CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM Certain amino acids

Fatty Acids

Glycolysis each glucose

molecule is split and converted Acetyl CoA
Pentose phosphate to two three-carbon units
Pentose and other sugars Citric Acid cycle
(pyruvate). During this process
pathway several carbon atoms are
It generates NADPH and oxidized. The small amount of
pentoses (5-carbon energy captured during
sugars) as well as ribose 5- glycolytic reactions (about 5% of Carbon dioxide
phosphate, the last one a the total available) is stored Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis Water
precursor for the temporarily in two molecules
Begins in the mitochondria with the
synthesis of nucleotides glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the bond each of ATP and NADH (the ATP
formation of oxaloacetate by the
linking a terminal glucose residue to a reduced form of the coenzyme
carboxylation of pyruvate. This
glycogen branch by substitution of a NAD+)
reaction also requires one molecule
phosphoryl group for the α[1→4] linkage.
of ATP, and is catalyzed by pyruvate
Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to
carboxylase. This enzyme is stimulated
glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme
by high levels of acetyl-CoA (produced
phosphoglucomutase. Glucose residues are
in β-oxidation in the liver) and inhibited
phosphorolysed from branches of glycogen
by high levels of ADP and glucose.
until four residues before a glucose that is Glycogenesis
branched with a α[1→6] linkage.
Glucose is converted into glucose-6-
phosphate by the action of
Carbohydrate Catabolism glucokinase or hexokinase.with
The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield an energy conversion of ATP to ADP.
rich compound called ATP. The production of ATP is Glucose-6-phosphate is converted
achieved through the oxidation of glucose molecules. into glucose-1-phosphate by the
In oxidation, the electrons are stripped from a glucose action of phosphoglucomutase,
molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD passing through the obligatory
possess a high energy potential to drive the intermediate glucose-1,6-
production of ATP in the electron transport chain. bisphosphate.