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Page 2.57
Ten grams of water at 200C is converted into ice at -100C at constant atmospheric
pressure. Assuming specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 J/kg K and that of ice
to be half of this value and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 00C to be 335 J/g. Calculate
the total entropy change of the system Cp of ice = 2.093 J/gK.
Given data
m = 10g; Tw = 200C; Tice = 200C; Cp1 = 4.2 J/gK; hfg = 335 J/g
To find
Change in entropy, S = ?
Solution
Heat absorbed from the water to form 10 g of ice
Q = Heat absorbed from the liquid + latent heat + heat absorbed from the solid phase
Q = mw Cpw (T1 – 0) + hfg + mice Cpice (0 – T2)
= 10 x 4.2 (20 – 0) + 335 + 10 x 2.093 (0 – (-10)) = 4399.3 J
Q 4399 .2
Entropy change of atmosphere Ssystem =   16.12 j / k
T 273
Entropy change of the system from 200C to 00C

Q T 
S1  mwC p ln   0 
w T T 
 1
 273 
 10  4.2 ln ln     2.97 J / K
 293 
Entropy change of the system from 0 to -100C
T 
S1  miceC pice ln  0 
T 
 1
 263 
 10  2.093 ln     0.781 J / K
 273 
 Total entropy change S = S1 + S2 + Ssystem
= -297 – 0.781 + 16.12 = 12.369 J/K
Result
Total entropy change, S = 12.369 J/K

Page 2.81 to 2.83

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A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfer from the heat engine and
from the heat pump is used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of building. The
efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and COP of the heat pump is 4. (i) Draw the neat diagram of
the arrangement and (ii) evaluate the ratio of heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat
transfer to the heat engine.
Given data
H.E. = 27%; COPH.P = 4
To find
QR1  QR 2
?
Qs1

work done Qs1  QR 2

 H .E  
Heat Supplied Qs1

QR1 QR1
0.27  1  ;  0.73; QR1  0.73 Qs1
Qs1 Qs1

Heat Supplied QR 2 QR 2
COPH .P   ;4
Work done Qs1  QR1 Qs1  QR1

Substituting
QR 2 QR 2
4  ;Q  1.08 Qs1
Qs1  0.73Qs1 0.27Qs1 R 2

Total heat supplied to the water, Q = QR1 + QR2

= 0.73Qs1 + 1.08Qs1; 1.81Qs1;
Q 1.81QS1
  1.81
Qs1 Qs1

Result
The ratio of heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.
QR1  QR 2
  1.81
Qs1
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Page 2.91 to 2.92

A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -150C. The amblent air is at 300C. if
heat leaks into the freezer at a continuous rate of 1.75 kJ/s, what is the least power necessary to
pump the heat out continuously?
Given data
TL = 150C = 273 – 15 = 258 K; TH = 300C = 273 + 30 = 303 K; Qs = 1.75 kW
To find
Least power, W = ?
Solution
TL 258
Car cot COP    5.733
TH  TL 258

Qs
Actual COP of refrigerator =
W
For minimum power required to pump the heat,
Carnot COP = Actual COP
1.75
5.733  ; W  0.305 k W
W
Results
Least power necessary to pump heat, W = 0.305 kW.