Cryptography Network Security PDF

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Cryptography and Network
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TU Security
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Introduction
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The art of war teaches us not on the likelihood
of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own
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readiness to receive him; not on the chance of
his not attacking, but rather on the fact that
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we have made our position unassailable.
--The art of War, Sun Tzu
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Information Transferring
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TU
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Attack: Interruption
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Attack: Interception
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TU
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Attack: Modification
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Attack: Fabrication
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Attacks, Services and Mechanisms
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! Security Attacks
" Action compromises the information security
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! Security Services
" Enhances the security of data processing and
transferring
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! Security mechanism
" Detect, prevent and recover from a security
attack
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Important Features of Security
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! Confidentiality, authentication, integrity,
non-repudiation, non-deny, availability,
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TU identification, ……
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Attacks
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! Passive attacks
" Interception
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# Release of message contents
# Traffic analysis
! Active attacks
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" Interruption, modification, fabrication
# Masquerade
# Replay
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# Modification
# Denial of service

Network Security Model
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Trusted Third Party
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principal principal
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Security Security
transformation transformation
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opponent

Cryptography
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! Cryptography is the study of
" Secret (crypto-) writing (-graphy)
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! Concerned with developing algorithms:
" Conceal the context of some message from all except
the sender and recipient (privacy or secrecy), and/or
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" Verify the correctness of a message to the recipient
(authentication)
" Form the basis of many technological solutions to
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computer and communications security problems

Basic Concepts
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! Cryptography
" The art or science encompassing the principles and
methods of transforming an intelligible message into
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one that is unintelligible, and then retransforming that
message back to its original form
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! Plaintext
" The original intelligible message
! Ciphertext
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" The transformed message

Basic Concepts
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! Cipher
" An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message
into unintelligible by transposition and/or substitution
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! Key
" Some critical information used by the cipher, known
only to the sender & receiver
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! Encipher (encode)
" The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
! Decipher (decode)
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" The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext

Basic Concepts
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! Cryptanalysis
" The study of principles and methods of transforming an
unintelligible message back into an intelligible message
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without knowledge of the key. Also called
codebreaking
! Cryptology
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" Both cryptography and cryptanalysis
! Code
" An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message
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into an unintelligible one using a code-book

Encryption and Decryption
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Decipher P = D(K2)(C)
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Plaintext ciphertext
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Encipher C = E(K1)(P)
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K1, K2: from keyspace

Security
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! Two fundamentally different security
" Unconditional security
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# No matter how much computer power is available,
the cipher cannot be broken
" Computational security
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# Given limited computing resources (e.G time
needed for calculations is greater than age of
universe), the cipher cannot be broken
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History
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! Ancient ciphers
" Have a history of at least 4000 years
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" Ancient Egyptians enciphered some of their
hieroglyphic writing on monuments
" Ancient Hebrews enciphered certain words in the
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scriptures
" 2000 years ago Julius Caesar used a simple substitution
cipher, now known as the Caesar cipher
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" Roger bacon described several methods in 1200s

History
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! Ancient ciphers
" Geoffrey Chaucer included several ciphers in his works
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" Leon Alberti devised a cipher wheel, and described the
principles of frequency analysis in the 1460s
" Blaise de Vigenère published a book on cryptology in
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1585, & described the polyalphabetic substitution
cipher
" Increasing use, esp in diplomacy & war over centuries
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Classical Cryptographic Techniques
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! Two basic components of classical ciphers:
" Substitution: letters are replaced by other letters
" Transposition: letters are arranged in a different order
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! These ciphers may be:
" Monoalphabetic: only one substitution/ transposition is
used, or
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" Polyalphabetic:where several substitutions/
transpositions are used
! Product cipher:
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" several ciphers concatenated together

Encryption and Decryption
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Plaintext
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ciphertext
Decipher P = D(K)(C)
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Encipher C = E(K)(P)
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Key source

Key Management
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! Using secret channel
! Encrypt the key
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! Third trusted party
! The sender and the receiver generate key
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" The key must be same
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Attacks
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! Recover the message
! Recover the secret key
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" Thus also the message
! Thus the number of keys possible must be
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large!
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Possible Attacks
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! Ciphertext only
" Algorithm, ciphertext
! Known plaintext
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" Algorithm, ciphertext, plaintext-ciphertext pair
! Chosen plaintext
" Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen plaintext and its ciphertext
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! Chosen ciphertext
" Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen ciphertext and its plaintext
! Chosen text
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" Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen plaintext and ciphertext

Steganography
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! Conceal the existence of message
" Character marking
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" Invisible ink
" Pin punctures
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" Typewriter correction ribbon
! Cryptography renders message

unintelligible!
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Contemporary Equiv.
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! Least significant bits of picture frames
" 2048x3072 pixels with 24-bits RGB info
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" Able to hide 2.3M message
! Drawbacks
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" Large overhead
" Virtually useless if system is known
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Caesar Cipher
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! Replace each letter of message by a letter a
fixed distance away (use the 3rd letter on)
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! Reputedly used by Julius Caesar
! Example:
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L FDPH L VDZ L FRQTXHUHG
I CAME I SAW I CONGUERED
" The mapping is
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC

Mathematical Model
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! Description
" Encryption E(k) : i → i + k mod 26
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" Decryption D(k) : i → i - k mod 26
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Cryptanalysis: Caesar Cipher
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! Key space: 26
" Exhaustive key search
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! Example
" GDUCUGQFRMPCNJYACJCRRCPQ
HEVDVHRGSNQDOKZBDKDSSDQR
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" Plaintext:
JGXFXJTIUPSFQMBDFMFUUFSTKHYGYKUJVGRNCEGNG
VVGTU
" Ciphertext:
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LIZHZLVKWRUHSODFHOHWWHUVMJAIAMWXSVITPEGI
PIXXIVW

Character Frequencies
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! In most languages letters are not equally common
" in English e is by far the most common letter
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! Have tables of single, double & triple letter
frequencies
! Use these tables to compare with letter frequencies
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in ciphertext,
" a monoalphabetic substitution does not change relative
letter frequencies
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" do need a moderate amount of ciphertext (100+ letters)

Letter Frequency Analysis
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! Single Letter
" A,B,C,D,E,…..
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! Double Letter
" TH,HE,IN,ER,RE,ON,AN,EN,….
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! Triple Letter
" THE,AND,TIO,ATI,FOR,THA,TER,RES,…
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Modular Arithmetic Cipher
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! Use a more complex equation to calculate
the ciphertext letter for each plaintext letter
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! E(a,b) : i →a∗i + b mod 26
" Need gcd(a,26) = 1
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" Otherwise, not reversible
" So, a≠2, 13, 26
" Caesar cipher: a=1
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Cryptanalysis
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! Key space:23*26
" Brute force search
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! Use letter frequency counts to guess a
couple of possible letter mappings
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" frequency pattern not produced just by a shift
" use these mappings to solve 2 simultaneous
equations to derive above parameters
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Playfair Cipher
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Used in WWI and WWII
s i/j m p l
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e a b c d
f g h k n
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o q r t u
v w x y z
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Key: simple

Playfair Cipher
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! Use filler letter to separate repeated letters
! Encrypt two letters together
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" Same row– followed letters
# ac--bd
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" Same column– letters under
# qw--wi
" Otherwise—square’s corner at same row
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# ar--bq

Analysis
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! Size of diagrams: 25!
! Difficult using frequency analysis
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" But it still reveals the frequency information
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Hill Cipher
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! Encryption
" Assign each letter an index
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" C=KP mod 26
" Matrix K is the key
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! Decryption
" P=K-1C mod 26
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Analysis
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! Difficult
to use frequency analysis
! But vulnerable to known-plaintext attack
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Polyalphabetic Substitution
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! Usemore than one substitution alphabet
! Makes cryptanalysis harder
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" since have more alphabets to guess
" and flattens frequency distribution
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# same plaintext letter gets replaced by several
ciphertext letter, depending on which alphabet is
used
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Vigenère Cipher
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! Basically multiple Caesar ciphers
! key is multiple letters long
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" K = k1 k2 ... kd
" ith letter specifies ith alphabet to use
" use each alphabet in turn, repeating from start after d
letters in message
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! Plaintext THISPROCESSCANALSOBEEXPRESSED
Keyword CIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHE
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Ciphertext VPXZTIQKTZWTCVPSWFDMTETIGAHLH

One-time Pad
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! GilbertVernam (AT&T)
! Encryption
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" C=P⊕K
! Decryption
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" P=C⊕K
! Difficulty: key K is as long as message P

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Transposition Methods
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! Permutation of plaintext
! Example
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" Write in a square in row, then read in column
order specified by the key
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! Enhance: double or triple transposition
" Can reapply the encryption on ciphertext
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Attacks, Services and Mechanisms

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Important Features of Security

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Network Security Model

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computer and communications security problems

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" The transformed message

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" The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext

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into an unintelligible one using a code-book

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Encryption and Decryption

K1, K2: from keyspace

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" Roger bacon described several methods in 1200s

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Classical Cryptographic Techniques

" several ciphers concatenated together

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Encryption and Decryption

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" Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen plaintext and ciphertext

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! Cryptography renders message

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Cryptanalysis: Caesar Cipher

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" do need a moderate amount of ciphertext (100+ letters)

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Letter Frequency Analysis

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Modular Arithmetic Cipher

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! Difficulty: key K is as long as message P