time, the amount of cadmium adsorbed increased as well. The biosorp-
tion kinetics followed pseudo second-order kinetics. The Freundlich Equation
and the Langmuir adsorption model were used for a mathematical description of
the biosorption of cadmium onto native baker’s yeast. It was found that the
adsorption equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich and Langmuir Models.
With increasing biomass concentration, the adsorption efficiency increased
significantly up to a biomass dosage of 1.5 g L–1. It seems that the use of readily
available waste baker’s yeast from the fermentation industry offers an alternative
in the removal of metals from contaminated waters.
Acknowledgements. Timea Pernyeszi, Katalin Tálos and Alžbeta Hegedűsova gratefully
acknowledge support for this research from the Hungarian–Slovak Intergovernmental &
Cooperation Program (APVV SK–HU 0018-08, SK-18/2008) between the University of Pécs
and Constantine the Philosopher University for 2009–2011. Timea Pernyeszi, Katalin Tálos
and Cornelia Majdik gratefully acknowledge support for this research from the Hungarian–
–Romanian Intergovernmental and Cooperation Program between University of Pécs and Uni-
versity of Babes-Bolyai for 2008–2009 (RO-15/2007).
ИЗВОД
REFERENCES
1. Z. Aksu, G. Egretli, T. Kutsal, J. Environ. Health 34 (1999) 295