C+ra~n~rlar is a11 espei~irnei~ti~l liriowlt~dge;i:c:!:~ii/i ot' t.l!

~'
of 1t~11g11age
IIS:~.::~S :LS generally c u ~ x r ~: tL, ~ O I ~ I ~) o e l: .i l~
ld
PI-osr:n~.itctrs.I t i s d i v i t l t ~ d i n l o s i x p u ~ ~ f s :
1 ". 'I'rai~letLrclatiing with clrie rt)gai.tl 1-0 L'ro::c~cly.:~
2". 43s~)~ariatio11 awoldif~gt o poclic'al iigurcs.
:!'. H.ratly ;.;tatt ~ r n e l l to f cli;~!ecli;*;tl~ w c i ii:ii,itit~si
l : ~tlct;11
l I L S ~ O I ~( ISm o l r ~ i n r ) .
4". 1)isc:ovei.yof fi; t,yrriologv.
-
.Io . A i l :~vcuratc;~cc~ount of :~n;ilogic:s.:j:
" I'rohiod~ ( T / I O C ~ . ~ ~ I I ~in) . the Greck ic~;.c, i n c l ~ i d ~c:r i crything (1tesi::n:ltcd h,v
diacriti<.al mil:-ks-aipir:i:io~i, a c r e n t r ~ : i t i ~ i ni11i:intity. , :inst m~-rirtin~c.: p:~rl-c<.
\.id. l<cl<kcr. Anrrdof(z ( ; i . / ~ u , 1>1). 679) w j q . : I<. I<;.A. S c i ~ n ~ i i l /t i, , i t ~ j i c r:I(>.
. . . I/ /' r h / @r / r ~( ~ ~ a ~ ~ z m 131).
(;/.\( z ~ ;I L
? I ~ vl(i.
, ! ' t , ) : ~ o k i \ -!I:L!I IICI~II~!:,L: \ ~ ! ; ~ t ~ t ~ : ; vto
c i( 1 0
with vt.~-sc-m:iking,although it I~-:I. 1-1 l:!ii si 1 0 mu\ic.
f \-id. IVaitz, Lli,isfofeLi.c G Y ~ ~ I ~C1 1Z1 . i.
, ~ ) L I .:2,$ :-(I.
4 Grammar o f Dionysios Tlzrax.
6". Criticism" of poetical productions, which is the no-
blest p a r t of grammatic art.
2. O N READING
(civdyvoal;).
Reading i s the rendering of poetic or prose productions with-
out stumbling or hesitancy. I t must b e done with due regard
to expression, prosody, a n d pauses. Through the expression+
we learn the merit (ripar7j') of tlie piece ; from the prosody, tlie
art of the reader; a n d from the pauses, the meaning intended
to be conveyed. I n this way we read tragedy heroically,
comedy c~onversationally,elegiacs thrillingly, epics sustain-
edly, lyric poetry musically, itnd dirges softly a n d plain-
tively. A n y reading done without due observance of these
rules degrades the merits of the poets a n d makes the habits
of readers ridiculous.
3. ON TONE (rcivo;).
Tone* i s the resonance of a voice endowed with harmony.
It, i s heightened in the acute, balanced in the grave, a n d
broken i n the ciraumflex.
4. ON PUNCTUATION
(arylr$).$
There are three punctuation marks: the full stop, the semi-
c d o n , and the cornma.// The full stop denotes t h a t the sense
i s complete ; the semicoloii i s a sign of where to take breath ;
the comma shows that the sense i s riot yet complete, b u t that
something further i r ~ u s be
t added.

I n time. At the full stop the pause i s long, a t the comma,

very short.
~ -- -- .- ~

* Such Criticism apparently did not include a discussion of t h e poetical mer-

its of'a piece ( ~ p b i i(!? rd m ~ ~ j , ~ i n : n i r L i d 6 ~ T L jVj ~ r w b . roirjmlj ?;l,o hv ~ j l j ;b
oilx

ii,~<,im~v.)
t Expression (iah~piiii!.)i s defined a s being equivalent to / I ~ / I W T I <o r Imitation.
$ T o n e is w h a t w e usually call accent. T h e L a t i n nccentus, however, formed
in imitation of the Greek ~ / ~ m . ) r bwas
o , undonbtedly intended to 11:lve t h e satne
width of meaning a s the latter. Vid. Schmidt, Beitriiyc, pp. 190 sqq.
On this whole question. vid. Schmidt, Beitriige, pp. 506-550.
11 These t r r m s are hardly accurate; the sequel explains their meaning.
T It will be seen t h a t in practice Dionysios distinguishes only two pur~ctug.
tion marks, the riii:!ilj mi (semicolon) being really not one at all.
 A Rhapsody is a part, of a poem including a certain (defi-
nite) argument. I t is called a rhapsody, that is, rhabdody,
because those who recited the Homeric poems were girt with
a laurel branch (jdWrio;).*
7. ON ELEXIF:NTS
(cs~oc~-cTu).
f
There are twenty-four letters from n to w . They are called
letters (y,od/q~mu)from being folwed of lines and scratches.
For to write (~,od$(~c), among the ancients, meant to scratch
(ibaae), a s in Ilorner :
I I u 1 Y 11' 1 - 1 ) ~ i i l l ~ l i l ~
-ll,Jfil~! -1 ,\Of >,\ t i l l 11, -1 I < .
They are also called elements ( r r ~ o r ~ Gfl*om ~ ) being in a cer-
tain series (oroc~6~) or arrangement.
Of these letters, seven are V o ~ o c l s :(1, E, 7, c O, 11, and (0.
They are called vowels ((FWY+YT(J) I ) ~ c ' ; L ItIhs ~y form ;I com-
plete sound (ywvj) by themselves. OF the vowels, two are
ZO~UJ, 7 and ( 1 , ; two are short, E arid o ; arid t h r e ~are d01~7)t-
f u l , a, r, v . They are called donbtfi~l].because they may
be either lengthened or shortened. F i r e of the vowels are
prepositiw, a, E , 7, o, o. They are called prepositive be-
cause, when plared before r or o , t1lc.y form a syllable, a s ar,
au. Two are subj,j'7~?/rtiae, r : ~ n du. 1' is sometimes yreposi-
tive to c, as in p&n, (jlpmu, u l k , and the like. There are six
diphthongs, ac, uv, Er, E U , oc, ou.
The remaining seventeen letters are Cvontsn~~a?~ts, P, 7, 6, 6,
79, X , A, p, v , i, x, p, a, .r, (F, X, $11. They are called consonants
because b y thenlselves they have no sound, but produce a
sound only when they are combined with vowels.$ Of the
* Cf. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 141, note; Wolf. Proleg., pp. $3 sqq.
(Edit. Calvary); I<. 0. Miiller, zz?:~t. oj'Lit. uf'rlacied Greece,, pp. 33 sqq.
t On S r ~ i i y t i ~ i i : ,vid. Aristotle, MctnpA. I. I (1026, b. 1 2 ) ; Bonitz, Ari.stoLcZt:F
MeLaYA. pp. 225 sq. ; Schmidt. Bez'trG'yc, 1'1). SO sqq., 126. Aristotle's definition
of rr:oi,yriov, as meaning a sound, is : " A n elclncnt is a n indivisible sound, not
applicable, how-ever, to every such s o ~ ~ n th11t l , only to those which are capable
of entering into the formation of intelligible spcec11."-Poet. cap. s x . Cf. Stein-
ttial, Gesci. rEEr S$~acfiz~l. Bei den Gr. n ~ t d R ~ mpp.
. , 248 sq.
: A ~ X ~ I V=O Iof twofold timc. Cf. Rosshach und Westpllai, Mcfrik n ' c ~Griech.,
vol. ii. pp. 66 sqq.
$ Aristotle, Poetics, cap. ss.,makes three divisions of S O I I I ~ ~- S 6 :t Q L ~ I ' @ I )
elt:t;ic>nis or x t w : ~ ! i j : ~~ ;~ o ~ I in . ~ j ~ o 1 ~ 1 i n ; ~ : (b:)us~A,
~ I 1:!!I> i v ~ ~ si11g11-
12r l l l l n h 2 t ~ , :l?o ?~:o] P ? ;~ y, <?, +,
:is - ! : ~ l l v , C%x:, l\'\<ml){l,
//I$)(:, /.!,420+ ; (I[ [ ' L , ; ) l i : : i ~ ~;t i* ~ ; !ri;;, e i l,??~ , i i i ,IL, 3, o ) , U , t, [ I , G . +,
a
~ . ., . \ .
;)tq;,:
I . -

Z L S ! V o G m , ' / ; j , i > ~ , , F , L : ! ( ~ ! . :/:wt~ft> , :/,L;- PI&!:. j,,h+; of

1 1 t ~ 1 1 ! - e rsix,
s, (L, (, >, {I. 17. 11; G( o8 f l : ~,ii<j,t.
:i;: ~
Cl\ , I
$ ~ P I > ! I I If>~, o , f ~ o; ,e>i r ~ ~ c ,
Jhpv. Some :idd :L;SO I,,
.I ; \
:\-i
, -
:E!X!.
.,. .
: O ~ T I I . (L/./,O. T h e ti11:~1
,, ,, ' 5
0 t'
P!t'l~lelit~ t l \ I : l l ~ tli'i! f : : : . : , ( ~ , s, ctr, :LS , r ; , / , ~ ! ~ , /,:zr(yt:,
t i , a, ?i2cfj;

~ t ~ '~ ~ I I Y Lf L~ ~i:.,,l ~., ( L * < , ;:.; . 20!. j ; x : o / ) : : , , ? d i j , i l ~ , ,?2).7.

, "

iI S ~ l ~ ; ~ li::j l :r >:i ' t ) ~ \ s . i l ; ;

L 1 f!3tx ~ ~ o I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ? ; ! : I:I,~ ToO ~~, ~ :V ~ ; ] $ ~1;itIl ;,,
- ~ --- -~ ~
-- - --- ~- ~-

. : ) , I , 5 { :.,q,!" ~ t j ( z . , : i r c.':~:.i
f / i f l o 4 r : . r . :;,/I. / I z, , ;., qi ~, ,<i c~c pbE ( )I?LOZ,~-
~ : i l l . . ~ ; ~ ~ y ~ ~ (( ~
l l i > ~::,<> ~ j , \ . 17;tx
,<';('* ; ?l\il',,:. j 7 , , c . t ! : , r < .~ < i >., 1 , c ~ t .111.
cl.. l\ri,\tlitlc. ,?!d!r15h. .\ i, ( y j !51, ' 6 ( : c j ~ , { ' ~ :o) ; K L I ~ , I I < ,,111.!fiih~. ,F.
712. I?/ F GI,. st,,.. 111. i , ;,, j,<.
C>,ff ,
? Cf'. L ' r i k t o t l c ) J ' , I P ! . ' ~ . ~r:111.
. \.x, ?.mi<Il.h'r,:/t
: :i, ,!,r,,~ pi). 126. 120. S L C::,tl1:11,
. ~ $ ~ n r h xh r. ; d r / i ( ; I , . u t ~ dZ < i i ; ~ / , , ~j,l.
$ O r ~ l i p l i l l ~ o : :c~> \ ; i~l,:;itl~-.
~
 1%. ON TIIE WORD( X r ; ) .
A M T o d is the smallest part of a n ordered sentence."
13. ON '1'11~SE:NTE:NCE (26j'o;).t
d Sentence is cornbi~iat~ion of words, either in prose or
ill verse, rnaking conlplt~tesense. There are eight parts of
speech : Noun, Verb, Participle, Article, Pronoun, Preposi-
tion, Adverb, a n d Conjunction. The proper noun, a s a spe.
cies, is subordinate to the noun.:

A Noun is a declinable part of speech, signifying some-

thing either concrete or abstract (concrete, a s stone; abstract,
a s educatiou); common or proper (common, a s man, horse ;
proper, a s Socrates, Plate).$ I t llas five accidents : genders,
species, forms, numbers, and cases.
There are three Genders, the masculine, the feminine, a n d
the neuter. Some a d d to these two more, the comlnon and
the epicene - common, a s man, horse ; epicene, a s swallow,
eagle.
There are two Species of nouns, the primitive a n d the de-
rivative. A primitive noun is one which is said according to
origiilal imposition, a s 75 (earth); a derivative noun is one
which derives its origin from another noun, a s yuritoc (earth-
born). There are seven classes of derivatives: Patronymics,
Possessives, Corr~paratives,Diminutives, Noniinals, Superla-
tives, arid Verbals. A .Patror~ywici s properly a noun formed
from the name of a father, ini1)roperly a noun formed from
the name of another anoestol~,e.g., Achilleus is called both
--
*
CS. Aristotlc, Poetics, capp. x i ~ . - x s i i . ; Waita, Aristotelis O r g a n o z , vol. i.
pp. '$23 sq. ; Steinthal, Gesch. des S$ruckwiss., pp. 285 sqq. ; J. Vahlen, A r i s t o -
, Symbols Philologo-
feles L e h ~ ev o n d e r Rungrfolg-e (ley Theile der T r u ~ c e d i ein
r u m B o n n e n s i u ? ~pp.
, 180 sqq.
t Aristotlr ( D e Inter$., cap. iv.) defincs AC)I,L, as "significant sound, whereof
any one part is separately significant as a n expression, but not as a n affirma-
tion." Cf: Schmidt, B e i f r i + , pp. 218 sqq. ; Steinthal, S$vuclrwisu. 6 e i den G r .
und Rih., pp. 568 sqq.; Lcrsch, S$mch@ht'loso$hie, Pt. II., passim.
:
Directed against the Stoics, who made the .i;pooi/yopl'a a distinct part of
speech.
$ Aristotle ( D e I d e r p . , cap. ii.) says : " iZ noun is a sound significant ac-
cording to convention (Oini; -=;)osition), timeless, w11el.eof no part is separately
significant." CS. Schmidt, Beitrii5v, p. 2 2 7 scl+
 Ciranzmar of Dionysios Thraz. 9

Peleides and Aiakides. Of masculine patrollymics there

are three forms, one in dq;, one in wv, and one i n d&oc-e.g.
Atreion, Atreides, and the form peculiar to the Eolians,
Hyrradios. (Pittakos was the son of Hyrras.) Of feminine
patronymirs there are likewise three forms, one in ic, as
Prianlis ; one in a<, as Pelias ; one in q,as Adrasting. From
the m m e s of mothers, Homer forms 110 species of patronym-
ics ; later authors do. d possessioe is a noun which denotes
possession and includes the possessor, as N$+ 2nii01 (Neleian
nmres), ' l k 6 , o ~ o ; ~r~rtiv
( Helitorean robe), /Ijmwvrxhv ,%62zi,iov
(Platonic book). A Comparuti.ue is a noun making a com-
parison of one individual with another individual of the same
genus, e.g. Achilleus braver than Aias ; or of one individual
with many of a different genus, e.g. Achilleus braver than the
Trojans. Of comparatives there are three forms, one in TE,UO:,
as dEb~opo;, /3,0a8bre,ooc; one in w~ pure, as +I,T/QY,xaj.j,/w;
one in awv, a s x,osioawv, $oocov. A Xuperlatiue is a noun used
to express the superiority of one individual over many in
a comparison. There are two forms of it, one i n Taro;, a s
dtbraro:, ppa8bmro;; and one in a~o;, a s pdyraro~,dpa~oc. A
Diminutive is a noun expressing a diminution of the prirni-
tive word without comparison, as avBpw?riaxoc (mannikin),
Ri&xt (stonelet), ,uar,oaitbiJrov (stripling). A Nominal is a word
formed alongside a noun, or as from a noun, a s Theon, Try-
phon. A Verbal is a noun derived from a verb, as Philemon,
Noemon.
There are three B'ornos of nouns, simple, compound, and
super-compound- simple, a s Memnon ; compound, as Aga-
memnon ; super-compound, as Agamernnonides, Philippides.
Of compounds there are four kinds ; lo.t hose conlpounded of
two complete words, as Cheiiisophos; 2". those compounded
of two incomplete words, as Sophokles ; 3". those cornpound-
ed of an incomplete and a coulplete word, as Philoderrlos;
and 4". those compounded of a complete word and an incorn-
plete, as Perikl8s.
There are three Nulnfirl,s, singular, d u d , a11d l ~ l ~ l ';a sill-l
gular, as "OlqPo; (Homer); dual, :LS rB 'Opjpco (Ir~otllHorners);
plural, a s "OPqpor (Holnrrs i . r1 'i
llrrt: are some singular desig-
nations used of plural objects, as (y/;,f~o; (~)eoJ)le), XU/";< ("1")-
rus); and plural (lesignatio:ls u s d of singular and dual
2
10 Grammar of B~iongsiosT l ~ r a x .
objects -of singular, as 'A(y:vor, @I;Baf (Athens, T b e b ~-of )
dual, as d l u p h p o r (botll).
There are five Cases, the right, the generic,"the dative, the
accusative, and the vocative. The right case is called also
the nolrlinative and the direct ; the generic, the possessive,
and the patrial ; the dative, the injunctive ; while the sccu-
sative is named from cause, and the vocative is called the
allocutive.
The following terms, expressive of" accidents belonging to
the noun, are also cdled ~ ~ p c i:e proper, s :tp~:ellative,adjec-
tive, relative, quasi-relativr, homonym, synonym, pheronym,
dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, indelinite, anapho-
ric (also called assimilative, demonstrative, and retributive),
collective, distributive, inclusive, onomatopoetic, general,
special, ordinal, numeral, participative, independent.
A Proper noun is one signifying a peculiar substance,t as
Homer, Sohrates. An Appellatiue is one that signifies a
common substance, as man, liorse. An Adjecfiae noun is one
that is applied homonymously$ to proper or appellative
nouns, and signifies eiiher praise or Inlarna. It is derived
from three sources, from the soul, the body, and external
things : from the soul, a s sage, Zicmtiozcs; from the body,
as swift, sZow; from extemal things, ns 'I.~'c~L, poor. A Bela-
tine noun is such as j'al7~cr,son, Ji-ie./~d, right (hand). A
yuasi-Relaline is such as night, d a y , d m t 7 ~l,i f e . A Homo-
mjm is a noun predicated hornor1yn:cusiy of x a n y things, as
of proper nouns, e.g. (r"rlumori,innAi?.:, Oilean, A ins ; of ap-
lative nouns, as sea-mou~e,7mtd-mouke. A 8y?ion?/mis a
noun which, by several designations, signifies the same thing,
a s g.Znive, sword, b l z ~ d ~ q ~?oi7l ~~,r Jb~m, r ~ d . A l'h~ro'1~ym is a
narne given from some accidrn:, a? 5"isttrne1zosand fKeqapm-
thes. A Bionym js a couple of ri;imw applied to the same
p r o p s noun, as Alexandc~~* and Paris, ~ ~ i i h o l xtheret being
any reciprocity in their signj livstion ; e.g., if one is Alexan-
* r:w~S,o n no account to be rendered by gm7itivus (genitive), as, the Romans
did. Vid. Max Miiller, L ~ c f u r e s 1
, st Series, p. 180 sq. (Eng. edit.) ; Schmidt,
Beitrage, pp. 320 sqq.
t Cf. Aristotle, Cafeg.,cap, v.
:
Cf. Aristotle, Cuteg., cap. i. : '.Things which have a common name, but
whereof the notions corresponding to that nalne are ciityerent, are said to be
Roinonymous."
 &r, it dors not follow that he is Paris. An R ~ ~ (also . I L ~ ~
called I)iorlynr) is a norm which, along wit11 another proper
noun, is applied to one ob,ject, a s Pos?idGn is (aalled
Enosichtho~l, : t r d Apolio, Pll<cluos. A ilration,al nalne is
one showing to wili~tnation a n individual belongs, a s Phry.
gian, Qf:elatian. An Interrogatioe (also called a n Inquisi-
tive) is SO callrcl from being elnployrd i n interrogations,
as ri; ; ( w h o?)-no7o: ;(of what sort ?)--dm:; (how great ?)-
~ ~ i r a o ;(how
; old 3 ) An Ii~deJiuiteis a noun placed in oppo-
sition to a n I n t e n q p t i v e , a s h r ; (whosorver), O;ro20; (of
whatever sort), o7;oao; (however great), o ~ / i ~ t x o(of i what-
ever age). An Ar1c~pho7.i~ noun (called also an Asainlilative,
a Demonstr:~tivc~, (17 ail Attributive) is one signifying sinli-
larity, a s r o r o b r o ; (as great), r y l r x o h : (as old), rocoGm: (such).
A Collective noun is one which, i n the singular number, sig-
ni5t.s a multitude, e.g. J { j ~ o : (people), p , o d c (chorus),
(crowd). A DjstriDutiue noun is one having a relation to
one out of two or more, 3s K E ~ O C other), B x d r ~ o o ; (each),
(the
Zxnmo; (every one). Ax inclusive noun is one t h a t shows
what is contained in it, a s Jr'lyuob (laurel-grove), 7~ap&u(riv
(virgin's abode). An Bizornntopetic noun is one formed irn-
itativrly from the peculiarities of sounds, a s pRolorSo; (dash-
ing), boScoc (whietling), dpupy66; (rattle). A General noun
is one that can be divided into a number of species, a s a n i -
mal, pZnn8. .A S9eciaZ noun is one of those into which a
genus is diviildd, e.g. oz, horse; vine, olive. A n OrdirmZ is
a noun shewing o d e r , as $!st. S C C O ~ C Ilzird. ~, A iVTu?rceralis
a noun signifying nnmbw. a s one, tuo, three. A Pnrticipa-
t i n e is a noun partakiilg of a certain sitbstance, a s golden,
silvern. An i r ~ d e p r c d e n tn oun is one which is thought b y
itself, a s God, Reason.
The Dispositions of the noun are two, Activity and Pas-
sivity; Activity, a s the judge, the judging; Passivity, a s the
judgeable, the judged.
15. ON TEE V E I ~(,&/lil).*
A Verb is a n ind~clinaloleword, in2ic-ating f i n e , person
--- -.

* Aristotle ( D e Inter$., cap. iil.) s a y s . "A Verb I S that which adds a time-
specification, of which n n p a l t separntrly signifies a n ) thing, and which is always
asserted of something else." Cf. Schmidt, B e i t r a g e , pp. 344 sqcl ; IIarris, Her-
mes, Book I. cap. 6.
12 Grammar of Dionysios Thrax.
and number, and showing activity or passivity. The verb
has eight accidents : Moods, Dispositions (voices !), Species,
Forms, Numbers, Tenses, Persons, Contjixgstions. There are
five M o o d s : Indicative, Imperative. Optative, Subjunctive,
and Infinitive. There are three Dispositions:': Activity, Pas-
sivity, and Mediality -Activity, as r h i - o (I strike); Passivity,
as r4mol~nc(I am struck); Metliality, nlalking partly activity
and partly passivity, ZLS ad;ro!c?u (I trust), GrCg8o,na (I waste),
~ ~ T o c @ ~ (I~ Ybecame), 2j;ou$d,qv (i registered). There are
two Species : Primitive and Deiivative -Primitive, as & , o h ;
Delivative, as apGe;co. There are three Perms : Simple, Com-
pound, and Snper-Coinl)o1;llid-Si1ri1)If~,a s ypovc;; Compound,
a s xaray,.povc; ; Super-Compound, as bi-~jmi((r)( I h t i g o n i z e ) ,
yri,ciriri[c~) (I Philippize). There art! three &um,Ders : Singu-
lar, Dual, and Plural-Singular, as i-lki-w ; Dual, as T I ~ E T O L ;
Plnral, :is rbjsropav. There ale three Pes-sons: First, Second,
and Third. The First is the person f r o m whom the assertion
is ; the Second, the o m to whom i t is ; and t,he Third, the one
concerning whom it is. There are three Tenses: Present,
Past, Future. Of these, the Past has four suh-syecies- Im-
perfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist--whjch stand in three
respective relations : the Present is related to the Imperfect,
the Perfect to the Pluperfect, and the Aorist t o the Future.
16. ON CONJUG~TIO~Y (ciu@yicx).
Conjugation is the consecutive inflection of Verbs. Of Ba-
rytone Verbs there are six conjugations, of which the First
is characterized b y 6, y, T, or nr, :is ki6w, ypdya, rdpnw,
x b m w ; the Second by r, x, x, or XT, as R+w, ;r,?dxo,rpE~ro,rbrco;
the Third b y 8, 8,or r, as $&o, jsi.$i9m, drvfhw; the Fourth
by or tru, as ypdC(w, vbuo~,dpbomo; the Fifth by the four
unchangeables, R , p, v, p, a s ndA'Rw, d p ; and the Sixth by
a pure, a s i m ~ b c id&,
~, P a d a b w , R x o ~ Some
. also introd~lce
a Seventh Co~i.jugation,characterized by i and $, a s dRdt~~,,
q (0.
17. ON CIRCUME'LEXED VJCRI;I (7;y,ra;rc~,uevo.).
Of Circurnflexed Verbs there are three Conjngations, of
which the First is cllaracterized i n tlrc second and third per-
sons by the diphthong EC, a s YO&, voalc, ~ 0 ~ the 2 ; Second b y
* L S , word which Roman stupidity rendered by VON(yoice).
A L ~ S C Othe
 -

I ing,%but not pronounced) ; a n d the Third by the diphthong

ol, as WWG, ~ ~ o u o o i ; ,~puoo?.

Of Verbs ending in p there ure four conjugations, of which

the First is cliaracterizd from the jirst of the Circrmllexed
Conjug:~tions, as from .rr& conies rrBqp; the Second from
the secwnd, as horn imG, IK/~,ILL; the Third from the third, as
; and the Fourth from the sixth of the Bary-
from R d G , OOLBCU~
tone Conjugations, as from i i q p h , njpupr.

A 1':trticiple is a word partaking of the nature both of

nouns and verbs. It has all the accidents which belong to
nouns as well a s those which belong to verbs, except mood
and person.
20. ON THE ARTICLE( d p 8 p 0 ~ ) .
An Article is a declinable part of speech prefixed or suh-
joined to the various cases of nouns, taking, when prefixed,
the form b, and, when subjoined, the form 5c.t It has three
accidents : Gender, Nnmber, and Case. The Genders are
three, as 0 no~~r+:,4 z o y m ~ ,~ i z) ol;lp. The Numbers are
three : Singular, Dual, and Plural - Singular, as b, 4, r6;
Dual, a s r J , rd; Plural, as o;, ai rd. The Cases are-b, TOG,
r q , r6v, (5; 4, TC;, rfi, T ~ Y ,d ; r6, TO:, rq, ~ 6 d.
,

A Pronoun is a word assumed instead of a noun, and indi-

cating definite persons. I t has six accidents : Person, Gen-
der, Number, Case, Form, and Species.
.-

* I t was not su6scyibed till the twelfth century of our era. Vid. Kiihner, A m -
ficfiu. G r a m . d e r G r . S p . , vol. i. p. 59, note (zd edit.) Chceroboskos ( B e k k e r ,
Anec. G r e c u , vol. p. 1186) says : . ' I t must be understood that grammarians,
whose attention is directed to pronunciatiotl, say that the 1 is unpronounced
when it is found with (follows) n long, ~ior , r.i, * * * * ; but musicians,
who stickle for accuracy. say that it is, pronounced, but is not disti~lctlyheard on
account of the length of the [preceding] long vowels."
1. T h e ancient iqn'iwii, included both the article and the relative pronoun. Cf.
Lersch, S$rtrcL$WiZ(,.~ojAir., 13. 11. pp. 132 sqcl.; Steitlthal, S j r a c h z o . 6 e i den
G r . u n d R i i m . , pp. 660 sqq. ; Harris, Hermes, Bk. II., cap. 1.
: Lersch, Pt. 11. pnssi?n; Steinthal, pp. 663 sqq.; IIarris. ITermes, Bli. I.
cap. v.
 A Preposition i s a word placed before a n y of the parts of
speech, both i n Composition and in Syntax. The number of
Prepositions i s eighteen, wliereof six are monosyllabic, 2u.
EL'<, EF, ;r,oti, ;r,oci;, oh-which are incapable of anastrophb-
a n d twelve are dissyllabic, uvd, xard, ded, p ~ d zapn',
, duri, 2ni, I
1

A n Adverb i s a n indeclinable part of speech, said of a verb

or added to a verb. Of the Adverbs, some are Simple, and
others Compound-Simple, a s zdRnc; Compound, a s np6xnRac.
Some a r e indicative of time, as Yv, T ~ T E , ~681:: to these we
- -- - - - - - - - -- -

* Lersch, p a s s i m , Steinthal, 671 sqq. ; Harris, N e n n e v , Bh. 11. cap. iii.

t L e r w h , p a s ~ i m; Steinthal, 672 ; Harris, H e r m e s , Bk. I. cap. ri. ; Schmidt,
Beitrn'ge, pp. 485 sqq.
must subordinate a s species those that connote particular
times or seasons, a s aujpe,oov, o?pov, rbypcr, riw:, iiqvixa. Some
indicate manner, a s xaRtr?c, 00@;, &~rxr(Z;; sonle, quality, a s
I F
xu<, RdE, l?or~)u86v,dyeRqci'6u; sorne, quantity, a s xoi.jdxrc, diryd-
xr;, / L U ~ C;~some,
A C C number, a s dr:, rpic, rsrpdnc; ; some, place,
a s dvw, xdrto-of these there are three kinds, those signi-
fying in a place, those signifying to a place, a n d those sig-
nifying f r o m a place, as o h m , oLIx&, oYx08ev. Some Adverbs
signify a wish, a s &&Ye, ui'de, dBaie ; some express horror, a s
zaxai, ?oh, PEG ; some, denial or negation, a s 06, o@, 02 o'fra,
ob8apdc ; some, agreement, a s uai, uaixc ; some, prohibition,
a s p j , p j A'j"rn, /q8n,urZ:; some, ~ o w p a r i q o nor similarity, a s
&, &crxep, ( h , d h f , xaBdrep ; some, surpr.is~,a s ,?aRar ; some,
prohahilitj-, as Yaw;, r d ~ a.rulciv , ; sonirJ, order., a s E?:, 2&:,
XOJ,~!; ; sume. vongrc~gation,a s 8,119+v, B,uu, /j/,otYrr ; borne, com-
in:~rid,a s EL,a ~ &y6,oc; , some, coniparison, a s //r7i,Rov, ;lrrov;
sonie, i n t e r r o p t i o n , a s j;68ev, m5, xqui~cl,ii6; ; some, vehe-
mence, a s oybci'px, dycrv, xdvu, pd/rarcr; somp, coincidence, a s
Bpu, o p 5 , d j ~ ~ dsome r ~ ; are deprecative, a s pu' ; some aye assev-
erative, a s v/j ; some are positivr, a s Gyutoarkov, rpuarbov, z j s u -
crrdov; some express ratification, as BqRaG$; a n d sorne enthu-
siasm, a s EGO?, eljdv.

A Coqjunction is a word bindiiig together a thought i n or-

der and filling 1113 the histustls of speech. Of conjunctions,
some are copulalivc, some disjunctiv e, sonie cori,junctive,
some pr:~~te~-coqjnnctivc., some c a u s a l i ~ e ,some dubitativt),
w m e coricl~isive,a n d some expletive. Copz~Zdi?;eCouJunc-
tions are those wliic~hbind together a discourse wliicli flows
on indefinitely : they are these, pkv, &, rk, xu/, (idd, ;ipiu, $ad,
cirdp, aljrdp, yjm. Y i s j m c t i a c Gori,junctions are those which
hind 1he phrase more firmly together, a n d disjoin the facts
expressed : they are these, 4, +or, $6. Corybnctiw Conjunc-
tions are those which do ikot inciic8:lte a n y itctual existence,
h u t signify sequence: they are these, ei, ehep, er&, ~idqrep.
r i
i w sthosr wliic.h, along with avt 4
1 he I'wtcr-con j ~ ~ / ~ , c f artA
existeni:e, show also order: they ;ire tlirst., ,?xi, 2scizc,o, ?red$,
-

* Aristottc, Poct., cap. xx. ; I,cr.,ch, fnssiur ; Steinthnl, pp. 673 ~ l i l;. 1I:irris.
f l e r m e s , Bli. IT. cap. ii.