Ism02

Problem 2.
1
In an overhead smash, a tennis player strikes the ball with the center of the head
of the racquet. Say the contact force is 50 lb. Determine the internal loads in the
handle on a plane through the center of the grip. Take L1 = 9 in. and L2 = 7 in.
L2
L1
SOLUTION
y
50 lb
x
A B
M
F
l
From the FBD of the racquet,
ΣFy = F − 50 lb = 0
F = 50 lb J
ΣMB = (50 lb)(l) − M = 0
where l is the distance from the point of impact to the center of the grip.
From the FBD,
l = L1 + L2 = 9 in. + 7 in. = 16 in.

M = (50 lb)(l) = (50 lb)(16 in.) = 800 lb-in.
M = 800 lb-in. J
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Problem 2.2
A tennis player at the net holds the racquet firmly in a horizon-
tal position. The ball strikes the racquet head below its center,
exerting a normal force of 200 N. Determine the internal loads
in the handle on a plane through the center of the grip. Take
L3 L1 = 230 mm, L2 = 180 mm, L3 = 90 mm.
L2 L1
SOLUTION
l
M
d F y
A x
z
B T
200 N
From the FBD of the racquet,
ΣFz = 200 N − F = 0
F = 200 N J
ΣMBy = (200 N)(l) − M = 0
where l is the distance from the point of impact to the plane through the center of the grip in the
x-direction.
From the FBD,
l = L1 + L2 = 230 mm + 180 mm = 410 mm = 0.41 m

M = (200 N)(l) = (200 N)(0.41 m) = 82 N-m
M = 82 N-m J
ΣMBx = (200 N)(d) − T = 0
where d is the distance from the point of impact to the plane through the center of the grip in the
y-direction.
From the FBD,
d = L3 = 90 mm = 0.09 m
T = (200 N)(d) = (200 N)(0.09 m) = 18 N-m
T = 18 N-m J
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Problem 2.3
10 in. 10 in.
This 140 lb gymnast supports himself with arms stretched out in
the iron-cross position shown. Say the arms each weigh 10% of
the body weight (and have approximately uniform distribution
32 in. 32 in.
of mass), and that each ring exerts only an upward force on each
hand. What are the internal loads supported at the shoulders?
SOLUTION
70 lb
l l
2 2
A B C
M
F
y 14 lb
From the FBD of the gymnast,
ΣFy = 70 lb − 14 lb − F = 0
F = 70 lb − 14 lb = 56 lb
F = 56 lb J
ΣMC = −(70 lb)(l) + (14 lb)(l/2) + M = 0
where l is the distance from the gymnast’s hand to his shoulder.

From the FBD,
l = 32 in. − 10 in. = 22 in.

M = (70 lb)(l) − (14 lb)(l/2) = (70 lb)(22 in.) − (14 lb)(11 in.) = 1386 lb-in.
M = 1386 lb-in. J
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Problem 2.4
Consider the loads sustained in an eyeglass frame when the tem-
F0
ples of an undersized frame are spread wide enough to fit the
Temple
L2 face. Say the head exerts an outward force F0 = 2 N perpendic-
L3
ular to the temple. If the contact force acts along the line of the
L1
A temple, determine the internal loads at A where the temple joins
the frame front. Take L1 = 105 mm, L2 = 30 mm, L3 = 26 mm.
SOLUTION
y
x 2N
A B
M
F
l
Considering the FBD of the eyeglass frame,
ΣF x = 2 N − F = 0
F =2NJ
ΣMA = M − (2 N)(l) = 0
where l is the distance from the contact force to the point where the temple joins the frame front.
From the FBD,
l = L1 = 105 mm = 0.105 m
M = (2 N)(l) = (2 N)(0.105 m) = 0.21 N-m
M = 0.21 N-m J
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Problem 2.5
Consider the loads sustained in an eyeglass frame when the tem-
L2 ples of an undersized frame are spread wide enough to fit the
face. Say the head exerts an outward F0 = 2 N perpendicular to
L1
F0 the plane of the temple. If the head makes contact at the lower
L3 tip of the temple, determine the internal loads at A where the
temple joins the frame front. Take L1 = 105 mm, L2 = 30 mm,
A Temple
L3 = 26 mm.
SOLUTION
l y
z
M x
A
T 2N
F d
B
Considering the FBD of the eyeglass frame,
ΣF x = 2 N − F = 0
F =2NJ
ΣMAy = M − (2 N)(l) = 0
where l is the distance from the contact force to the point where the temple joins the frame front in the
z-direction.
Considering the FBD,
l = L1 + L2 = 105 mm + 30 mm = 135 mm = 0.135 m

M = (2 N)(l) = (2 N)(0.135 m) = 0.27 N-m
M = 0.27 N-m J
ΣMAz = (2 N)(d) − T = 0
where d is the distance from the contact force to the point where the temple joins the frame front in the
y-direction.
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PROBLEM 2.5 CONTINUED
d = L2 = 26 mm = 0.026 m
T = (2 N)(d) = (2 N)(0.026 m) = 0.52 N-m
T = 0.52 N-m J
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Problem 2.6
b Say that a tired athlete hangs on the swinging arm shown with his entire
250 lb weight, W = 250 lb. Determine the internal loads acting on the in-
u
dicated cross-section. Define normal and shear forces as perpendicular
and parallel to the cross-section. Take the dimensions to be a = 25 in.,
b = 11 in., and θ = 15◦ .
a
SOLUTION
N
M
V
θ y
250 lb
Considering the FBD of the swinging arm,
V = 250 lb cos 15◦ = 241.5 lb
V = 241.5 lb J
N = 250 lb sin 15◦ = 64.7 lb
N = 64.7 lb J
M = (250 lb)(b) cos 15◦ = (250 lb)(11 in.) cos 15◦ = 2656 lb-in.
M = 2656 lb-in. J
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54 mm
Problem 2.7
The external fracture fixation system, with long rod and two pins, maintains the
A
upper and lower fragments of the fractured femur in position. Say no load is
Pin
B transmitted across the fracture plane at the early stage of healing. Consider an
upward force of F0 = 900 N exerted by the ground on the foot which is trans-
60 mm
mitted to the lower fragment as shown.
Fracture
plane Rod Determine the internal load at the cross-section A in the pin, where it meets the
Pin
rod, and at the cross-section B in the rod.
Ls
F0
SOLUTION
M
F
F B B
y
M
x
l l
A A
(A) 900 N (B) 900 N
Considering the FBD for cross-section (A),
ΣFy = 900 N − F = 0
F = 900 N J
ΣMB = M − (900 N)(l) = 0
where l = 54 mm = 0.54 m.
M = (900 N)(l) = (900 N)(0.54 m) = 486 N-m
M = 486 N-m J
Considering the FBD for cross-section (B),
ΣFy = 900 N − F = 0
F = 900 N J
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ΣMB = M − (900 N)(l) = 0
where l = 60 mm = 0.6 m.
M = (900 N)(l) = (900 N)(0.6m) = 540 N-m
M = 540 N-m J
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Problem 2.8
During steady operation, a wind turbine is exposed to a thrust force perpen-
Foverturn dicular to the blades Foverturn = 60 kN that tends to overturn the tower. This
force acts through a point of the tower that is h = 65 m above the base. De-
termine the resulting internal loads in the cross-section of the tower at the
base.
h
SOLUTION
60 kN B
y
A
F
M
Considering the FBD of the wind turbine,
ΣF x = 60 kN − F = 0
F = 60 kN J
ΣMA = M − (60 kN)(h) = 0
where h = 65 m.
M = (60 kN)(h) = (60 kN)(65 m) = 3900 kN-m
M = 3900 kN-m J
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Problem 2.9
s The sudden loss of a wind turbine blade produces a tangential force
Ftang = 50 kN on the blades. Take the height h = 70 m, and the blades to
be located s = 5 m from the tower axis. Determine the resulting internal
Ftang
loads in the cross-section of the tower at the base.
SOLUTION
50 kN
h
z x
M F
T
Considering the FBD of the wind turbine,
ΣF x = 50 kN − F = 0
F = 50 kN J
ΣMAz = M − (50 kN)(h) = 0
where h = 70 m.
M = (50 kN)(h) = (50 kN)(70 m) = 350 kN-m
M = 350 kN-m J
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ΣMAy = (50 kN)(s) − T = 0
where s = 5 m.
T = (50 kN)(s) = (50 kN)(5 m) = 250 kN-m
T = 250 kN-m J
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Problem 2.10
A
The truss is loaded as shown, with F0 = 10 N. Determine the
stress in each bar, and indicate whether it is tensile or com-
pressive. The bars have areas as follows: AAB = 200 mm2 and
ABC = 250 mm2 .
1.5 m
C
B
1m F0
SOLUTION
FAB y
x
θ
B
FBC
10 N
From the FBD of point B, the angle θ must be determined.

1.5 m
tan θ =
1 m( )
−1 1.5
θ = tan
1
θ = 56.3◦
Considering the static equilibrium of point B, the internal forces in member AB and BC can be deter-
mined.
ΣFy = −10 kN + F AB sin θ = 0

10 kN 10 kN
F AB = = = 12.02 kN
sin θ sin 56.3◦
ΣF x = −F BC − F AB cos θ = 0
F BC = −F AB cos θ = −12.02 kN cos 56.3◦ = −6.67 kN
To determine the magnitude of the stresses, consider the magnitude of the forces F AB and F BC .
P
σ=
A
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F AB 12.02 kN
σAB = = = 0.0601GPa = 60.1 MPa
AAB 200 mm2
F BC 6.67 kN
σBC = =− = −0.0267 GPa = −26.7 MPa
ABC 250 mm2
To determine whether the stresses are tensile or compressive, consider the signs of the forces F AB and
F BC , recalling that a tensile stress is represented as a positive quantity and a compressive stress as a
negative quantity.
σAB = 60.1 MPa (tensile) J
σBC = −26.7 MPa (compressive) J
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Problem 2.11
The frame is loaded by a uniform distributed force q as shown. Con-
sider only the stresses in bars AC and BC; each has a cross-section
that is 0.75 in. by 1.5 in. Determine the maximum allowable dis-
tributed force q if the stress in each bar is not to exceed 5000 psi.
SOLUTION
F0
By
y
A
Bx x
FAC FBC
h θ
Cx
C Cx
Considering the FBD of the frame,
ΣMB = (F0 )(l) − (C x )(40 in.) = 0
where F0 is the equivalent force due to the applied load, or F0 = (25 in.)(q), and l is the distance from
the equivalent force to joint B, or l = 25 in./2 = 12.5 in.
(F0 )(l) (25 in.)(q)(12.5 in.)
Cx = = = (7.81 in.)(q)
40 in. 40 in.
From the FBD of joint C, the angle θ must be determined.
25 in.
tan θ =
40 in.( )
−1 25
θ = tan
40
θ = 32.0◦
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Considering the static equilibrium of joint C, the internal forces in members BC and AC can be deter-
mined.
ΣF x = −(7.81 in.)(q) − F AC sin θ = 0

−(7.81 in.)(q) −(7.81 in.)(q)
F AC = = = −14.7q
sin θ sin 32.0◦
ΣFy = F AC cos θ + F BC = 0
F BC = −F AC cos θ = −(−14.7q) cos 32.0◦ = 12.5q
Choosing the larger of the two forces, F AC , the maximum allowable distributed force can be determined
by considering the stress in the member.
P F AC 14.7q
σ= = = = 5000 psi
A AAC (0.75 in.)(1.5 in.)
(5000 psi)(0.75 in.)(1.5 in.)
q= = 382 lb/in.
14.7
q = 382 lb/in. J
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Problem 2.12
D E
The truss shown is to be constructed of bars of identical
cross-section. Determine the bar cross-sectional area if (a)
the stress, tensile or compressive, in each bar is not to exceed
A 30°
100 MPa; (b) if the tensile stress is not to exceed 50 MPa,
B C and the compressive stress is not to exceed 100 MPa.
2m 2m
50 kN
SOLUTION
FAD
D
θ FDE FBD FBE y
A FAB FAD
2θ D θ x
FAB B FBC
FBD
50 kN
Considering the FBD of joint A,
ΣFy = F AD sin θ − 50 kN = 0
50 kN 50 kN
F AD = = = 100 kN
sin θ sin 30◦
ΣF x = F AD cos θ + F AB = 0
F AB = −F AD cos θ = −100 kN cos 30◦ = −86.6 kN
Considering the FBD of joint D,
ΣFy = −F AD cos(2θ) − F BD = 0
F BD = −F AD cos(2θ) = −100 kN cos 60◦ = −50 kN
ΣF x = F DE − F AD sin(2θ) = 0
F DE = F AD sin(2θ) = 100 kN sin 60◦ = 86.6 kN
Considering the FBD of joint B,
ΣFy = F BD + F BE sin θ = 0
−F BD −(−50 kN)
F BE = = = 100 kN
sin θ sin 30◦
ΣF x = F BC + F BE cos θ − F AB = 0
F BC = F AB − F BE cos θ = −86.6 kN − 100 kN cos 30◦ = −173.2 kN
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By considering joint C, it can be seen that FCE = 0.
(a) The greatest magnitude force, tensile or compressive, is F BC = 173.2 kN.
P 173.2 kN
σ= = = 100 MPa
A A
173.2 kN
A= = 1.732 × 10−3 m2 = 1732 mm2
100 MPa
A = 1732 mm2 J
(b) The greatest magnitude tensile force is F AD = 100 kN and the greatest magnitude compressive force
is F BC = −173.2 kN.
P 100 kN
σtension = = = 50 MPa
A A
100 kN
A= = 2.0 × 10−3 m2 = 2000 mm2
50 MPa
P 173.2 kN
σcompression = = = 100 MPa
A A
173.2 kN
A= = 1.732 × 10−3 m2 = 1732 mm2
100 MPa
Choose the larger cross-sectional area, A = 2000 mm2 .
A = 2000 mm2 J
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Problem 2.13
A steel plate, which is 1.5 m by 1.5 m and 30 mm thick, is lifted
by four cables attached to its corners that meet at a point that is
2 m above the plate. Determine the required cross-sectional area
Cables of the cables if the stress in them is not to exceed 20 MPa.
Steel
plate
SOLUTION
y
z x T
T 2m
T T
θ
1.5 m
1.5 m
Considering the FBD of the steel plate and cables, the angle θ must be determined.
2m
tan θ = √
1.5 m
2
2
 
−1 
 2 
θ = tan  1.5
√ 
2
2
θ = 62.06◦
To determine the weight of the steel plate, use ρ = mV , and multiply the mass determined from this
equation by the acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2 . The density of steel is ρ = 7850 kg/m3 .
( )
m = ρV = 7850 kg/m3 (1.5 m)(1.5 m)(0.03 m) = 529.9 kg
( )
W = mg = (529.9 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 5198 N
ΣFy = 4T sin θ − W = 0
W 5198 N
T= = = 1471 N
4 sin θ 4 sin 62.06◦
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From the definition of normal stress,
P T 1471 N
σ= = = = 20 MPa
A A A
1471 N
A= = 7.35 × 10−5 m2 = 73.5 mm2
20 MPa
A = 73.5 mm2 J
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Problem 2.14
The required cross-sectional area of cables in a cable-stayed
bridge can be estimated by keeping cable stress just at the allow-
able stress, while supporting the weight of the bridge deck. Say
there is a pair of cables, one on each side of the deck attached
every 20 m, and that the total loading on the deck is 22 Mg/m.
u If each cable has an allowable stress of 325 MPa, and is oriented
at θ = 35◦ from the vertical, determine the minimum acceptable
cable cross-sectional area. If the cable consists of 10 mm strands,
how many strands are needed?
20 m 20 m
SOLUTION
y
x
2T
q
A B
The weight of bridge supported by a pair of cables must be determined.
m = (22 Mg/m)(20 m) = 440 Mg = 4.40 × 105 kg

( )( )
W = mg = 4.40 × 105 kg 9.81 m/s2 = 4.32 × 106 N
Considering the FBD of the bridge portion and cables,
ΣFy = 2T cos θ − W = 0
W 4.32 × 106 kg
T= = = 2.63 × 106 N
2 cos θ 2 cos 35◦
P T 2.63 × 106 N
σ= = = = 325 MPa
A A A
2.63 × 106 N
A= = 8.11 × 10−3 m2
325 MPa
A = 8.11 × 10−3 m2 J
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The cross-sectional area of each 10 mm strand must be determined.
π 2 π
Astrand = πr2 = d = (0.01 m)2 = 7.85 × 10−5 m2
4 4
So the number of strands needed is
A 8.11 × 10−3 m2
N= = = 103 strands
Astrand 7.85 × 10−5 m2
N = 103 strands J
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Problem 2.15
Collars (and pipes) in drilling consist of 30 ft segments that can
Do Di DB
be screwed one into the other. One end of each pipe has a so-
called pin connection with outer threads and one end has a so-
Pin Box called box connection with internal threads. Once one segment
is screwed into the neighboring segment bringing their faces into
contact, an additional torque is applied to both segments so that
the faces are pressed together with adequate pressure. Neither the
average axial stress in the pin connection nor in the box connec-
tion should exceed 62500 psi. Determine the contact force that
satisfies this condition for the collar geometry shown. Take the
parameters to be Do = 8 in., Di = 2.8125 in., and DB = 7.375 in.
SOLUTION
From the definition of normal stress, the equations for contact force must be determined for each con-
nection.
F
< 62500 psi
A
F
π 2 < 62500 psi
4
d
For the pin connection:

F
( ) < 62500 psi
π
4
D2B − D2i
(π) ( )
F < (62500 psi) D2B − D2i
4)
(π ( )
F < (62500 psi) (7.375 in.)2 − (2.8125 in.)2
4
F < 2.282 × 10 psi
6
For the box connection:

F
( ) < 62500 psi
π
4
D2o − D2B
(π) ( )
F < (62500 psi) D2o − D2B
4)
(π ( )
F < (62500 psi) (8 in.)2 − (7.375 in.)2
4
F < 4.717 × 105 psi
Take the smaller of the two contact forces, F < 4.717 × 105 psi.
F < 4.717 × 105 psi J
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Problem 2.16
When tightening up two adjacent collar segments of a drill string
Do Di DB
by the application of a torque, the pin connection is put into
tension and the box connection in compression. Say that the
Pin Box force between the two parts due to tightening (“make up”) is
470,000 lb. For the subsequent design of the drill string, the ad-
ditional tensile force that the collar can withstand should account
for the pre-stress due to make up. Let the allowable tensile stress
be 100,000 psi. Assume the additional axial force is distributed
uniformly over the pin and box connection at the joint. (a) De-
termine the additional allowable tensile force. (b) Determine the
additional allowable tensile force assuming the pre-stress is ne-
glected. Take the parameters to be Do = 8 in., Di = 2.8125 in.,
and DB = 7.375 in.
SOLUTION
For a tightening force of 470,000 lb putting tension on the pin connection, the pre-stress can be deter-
mined from
P
σ=
A
where P is the tightening force and A is the cross-sectional area under stress.
From the diagram,
π( 2 ) π( )
A= DB − D2i = (7.375 in.)2 − (2.8125 in.)2 = 36.51 in.2
4 4
P 470, 000 lb
σ= = = 12874 psi
A 36.51 in.2
The total allowable tensile stress is 100,000 psi, thus allowing for an additional stress of
100, 000 psi − 12874 psi = 87126 psi.
(a) The additional allowable tensile force can be determined from the additional allowable stress.
P
σ= = 87126 psi
A
From the diagram,
π( 2 ) π( )
A= Do − D2i = (8 in.)2 − (2.8125 in.)2 = 44.05 in.2
4 ( 4 )
T = (87126 psi) 44.05 in.2 = 3.84 × 106 lb
T = 3.84 × 106 lb J
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(b) Ignoring the pre-stress, the additional allowable tensile force can be determined in the same manner.
P T
σ= = = 100, 000 psi
A 44.05 in.2
( )
T = (100, 000 psi) 44.05 in.2 = 4.41 × 106 lb
T = 4.41 × 106 lb J
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Problem 2.17
In using this leg curl machine the exertion of the legs results in a
R torque M = 120 lb-ft on the shaft that connects to cord disk. The
cord disk has a radius R = 8 in. Determine the resulting tensile
stress in the 0.125 in. diameter steel cable within the cord that
wraps around the cord disk. Assume that frictionless bearings
M
allow the shaftcord disk assembly to rotate freely in place.
SOLUTION
M
A R
From the FBD of the leg curl machine,
ΣMA = FR − M = 0
R = 8 in. = 0.667 ft
M 120 lb-ft
F= = = 180 lb
R 0.667 ft
The area of the steel cable can be found from its diameter.
π 2 π
A= d = (0.125 in.)2 = 0.0123 in.2
4 4
P 180 lb
σ= = = 14670 psi
A 0.0123 in.2
σ = 14670 psi J
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Problem 2.18
d
In weight training machines, the load is varied by passing a pin through one
of the weights in the stack. The pin also passes through the pull rod that
has a series of holes. In the situation of interest, the pull rod lifts a stack
(a)
of plates that weigh 195 lb. (a) Determine the normal stress in the pull rod
assuming it is solid with d = 1 in. diameter. (b) Estimate the average normal
stress in the pull rod at a plane through a pin hole. Take the rod to have a
(b) 1 in. diameter and each pin hole to have a 0.25 in. diameter. (Note that the
sudden change in area means that the assumptions for using P/A to estimate
stress at each point are not strictly satisfied.)
SOLUTION
P
σ=
A
where P = 195 lb and A is the cross-sectional area of the rod.
(a) Assuming a solid pull rod with d = 1 in. diameter,

π
A= (1 in.)2 = 0.785 in.2
4
195 lb
σ= = 248 psi
0.785 in.2
σ = 248 psi J
(b) Assuming a pull rod with d = 1 in. diameter and holes of 0.25 in. diameter,
π
A= (1 in.)2 − (1 in.)(0.25 in.) = 0.535 in.2
4
195 lb
σ= = 364 psi
0.535 in.2
σ = 364 psi J
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07458.
Problem 2.19
The wind turbine and tower weigh 650 kip. It is to be bolted to a square
concrete slab of depth H = 4 ft, which will rest on soil that can withstand
pressure of 2000 lb/ft2 . The concrete weighs 150 lb/ft3 . Determine the pla-
nar dimension a × a of the concrete slab if the maximum soil pressure is not
to be exceeded.
G
SOLUTION
y
650 kip
H
x
The weight of the concrete slab must be determined in terms of the planar dimension a.
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
W = 150 lb/ft3 (V) = 150 lb/ft3 Ha2 = 150 lb/ft3 (4 ft) a2 = 600a2 lb/ft2
From the FBD of the slab,
ΣFy = N − W − 650, 000 lb = 0

N = 600a2 lb/ft2 + 650, 000 lb
P 600a2 lb/ft2 + 650, 000 lb

σ= = ≤ 2000 lb/ft2
A a2
650, 000 lb
600 lb/ft2 + ≤ 2000 lb/ft2
a2
650, 000 lb
a2 ≥
2000 lb/ft2 − 600 lb/ft2
a ≥ 21.5 ft
a ≥ 21.5 ft J
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07458.
Problem 2.20
The wind turbine and tower that weighs 2.868 MN is bolted to a concrete slab
of depth H = 1.5 m with planar dimensions a = 10 m × a = 10 m. The concrete
Foverturn
has a mass density of 2400 kg/m3 . (a) Determine the average bearing pressure
on the soil. (b) Say that the foundation needs to be designed to handle an over-
turning force Foverturn = 50 kN that is applied to the blades at a height h = 70 m
h
G above the ground. Approximate the resulting overturning moment as carried
by a linearly varying distribution of normal force per area between the slab and
soil. Calculate the maximum force per area at the edge associated with the over-
H turning. (c) Consider two scenarios of failure. In one scenario, the slab lifts off
on the tensile side because the maximum force per area due to the overturn-
a
ing moment exceeds the bearing pressure due to weight found in part (a). In
a second scenario, the bearing pressure found in part (a), when added to the
maximum force per area on the compressive side due to the overturning mo-
ment, exceeds the allowable soil pressure of 100 kPa. Determine whether either
failure scenario occurs.
SOLUTION
y
2.868 MN
H x
The weight of the concrete slab must be determined.

( ) ( )( )
W = 2400 kg/m3 (V)(g) = 2400 kg/m3 Ha2 (g)
( ) ( )
= 2400 kg/m3 (1.5 m)(10 m)2 9.81 m/s2 = 3.53 × 106 N
(a) From the FBD of the slab,

( )
ΣFy = N − W − 2.868 × 106 N = 0
( ) ( ) ( )
N = W + 2.868 × 106 N = 3.53 × 106 N + 2.868 × 106 N = 6.4 × 106 N
From the definition of normal stress, the average bearing pressure on the soil is
P 6.4 × 106 N 6.4 × 106 N

σ= = = = 6.4 × 104 N/m2 = 64 kN/m2
A a2 100 m2
σ = 64 kN/m2 J
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50 kN A y
h
q0 q0
a a
2 2
B
M
(b) From the FBD,
ΣMB = M − (50 kN)(h) = 0
where h = 70 m is the height of the applied force Foverturn = 50 kN.
M = (50 kN)(h) = (50 kN)(70 m) = 3500 kN-m
M = 3500 kN-m J
From the linearly varying distribution of normal force,
1 (a) (2) (a) 1 (a) (2) (a)

(q0 ) + (q0 ) = 3500 kN-m
2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2
(a) (2) (a)
(q0 ) = 3500 kN-m
2 3 2
3(3500 kN-m) 3(3500 kN-m)
q0 = = = 210 kN/m
2(a/2)2 2(5 m)2
Thus, the maximum force per area at the edge is
q0 210 kN/m
σ= = = 21 kN/m2
a 10 m
σ = 21 kN/m2 J
This value does not exceed the bearing pressure due to weight found in part (a) of σ = 64 kN/m2 .
Does not fail. J
Adding the bearing pressure due to weight to the maximum force per area at the edge yields 85 kN-m,
which does not exceed the allowable soil pressure of 100 kPa = 100 kN-m.
Does not fail. J
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07458.
Problem 2.21
Small wind turbines can pivot at their base so they
can be raised up via a gin pole. The 90 lb turbine
is maintained in equilibrium with the 0.25 in. diam-
Lg eter cable in tension as shown. The pole consists
of a uniform steel pipe with 2.875 in. outer diameter
and a wall thickness of 0.2 in. Determine the normal
stress in the cable. Account for both the weight of the
pipe and the turbine. The distances are Lg = 15 ft,
L1 L2
L1 = 37 ft, L2 = 5 ft.
SOLUTION
y
x
l l
T
90 lb
θ
Ax
Ay Wp
L1 L2
From the FBD of the steel pipe, the angle θ must be determined.
Lg 15 ft
tan θ = =
L1 37 ft
( )
−1 15
θ = tan
37
◦
θ = 22.1
The weight of the steel pipe must also be determined.

( ) ( )
W p = 490 lb/ft3 (V) = 490 lb/ft3 (AL)
where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe and L = L1 + L2 = 37 ft + 5 ft = 42 ft is the length of the
pipe.
π( )
A= (2.875 in.)2 − (2.675 in.)2 = 0.8718 in.2
4
( ) ( )( ) ( )2
1 ft
W p = 490 lb/ft (AL) = 490 lb/ft 0.8718 in. (42 ft)
3 3 2
= 124.6 lb
12 in.
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Considering the static equilibrium of the system about point A,
ΣMA = (T sin θ)(L1 ) − (W p )(l) − (90 lb)(L) = 0
where l = L/2 = 21 ft is the center of gravity for the steel pipe measured from point A.
(W p )(l) + (90 lb)(L) (124.6 lb)(21 ft) + (90 lb)(42 ft)

T= = = 459 lb
L1 sin θ (37 ft) sin 22.1◦
The cross-sectional area, A, of the cable is
π
A= (0.25 in.)2 = 0.0491 in.2
4
Then, from the definition of normal stress,
P 459 lb
σ= = = 9350 psi = 9.35 ksi
A 0.0491 in.2
σ = 9.35 ksi J
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Problem 2.22
When magnetic tape is transported it needs to be under tension.
Tension is controlled by a set of motors, idlers, and brakes. This
tension in the tape results in distortion of the length of the data
segments along the tape. Each segment, which is oriented parallel
M0 Mb to the long dimension of the tape, has length 0.5 µm when the
tape is under zero tension. The length of each segment can be up
to 0.5002 µm and still be read properly. Determine the maximum
strain that can be allowed in the tape.
SOLUTION
From the general relation between strain ε and change in length δ,
δ
ε=
L
where L is the original length of the specimen.
The relevent original length here is
L = 0.5 µm
and the change in length is
δ = 0.5002 µm − 0.5000 µm = 0.0002 µm
Therefore, the strain is

δ 0.0002 µm
ε= = = 4 × 10−4
L 0.5 µm
ε = 4 × 10−4 J
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Problem 2.23
L2
In the exercise machine shown, the flexible rubber belt is
fixed to a belt disk of diameter Db and is guided by pulleys of
diameter D p to the weight stack. If the weight stack is lifted
L1
by 200 mm, by how many degrees is the belt disk rotated by
L3 Belt the exerciser if (a) the strain in the belt is known to be 0.03;
disk
(b) the strain in the belt is neglected (set to zero). Take the di-
Db mensions to be L1 = 800 mm, L2 = 600 mm, L3 = 1200 mm,
L4 = 700 mm, D p = 175 mm, and Db = 400 mm.
L4
SOLUTION
First, determine the length of belt that is wrapped around the pulleys. Assume the belt wraps around
one-quarter of the pulley’s circumference.
For the three pulleys of diameter D p ,

( )
1 3
L p = 3 πD p = π(175 mm) = 412.3 mm
4 4
For the belt disk of diameter Db ,

1 1
Lb = πDb = π(400 mm) = 314.2 mm
4 4
Add these to the remaining length of the belt to determine the total belt length.
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L p + Lb
Lt = 800 mm + 600 mm + 1200 mm + 700 mm + 412.3 mm + 314.2 mm
Lt = 4026 mm
Then, from the general relation between strain ε and change in length δ,
δ
ε=
L
δ = εL = (0.03)(4026 mm) = 120.8 mm
(a) Adding this to the 200 mm the weight stack is lifted gives the total length of belt to be wrapped
around belt disk Db .
L = 200 mm + 120.8 mm = 320.8 mm
From the relation between arc length and radius,
s = rθ
where s is the arc length, r is the radius, and θ is the angle through which this arc length is defined.
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s 320.8 mm
θ= = = 1.604 rad = 91.9◦
r (400 mm)/2
θ = 91.9◦ J
(b) If the strain is neglected, the total length of belt to be wrapped around belt disk Db is just 200 mm.
s 200 mm
θ= = = 1 rad = 57.3◦
r (400 mm)/2
θ = 57.3◦ J
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Problem 2.24
A rubber bearing pad under the steel girder above is used to pro-
duce a relatively uniform bearing stress on the concrete below.
The literature from the pad manufacturer suggests that strain in
the particular bearing pad should not exceed 12%. Due to the
dead loading of the structures weight, the pad is already strained
by 3%. Say the live loads could produce an additional 0.25 in. of
vertical motion of the girder, which must be tolerated. Determine
the acceptable range of pad thicknesses that keeps strains below
the maximum allowable strain.
SOLUTION
Determine the initial compression of the pad due to the strain of 3%, as well as the total allowable
compression of the pad due to a maximum strain of 12%.
δ
ε=
L
δi = εL = 0.03h
δmax = εL = 0.12h
where h is the initial pad thickness.
Allowing for the additional 0.25 in. of vertical motion of the girder due to the live loads,
0.03h + 0.25 in. < 0.12h

0.25 in. < 0.09h
0.25 in.
h>
0.09
h > 2.78 in.
h > 2.78 in. J
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Problem 2.25
Closely spaced lines are etched into a silicon wafer, and an optical
scanner is used to count the lines. When the wafer is unloaded,
the scanner measures 9512 lines within a 1 mm length. While the
same wafer is subject to an axial loading acting perpendicular to
the lines, the scanner measures 9525 lines within a 1 mm length.
Determine the magnitude of the strain and whether it is tensile or
compressive.
SOLUTION
Determine the unloaded and loaded lengths.
1 mm
Lunloaded = = 1.0513 × 10−4 mm
9512
1 mm
Lloaded = = 1.0499 × 10−4 mm
9525
( ) ( )
−4 −4
δ 1.0499 × 10 mm − 1.0513 × 10 mm
ε= = = −1.365 × 10−3
L 1.0513 × 10 mm
−4
A negative value corresponds to a compressive strain.
ε = −1.365 × 10−3 (compressive) J
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Problem 2.26
1 in.
An elastic band, which forms a 2 in. diameter circle when un-
stretched, is stretched so it wraps around the box shown. Assume
the band wraps smoothly around the box so its strain is uniform.
2.25 in. (a) Determine the strain in the band. (b) What is the initial length
of that portion of the band that wraps over just the top of the box?
SOLUTION
Determine the original length and final length of the rubber band.
Li = πd = π(2 in.) = 6.283 in.

L f = 2(2.25 in.) + 2(1 in.) = 6.5 in.
(a) From the general relation between strain ε and change in length δ,
δ 6.5 in. − 6.283 in.
ε= = = 0.0345
L 6.283 in.
ε = 0.0345 J
(b) Since the strain is considered uniform throughout the band, this strain holds true for any portion.
Lo (1 + ε) = 2.25 in.
Lo (1 + 0.0345) = 2.25 in.
2.25 in.
Lo = = 2.17 in.
1.0345
Lo = 2.17 in. J
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Problem 2.27
An elastic cord is to be used to secure the stack of concrete pipes
to the truck bed as shown. The pipes have an outer diameter of
15 in. If the desired tension in the cord requires a strain of 8%,
what should be the initial length of the portion of the cord running
from the bed surface on one side of the pipes to the other?
SOLUTION
L4
L3
L2
L1
r = 7.5 in.
Determine the lengths L1 , L2 , L3 , and L4 from the diagram.
L1 = r = 7.5 in.
1 1
L2 = πr = π(7.5 in.) = 3.93 in.
6 6
L3 = 4r = 4(7.5 in.) = 30 in.
1 1
L4 = πr = π(7.5) = 7.85 in.
3 3
Adding these lengths, and multiplying by 2 to account for both sides, gives the total final length.
L f = 2(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) = 2(7.5 in. + 9.93 in. + 30 in. + 7.85 in.) = 98.56 in.
δ L f − Li 98.56 in. − Li
ε= = = = 0.08
L Li Li
98.56 in. = 1.08Li
Li = 91.26 in.
Li = 91.26 in. J
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Problem 2.28
During construction of the portion of building shown, additional weights are
placed on the structure. We want to measure the load taken up by the post
and whether the load is primarily axial compression. A strain gage that is
attached at the upper left gives a strain reading of 5.3 × 10−4 compression.
At the lower right an extensometer with gage length 40 mm has been at-
h
tached. It indicates a shortening of 0.021 mm. (a) Determine the ratio of the
strain difference to the strain measured by the strain gauge. (This gives the
Post departure from strain uniformity.) (b) Using the average of the two strain
measurements, what would be the vertical shortening of the whole post of
height h = 4 m under this load?
SOLUTION
From the extensometer reading,
δ −0.021 mm
ε= = = −5.25 × 10−4
L 40 mm
(a) The ratio of strain difference to the strain measured by the strain gauge can now be determined.
strain difference 5.3 × 10−4 − 5.25 × 10−4

= = 9.43 × 10−3
strain gauge 5.3 × 10−4
9.43 × 10−3 J
(b) The vertical shortening can now be determined.

( )
−5.3 × 10−4 − 5.25 × 10−4
δ = (4 m) = −2.11 × 10−3 m
2
δ = −2.11 × 10−3 m J
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Problem 2.29
The flexible toothed belt is stretched when it engages the gear shown. Say there can be effective engage-
ment between the belt and the gear even if there is up to a 3% mismatch in the tooth spacing. Determine
the range of strains in the belt that is acceptable. Take s = 10 mm and D = 30 mm.
s
D
SOLUTION
First, determine the tooth spacing on the gear. There are a total of 8 teeth on the gear.
1 1
rg = πD = π(30 mm) = 11.78 mm
8 8
Allowing for the 3% mismatch of tooth spacing, determine the maximum and minimum allowable tooth
spacing on the belt.
rb,max = (11.78 mm)(1.03) = 12.13 mm

rb,min = (11.78 mm)(0.97) = 11.43 mm
Using the actual spacing of the teeth on the belt, s = 10 mm, determine the maximum and minimum
strains.
δ 12.13 mm − 10 mm
εmax = = = 0.213
L 10 mm
δ 11.43 mm − 10 mm
εmin = = = 0.143
L 10 mm
εmax = 0.213 J
εmin = 0.143 J
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Problem 2.30
A
A cable is attached as shown to the girder. The member BCD
rotates rigidly (without deforming) by 1◦ counter-clockwise
around pin D. Determine the strain in the cable AC. Let the
L1 dimensions be L1 = 3 m, L2 = 2 m, and L3 = 4 m.
B C D
L2 L3
SOLUTION
A
L1
C D
1o
∆y
L3
∆x
From the FBD, determine the initial length of the cable AC.
√
Li = (3 m)2 + (4 m)2 = 5 m
Then, determine the new lengths of the member CD in the x- and y-directions.
x
cos θ =
L3
x= L3 cos θ = (4 m) cos 1◦ = 3.999391 m
∆y
sin θ =
L3
∆y = L3 sin θ = (4 m) sin 1◦ = 0.06981 m
y= L1 + ∆y = 3 m + 0.06981 m = 3.06981 m
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From this data and the FBD, determine the final length of the cable AC.
√
L f = (3.06981 m)2 + (3.999391 m)2 = 5.0417 m
Then, from the general relation between strain ε and change in length δ, the strain can be determined.
δ L f − Li 5.0417 m − 5 m
ε= = = = 8.34 × 10−3
L Li 5m
ε = 8.34 × 10−3 J
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Problem 2.31
The cables in this cable-stayed bridge are limited to a maximum
strain of 0.003. Determine the maximum allowable lengthening
of the cable shown. The dimensions are h = 80 m and w = 50 m.
SOLUTION
Determine the original length of the cable.
√
L = (80 m)2 + (50 m)2 = 94.34 m

δ
ε=
L
δ = εL = (0.003)(94.34 m) = 0.283 m = 283 mm
δ = 283 mm J
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Problem 2.32
Tensile testing of human cortical bone is conducted to obtain the
Slope elastic moduli. The cross-sectional geometry of bone varies along
its length, although the cross-section can be approximated as hol-
low and circular, with an average outer diameter of 27 mm and
Load
inner diameter of 14 mm. Let the gage section over which the
elongation is measured be 40 mm. A straight line is fit to the
load-elongation data, giving a slope of 1.12 (108 ) N/m. (a) Es-
timate the elastic modulus. (b) A gage is also attached which
measures the external diameter. The external diameter decreases
by 0.0048 mm when the load increases by 2700 N. Estimate the
Elongation
Poisson ratio.
SOLUTION
Determine the cross-sectional area of the bone.
π( 2 ) π( )
A= do − di2 = (27 mm)2 − (14 mm)2 = 418.6 mm2 = 418.6 × 10−6 m2
4 4
(a) From the definition of stress, Hooke’s law, and the general relation between strain ε and change in
length δ, determine the elastic modulus.
P = σA = EεA
δ = εL
P EA
= = 1.12 × 108 N/m
δ (L )
1.12 × 108 N/m (0.04 m)
E= = 10.7 GPa
418.6 × 10−6 m2
E = 10.7 GPa J
(b) Using these same relations, determine the value of Poisson’s ratio.
P 2700 N
ε= = ( ) = 6.028 × 10−4
EA (10.7 GPa) 418.6 × 10−6 m2
δ 26.9952 mm − 27 mm
εt = = = −1.778 × 10−4
L ( 27 mm )
−4
−εt − −1.778 × 10
v= = = 0.295
ε 6.028 × 10−4
v = 0.295 J
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160
Problem 2.33
140 Properties of frozen tissues have been measured as
120
part of understanding the response of tissue to cryop-
Axial load (N)
100
80
reservation. In one set of experiments, frozen bovine
60 carotid arteries were tested in uniaxial tension. The
40 cross-sectional geometry was extracted from digital
20
images of slices of the artery obtained after testing.
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Elongation (mm)
0.20 0.25
For the specimen tested, the gage length is 30 mm,
the outer diameter is 6 mm, and the wall thickness is
1 mm. From the load deflection curve, estimate the
elastic modulus of the frozen artery.
SOLUTION
First, determine the slope of the graph and the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
150 N
m= = 750 N/mm = 7.50 × 105 N/m
0.20 mm
π( 2 ) π( )
A= do − di2 = (6 mm)2 − (4 mm)2 = 15.71 mm2 = 15.71 × 10−6 m2
4 4
Then, from the definition of stress, Hooke’s law, and the general relation between strain ε and change in
length δ, determine the elastic modulus.
P EA
= = 7.50 × 105 N/m
δ (L )
7.50 × 105 N/m (0.03 m)
E= = 1.45 GPa
15.71 × 10−6 m2
E = 1.45 GPa J
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70
Problem 2.34
M
F
Properties of frozen tissues have been measured
60
as part of understanding the response of tissue to
50 I J cryosurgery. In one set of experiments, plugs of
E
frozen rabbit liver were subject to axial compression.
Stress, MPa
40
The plugs were 10 mm in diameter and 14 mm long.

30
B (a) Using the linear portion of the stressstrain curve
20 from points D to E, estimate the elastic modulus. (b)
10 A G H
Using the peak value of stress, determine to the near-
C D
est 1000 N the maximum load cell force needed if it
0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 is to accommodate at least twice the peak stress of
Strain
the test. (c) Assuming the stress-strain curve is linear
from zero stress to failure, with a slope equal to the
elastic modulus, what is the shortening of the plug
specimen by the end of the test?
SOLUTION
(a) From the linear portion of the curve from points D to E, the modulus is simply the slope of the line.
41 MPa − 8 MPa
E= = 8.25 GPa
0.009 − 0.005
E = 8.25 GPa J
(b) The peak stress corresponds to point M on the diagram, or 65 MPa. Thus, the maximum load cell
would have to accommodate a peak stress of 2 × 65 MPa = 130 MPa.
Determine the cross-sectional area of the plugs.

π 2 π
A= d = (10 mm)2 = 78.54 mm2 = 78.54 × 10−6 m2
4 4
( )
P = σA = (130 MPa) 78.54 × 10−6 m2 = 10210 N
To the nearest 1000 N, rounding up to avoid failure, P = 11000 N.
P = 11000 N J
(c) To determine the shortening of the specimen, first determine the strain in the specimen and multiply
by the original length.
σ 65 MPa
ε= = = 0.00788
E 8.25 GPa
δ = εL = (0.00788)(14 mm) = 0.110 mm
δ = 0.110 mm J
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Problem 2.35
Thin rubber strips are used to provide increasing resistance to
orthopedic patients during large motion exercises. The sheets
shown are 0.03125 in. thick and 3 in. wide. Say the rubber
properties are E = 120 psi and ν = 0.47. One end of the strip
is wrapped around the doorknob, and the other end is wrapped
around the hand. Say the portion of the strip that elongates is
approximately 18 in. (a) What is the increase in the force exerted
with every 1 in. increase in length? (b) If a force of 2 lb is ap-
plied, what is the change in the strip’s width and thickness?
SOLUTION
Determine the cross-sectional area of the rubber strip.
A = (0.03125 in.)(3 in.) = 0.09375 in.2
Then, from the definition of stress, Hooke’s law, and the general relation between strain ε and change in
length δ,
P = σA
δ
σ = Eε = E
L
EA
P= δ
L
(a) Determine the increase in force with every 1 in. increase in length.
( )
(120 psi) 0.09375 in.2
∆P = (1 in.) = 0.625 lb
18 in.
∆P = 0.625 lb J
(b) To determine the decrease in width and thickness, the transverse strain must be determined.
−εt
ν=
ε
σ P 2 lb
εt = −νε = −ν = −ν = −0.47 ( ) = −0.0836
E AE 0.09375 in.2 (120 psi)
Determine the decrease in length for the width and the thickness.
δw = εt w = −0.0836(3 in.) = −0.251 in.

δt = εt t = −0.0836(0.03125 in.) = −0.00261 in.
δw = 0.251 in. J
δt = 0.00261 in. J
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Problem 2.36
A solid plastic rod is compressed by an axial force F0 . The rod is 40 mm long and 6 mm in diameter. A
second rod of the same material must be designed to undergo the same axial shortening under the axial
force F0 as the first rod. (a) Determine the diameter of second plastic rod, if it is 50 mm long. (b) If the
diameter of the first rod expands by 0.005 mm under load, what is the increase in diameter of the second
rod under the same load?
SOLUTION
(a) Equate the axial shortening of the first and second rod to determine the required diameter of the
second rod.
F 0 L1 F0 L2
δ1 = , δ2 =
EA1 EA2
δ1 = δ2
F 0 L1 F 0 L2
=
EA1 EA2
L2
A2 = A1
L1
L2
πd22 = πd12
L1
√ √
L2 50 mm
d2 = d1 = (6 mm) = 6.71 mm
L1 40 mm
d2 = 6.71 mm J
(b) The increase in diameter of the second rod can be determined by equating Poisson’s ratio for both
rods.
δt2 δt1
ν= =
d2 d1
δt1 d2 (0.005 mm)(6.71 mm)
δt 2 = = = 0.00559 mm
d1 6 mm
δt2 = 0.00559 mm J
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Problem 2.37
A plastic tube with 20 mm outer diameter and 14 mm inner di-
ameter is compressed by an axial force F0 . The rod must be able
to slide without contact within a steel sleeve that has inner diam-
eter 20.03. What is the maximum axial force that the plastic tube
can withstand without touching the sleeve? Take E = 2 GPa and
ν = 0.4.
SOLUTION
First, determine the transverse strain in the tube.
δ 0.03 mm
εt = = = 0.0015
L 20 mm
Now, relate the transverse strain to the axial strain through Poisson’s ratio.
εt = −νε
( P )
0.0015 = −(0.4)
EA
The cross-sectional area must be determined.
π( 2 ) π( )
A= do − di2 = (20 mm)2 − (14 mm)2 = 160.2 mm2
4 4 ( )
2
EA(0.0015) (2 GPa) 160.2 mm (0.0015)
P= = = 1202 N
0.4 0.4
P = 1202 N J
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Problem 2.38
In magnetic tape recording, the tape is subjected to tension while it is guided along its path. Tension
in the tape causes elastic deformation that results in slight changes in length of the domains on which
information is stored. Say the tape has an average modulus of 8 GPa, a thickness of 9 µm, and a width
of 12 mm. Let the unit of stored information occupy a length 0.5 µm in a tape that has no tension.
Determine the length of the storage unit if the tape is subjected to tension of 0.9 N.
SOLUTION
Relate the change in length to the tension, modulus, original length, and cross-sectional area.
( )
PL (0.9 N) 5 × 10−6 m
δ= =( )( ) = 5.21 × 10−9 m = 0.00521 µm
EA 8 × 109 Pa 9 × 10−6 m (0.012 m)
Since the tape is in tension, add this value to the original length of 0.5 µm.
L f = Li + δ = 0.5 µm + 0.00521 µm = 0.50521 µm
L f = 0.50521 µm J
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Problem 2.39
In magnetic tape recording, the tape is subjected to tension while it is guided along its path. The tape
consists of many parallel tracks of information that must be individually read. Because of the lateral
Poisson contraction, fluctuations in the tension in the tape cause lateral movement of the tracks. Take the
tape elastic properties to be E = 8 GPa and ν = 0.37 and its thickness and width to be 9 µm and 12 mm,
respectively. An individual track is 1 µm wide, with a gap of 0.5 µm between tracks. Motion inward or
outward in excess of 0.4 µm cannot be tolerated. Consider the track with inner boundary that is located
a distance of 5 mm from the tape center-line when the tape sustains a tension of 1 N. Assuming the
center-line does not displace laterally, what increase or decrease in tension from 1 N can be tolerated?
SOLUTION
First, determine the transverse strain in the tape.
δ −0.04 µm
εt = = = −8 × 10−5
L 5 mm
Relate the transverse strain to the axial strain, and thus the axial force.
P
εt = −νε = −ν
EA( )( )( )
−εt EA − −8 × 10−5 8 × 109 Pa 9 × 10−6 m (0.012 m)
P= = = 0.1868 N
ν 0.37
P = 0.1868 N J
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Problem 2.40
F0 B
The truss is composed of steel members that all have a rectan-
gular cross-section 35 mm wide by 6 mm thick. Let the length
L = 1.3 m, and the angle α = 40◦ . If the force F0 = 8 kN, deter-
mine the change in length of each member, and indicate if it elon-
a gates or shortens.
A C
SOLUTION
First, the axial forces in each member must be determined.
y
x
8 kN B
40º
FBC
FAB
From the FBD of joint B,
ΣF x = 8 kN − F BC cos 40◦ = 0
8 kN
F BC = = 10.44 kN
cos 40◦
ΣFy = F BC sin 40◦ − F AB = 0
F AB = F BC sin 40◦ = (10.44 kN) sin 40◦ = 6.71 kN
FBC x
40º C
FAC
From the FBD of joint C, and realizing that the support at joint C will support the vertical force only,
ΣF x = F BC cos 40◦ − F AC = 0
F AC = F BC cos 40◦ = 8 kN
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Now, determine the lengths of each member.
LAC = L = 1.3 m
LAB = L tan 40◦ = (1.3 m) tan 40◦ = 1.091 m
LAC 1.3 m
LBC = ◦
= = 1.697 m
cos 40 cos 40◦
Determine the cross-sectional area of the members.
A = AAB = ABC = AAC = (6 mm)(35 mm) = 210 mm2 = 2.1 × 10−4 m2
Now, determine the change in lengths. Represent tensile forces as positive values and compressive forces
as negative values.
PAB LAB (6710 N)(1.091 m)
δAB = =( )( ) = 0.174 mm
EA 200 × 109 Pa 2.1 × 10−4 m2
PBC LBC (−10440 N)(1.697 m)
δBC = =( )( ) = −0.422 mm
EA 200 × 109 Pa 2.1 × 10−4 m2
PAC LAC (8000 N)(1.3 m)
δAC = =( )( ) = 0.248 mm
EA 200 × 109 Pa 2.1 × 10−4 m2
Since members AB and AC are in compression, these members shorten. Likewise, since member BC is
in tension, this member lengthens.
δAB = 0.174 mm (lengthens) J
δBC = −0.422 mm (shortens) J
δAC = 0.248 mm (lengthens) J
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Problem 2.41
A
The cable AC that supports the bar has an effective modulus
and area of and E = 140 GPa and A = 77 mm2 , respectively.
Let the lengths be L1 = 600 mm and L2 = 300 mm, and
the angle α = 50◦ . If the permitted additional elongation
of the cable is 0.20 mm, determine the maximum allowed
distributed force per length q.
a
B C D
L1 L2
SOLUTION
First, determine the maximum force P that can be supported by the cable.
PL
δ=
EA
L1 0.6 m
L= = = 0.933 m
cos 50 ( cos 50◦
◦
)( )( )
δEA 2 × 10−4 mm 140 × 109 Pa 77 × 10−6 m2
P= = = 2310 N
L 0.933 m
y
P
x
B D
q
600 mm 300 mm
From the FBD, determine the relation between P and q.

(L + L )
◦ 1 2
ΣMB = (P sin 50 )(L1 ) − q(L1 + L2 ) =0
2
(P sin 50◦ )(L1 ) (2310 N)(0.6 m) sin 50◦
q= (L + L ) = ( ) = 2620 N/m
1 2 0.6 m + 0.3 m
(L1 + L2 ) (0.6 m + 0.3 m)
2 2
q = 2620 N/m J
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C
Problem 2.42
F0
A cable BD is used to support the post, which is subjected to a
L2 lateral force F0 at its top. The cable has an effective modulus
B E = 20 (106 ) psi and area A = 0.268 in.2 . Let the lengths be
L1 = 12 ft and L2 = 6 ft, and the angle α = 35◦ . What is the load
F0 that brings the cable to its maximum allowable load of 10 kip,
a
and what is the cable elongation under those conditions?
L1
D A
SOLUTION
C
y F0
6 ft
x
B
10 kip
35º
12 ft
From the FBD, determine the load F0 that brings the cable to its maximum allowable load.
ΣMA = (10 kip) cos 35◦ (L1 ) − F0 (L1 + L2 ) = 0

(10 kip)L1 cos 35◦ (10 kip)(12 ft) cos 35◦
F0 = = = 3.82 kip
L1 + L2 18 ft
F0 = 3.82 kip J
Determine the cable elongation under these conditions.

PL
δ=
EA
L1 12 ft
L= = = 14.6 ft = 175.8 in.
cos 35◦ cos 35◦
(10000 lb)(175.8 in.)
δ= ( )( ) = 0.3280 in.
20 × 106 psi 0.268 in.2
δ = 0.3280 in. J
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Problem 2.43
Cables used in cable-stayed and other bridges consist of many steel wires twisted together. Because the
wires partially unwrap, the effective modulus of steel cable is less than that of steel. As a test of its
effective modulus, a mass of 500 kg is hung from a cable of original diameter 60 mm and length 50 m.
This causes the cable to be 0.52 mm longer. What is the effective modulus of this cable as a fraction of
the nominal steel modulus of 200 GPa?
SOLUTION
The effective modulus can be determined from the general relation between strain ε and change in length
δ, as well as the definition of normal stress and Hooke’s law.
σ P
δ = εL = L= L
E ( EA )
P = (500 kg) 9.81 m/s2 = 4905 N
π
A = (0.06 mm)2 = 2.83 × 10−3 mm2 = 2.83 × 10−9 m2
4
Solve the equation for the effective modulus.
PL (4905 N)(50 m)
E= =( )( ) = 163.6 GPa
δA 0.52 × 10−3 m 2.83 × 10−9 m
Determine the effective modulus as a fraction of 200 GPa.
E 163.6 GPa
= = 0.818
Esteel 200 GPa
E = 0.818 Esteel J
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Problem 2.44
Tensioning of cables produces compression of the concrete pylons. Consider the shortening of the pylons
produced by this loading. Each pylon has only a front and rear stay, and each stay has a tension of 107 N.
The reinforced concrete pylon is 0.5 m thick and 6 m wide. The modulus of reinforced concrete is
45 GPa. From the attachment points of the cables to its support at the bottom, the pylon is 40 m long. By
how much does the column shorten due to the cable tension? Take the dimensions to be w = 35 m and
h = 30 m.
w w
SOLUTION
y
107 N 107 N
θ θ
40 m
From the FBD, determine the angle θ and the value of P.

w
tan θ =
h ) (
(w)35 m
−1 −1
θ = tan = tan = 49.4◦
h 30 m
[( ) ]
ΣFy = P − 2 10 N cos θ = 0
7
[( ) ] [( ) ]
P = 2 107 N cos θ = 107 N cos 49.4◦ = 1.302 × 107 N
The shortening can be determined from the general relation between strain ε and change in length δ, as
well as the definition of normal stress and Hooke’s law.
σ PL
δ = εL = L=
E EA
A = (0.5 m)(6 m) = 3 m
( )
1.302 × 107 N (40 m)
δ= ( )( ) = 3.86 × 10−3 m = 3.86 mm
45 × 109 Pa 3 m2
δ = 3.86 mm J
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Problem 2.45
The forces of the legs on the padded beam are bal-
anced by the two connector links. Assume that the
Pivot beam pivot beam is held fixed and that the steel connector
L
Connector links m links sustain only uniaxial tension or compression.
t Padded beam Determine the amount by which the right connector
link would shorten, assuming each leg exerts a 50 lb
upward force on the padded beam. Take the dimen-
d
c
sions to be a = 4 in., b = 16 in., c = 4 in., d = 3.5 in.,
b D1 = 1.5 in., L = 1.75 in., m = 5 in., and t = 0.25 in.
a
SOLUTION
y
F2
x
A B
3.5 in. 4 in. 16 in. 4 in.

F1
50 lb 50 lb
F2
5 in.
F2
From the FBD of the beam,
ΣMA = (50 lb)(3.5 in. + 4 in.) + (50 lb)(3.5 in. + 4 in. + 16 in.) − F2 (3.5 in.) = 0
F2 = 442.86 lb
The deflection can be determined by considering the geometric properties of the right connector.
PL F2 m (−442.86 lb)(5 in.)
δ= = = ( ) = −1.69 × 10−4 in.
AE (tL)E (0.25 in.)(1.75 in.) 30 × 10 psi
6
δ = −1.69 × 10−4 in. J
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Problem 2.46
Wind turbine blades are often made from fiberglass. Tensile testing of a new sample of fiberglass is
to be conducted; previous fiberglass samples had an elastic modulus of 40 GPa. Coupon specimens
of the material are available that are 2 mm thick, 18 mm wide, and long enough to accommodate an
extensometer 35 mm long. The testing machine that covers the right range of load is to be chosen. It
is expected to load the material up to strains of 3%. If the material must remain elastic over that range,
what would be the maximum load?
SOLUTION
A strain of 3% corresponds to ε = 0.03. Then, from Hooke’s law,
σ = Eε = (40 GPa)(0.03) = 1.2 GPa
Determine the maximum load from the general definition of normal stress.
P = σA = (1.2 GPa)(0.002 m)(0.018 m) = 43.2 kN
P = 43.2 kN J
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Problem 2.47
Load (kN) Elongation (mm) A tensile test is conducted on a steel specimen with a diameter
0.0 0.0000 of 8.84 mm in the gage section and a gage length of 50 mm.
5.55 0.0180 Values of tensile load and elongation are given in the table. (a)
15.95 0.0610 Calculate and plot the stress as a function of the strain. (b) Es-
18.9 0.1030 timate the elastic modulus from the data. (c) Estimate the yield
20.45 0.1650 stress using the 0.2% offset method. That is, construct a line
21.8 0.2500 with the same slope as the initial, elastic portion of the curve,
26.7 1.0150 but starting from strain = 0.2% = 0.002. The 0.2% offset yield
31.15 3.0500 stress corresponds to the stress at which the line intersects the
32.25 6.3500 stress-strain curve. (Hint: you should also plot just the initial
31.15 8.9000 portion of the stress-strain curve with the strain axis spread out.)
29.4 11.9400
SOLUTION
The stress and strain can be determined from the equations
δ
ε=
L
P
σ=
A
where δ is the elongation, L is the gage length, P is the load, and A is the cross-sectional area of the steel
specimen.
Construct a table of values using these equations.
Load (kN) Elongation (mm) Strain Stress (MPa)

0.0 0.0000 0.0 0.0
5.55 0.0180 0.00036 90.4271
15.95 0.0610 0.00122 259.876
18.9 0.1030 0.00206 307.941
20.45 0.1650 0.0033 333.195
21.8 0.2500 0.005 355.191
26.7 1.0150 0.0203 435.028
31.15 3.0500 0.061 507.532
32.25 6.3500 0.127 525.455
31.15 8.9000 0.178 507.532
29.4 11.9400 0.2388 479.019
Plot these values and draw scale marks to interpolate.
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600
500
400
Stress (MPa)
300
200
100
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Strain
400 MPa
E=
0.0018
E = 220 GPa J
σY = 340 MPa J
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Problem 2.48
Force (lb) Shortening (in.)
A compression test is conducted on a cylindrical concrete sample
0 0.0
of 3 in. diameter and 6 in. length. Values of the compressive load
1500 0.0003
and the specimen shortening are given in the table. (a) Calculate
2850 0.0006
and plot the stress as a function of the strain. (b) Estimate the
4950 0.001 elastic modulus from the data.
6150 0.0013
7650 0.0017
9000 0.0002
10350 0.00225
11550 0.0025
13950 0.0031
15000 0.0035
15900 0.00375
SOLUTION
δ
ε=
L
P
σ=
A
specimen.
Force (lb) Shortening (in.) Strain Stress (psi)

0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1500 0.0003 0.00005 212.20659
2850 0.0006 0.0001 403.19252
4950 0.001 0.0001667 700.28175
6150 0.0013 0.0002167 870.04702
7650 0.0017 0.0002833 1082.2536
9000 0.0002 0.0003333 1273.2395
10350 0.00225 0.000375 1464.2255
11550 0.0025 0.0004167 1633.9907
13950 0.0031 0.0005167 1973.5213
15000 0.0035 0.0005833 2122.0659
15900 0.00375 0.000625 2249.3899
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2000 psi
E=
0.0005
( )
E = 3.8 106 psi J
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Problem 2.49
Load (N) Elongation (mm)
A tensile test is conducted on an acrylic glass using a specimen
158 0.08
with a gage length of 25 mm and a cross-section in the gage sec-
352 0.182
tion that is 2 mm by 10 mm. Values of tensile load and elongation
510 0.277
are given in the table. (a) Calculate and plot the stress as a func-
623 0.322 tion of the strain. (b) Estimate the elastic modulus from the data.
799 0.407 (c) Estimate the yield stress using the 0.2% offset method. That
878 0.462 is, construct a line with the same slope as the initial, elastic por-
967 0.522 tion of the curve, but starting from strain = 0.2% = 0.002. The
1057 0.649 0.2% offset yield stress corresponds to the stress at which the line
1160 0.827 intersects the stress-strain curve. (Hint: plot just the initial por-
1242 1.072 tion of the stress-strain curve with the strain axis spread out.)
1244 Fracture
SOLUTION
δ
ε=
L
P
σ=
A
specimen.
Load (N) Elongation (mm) Strain Stress (MPa)

0 0.0 0.0 0.0
158 0.08 0.0032 7.9
352 0.182 0.00728 17.6
510 0.277 0.01108 25.5
623 0.322 0.01288 31.15
799 0.407 0.01628 39.95
878 0.462 0.01848 43.9
967 0.522 0.02088 48.35
1057 0.649 0.02596 53.75
1160 0.827 0.03308 58.0
1242 1.072 0.04288 62.1
1244 Fracture Fracture 62.2
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50 MPa
E=
0.02
E = 2.4 GPa J
σY = 54 MPa J
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Problem 2.50
Load (lb) Elongation (in.)
A tensile test is conducted on a high-strength steel specimen with
500 0.0002
a diameter of 0.357 in. in the gage section and a gage length
1000 0.0006
of 2 in. Values of tensile load and elongation are given in the
3000 0.0019
table. (a) Calculate and plot the stress as a function of the strain.
5000 0.0034 (b) Estimate the elastic modulus from the data. (c) Estimate the
6000 0.0038 yield stress using the 0.2% offset method. That is, construct a line
6450 0.0043 with the same slope as the initial, elastic portion of the curve, but
6700 0.0047 starting from strain = 0.2% = 0.002. The 0.2% offset yield stress
6800 0.0055 corresponds to the stress at which the line intersects the stress-
6900 0.0063 strain curve. (Hint: plot just the initial portion of the stress-strain
7000 0.0091 curve with the strain axis spread out.)
7200 0.0102
7600 0.0129
8400 0.0231
9200 0.0334
10000 0.0505
11200 0.1106
SOLUTION
δ P
ε= σ=
L A
specimen.
Load (lb) Elongation (in.) Strain Stress (psi)

0 0.0 0.0 0.0
500 0.0002 0.0001 4995.094
1000 0.0006 0.0003 9990.189
3000 0.0019 0.00095 29970.566
5000 0.0034 0.0017 49950.943
6000 0.0038 0.0019 59941.132
6450 0.0043 0.00215 64436.716
6700 0.0047 0.00235 66934.264
6800 0.0055 0.00275 67933.282
6900 0.0063 0.00315 68932.301
7000 0.0091 0.00455 69931.320
7200 0.0102 0.0051 71929.358
7600 0.0129 0.00645 75925.433
8400 0.0231 0.01155 83917.584
9200 0.0334 0.0167 91909.735
10000 0.0505 0.02525 99901.886
11200 0.1106 0.0553 111890.112
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120000
100000
80000
Stress (psi)
60000
40000
20000
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Strain
8000 psi
E=
0.0024
( )
E = 33 106 psi J
( )
σY = 70 103 psi J
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80
Problem 2.51
70 A tensile test is conducted on a steel speci-
60 men, with the stress plotted vs. the strain in
50 the Figure. (a) Estimate the elastic modulus
s (ksi)
40 from the plot. (b) Estimate the yield stress

30 using the 0.2% offset method. That is, con-
20
struct a line with the same slope as the initial,
10
elastic portion of the curve, but starting from
strain = 0.2% = 0.002. The 0.2% offset yield
0
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
«
stress corresponds to the stress at which the
line intersects the stress-strain curve.
SOLUTION
Interpolate from the graph.

60000 psi
E=
0.0021
( )
E = 29 106 psi J
( )
σY = 57 103 psi J
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40
Problem 2.52
35 A tensile test is conducted on an epoxy, with
30 the stress plotted vs. the strain in the Fig-
25 ure. (a) Estimate the elastic modulus from
s (MPa)
20 the data. (b) Estimate the yield stress us-

15 ing the 0.2% offset method. That is, con-
10
struct a line with the same slope as the initial,
5
elastic portion of the curve, but starting from
strain = 0.2% = 0.002. The 0.2% offset yield
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
«
stress corresponds to the stress at which the
line intersects the stress-strain curve.
SOLUTION
Interpolate from the graph.

25 MPa
E=
0.0081
E = 3.1 GPa J
σY = 17 MPa J
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Problem 2.53
An aluminum link is subjected to axial tension. The loading is limited by the conditions of not yielding
and not elongating excessively. The yield limit is satisfied if the stress remains below 50% of the 325 MPa
yield stress. The elongation must remain below 0.1 mm. The link cross-section is rectangular, 3 mm by
7 mm. Assuming elastic behavior, determine the maximum allowable tensile force for two cases: (a) the
length of the link is 35 mm and (b) the length of the link is 55 mm.
SOLUTION
The failure conditions specified correspond to a maximum stress of (325 MPa)(0.50) = 162.5 MPa or a
maximum elongation of δ = 0.1 mm.
Determine the cross-sectional area of the link.
A = (0.003 m)(0.007 m) = 2.10 × 10−5 m2
(a) Determine the maximum load for the two failure conditions specified and a length of L = 35 mm.
P < σA
( )
P < (162.5 MPa) 2.10 × 10−4 m2
P < 3.41 kN
EAδ
P<
L ( )
(70 GPa) 2.10 × 10−5 m2 (0.0001 m)
P<
0.035 m
P < 4.20 kN
Choose the smaller of the two maximum loads.
P < 3.41 kN J
(b) Determine the maximum load for the two failure conditions specified and a length of L = 55 mm.
EAδ
P<
L ( )
(70 GPa) 2.10 × 10−5 m2 (0.0001 m)
P<
0.055 m
P < 2.67 kN
Choose the smaller of the two maximum loads.
P < 2.67 kN J
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Problem 2.54
A solid nylon cylinder of radius 8 mm and length 30 mm is to be compressed axially and still remain
below 30% of the nylons nominal yield strength of 90 MPa. (a) Determine the maximum allowable com-
pressive force. (b) Determine the resultant shortening of the cylinder if the elastic modulus is 2.4 GPa.
SOLUTION
The failure condition specified corresponds to a normal stress of (90 MPa)(0.30) = 27 MPa.
Determine the cross-sectional area of the solid nylon cylinder.
A = πr2 = π(8 mm)2 = 2.01 × 10−4 m2
(a) Determine the maximum allowable compressive force from the general definition of normal stress.
( )
P < (27 MPa) 2.01 × 10−4 m2 = 5.43 kN
P < 5.43 kN J
(b) Determine the shortening of the cylinder based on this compressive force.
PL (5430 N)(0.03 m)
δ= =( )( ) = 0.337 mm
AE 2.4 × 109 Pa 2.01 × 10−4 m2
δ = 0.337 mm J
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Problem 2.55
A structural steel link that is 3 in. wide and 0.5 in. thick is to have a factor of safety of 2 relative to its
yield strength of 36 ksi. (a) Determine the maximum allowable tensile force on the bar. (b) If the link
is allowed to elongate by no more than 0.05 in. prior to reaching the maximum allowable tensile force,
determine the maximum length of the link.
SOLUTION
The failure conditions specified correspond to a stress of 21 (36 ksi) = 18 ksi.
Determine the cross-sectional area of the structural steel link.
A = (3 in.)(0.5 in.) = 1.5 in.2
(a) Determine the maximum allowable tensile force from the general definition of normal stress.
( )
P < (18 ksi) 1.5 in.2 = 27 kip
P < 27 kip J
(b) Determine the maximum length of the link based on this maximum allowable tensile force.
P
ε= = 6 × 10−4
AE
δ
=ε
L
δ
L<
ε
0.05 in.
L<
6 × 10−4
L < 83.3 in.
L < 83.3 in. J
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Problem 2.56
An aluminum tube is expected to carry up to a compressive force of 2000 lb and remain below 30% of
the yield strength of 40 ksi. Commonly available tubes have a wall thickness of 0.058 in. with outer
diameters in increments of 0.125 in. starting from 0.375 in. Find the tube of minimal diameter from
among the available sizes that meets this requirement and determine the actual factor of safety of the
stress relative to the yield strength of 40 ksi. Assume the tube does not buckle.
SOLUTION
The maximum allowable stress is given as 0.3(40 ksi) = 12 ksi.
From the information given, construct a table of values to determine the minimum diameter.
Outer Diameter (in.) Inner Diameter (in.) Cross-sectional Area (in.2 ) Stress (ksi)
0.375 0.259 0.058 34.6
0.5 0.384 0.081 24.8
0.625 0.509 0.103 19.4
0.75 0.634 0.126 15.9
0.875 0.759 0.149 13.4
1.0 0.884 0.172 11.7
1.1.125 1.009 0.194 10.3
1.25 1.134 0.217 9.21
From the table of values, the minimum diameter corresponds to the first stress value below 12 ksi, or
d = 1.0 in.
d = 1.0 in. J
The factor of safety corresponding to this diameter can be determined.

40 ksi
F.S. = = 3.43
11.7 ksi
F.S. = 3.43 J
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Problem 2.57
The body deforms into the shape shown (not drawn to scale). Determine the shear strain.
5 mm 5 mm
140 mm
2 mm 2 mm
SOLUTION
From these displacements, determine the relative shear displacement.
∆ushear = 5 mm − 2 mm = 3 mm
h = 140 mm
Determine the shear strain from the relative shear displacement and the body thickness.
∆ushear 3 mm
γ= = = 0.0214
h 140 mm
γ = 0.0214 J
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Problem 2.58
12 ft
The shear strain in the concrete slab must remain below
0.4%. The left side displaces downwards by 0.25 in. De-
termine the range of displacements, up and down, that can
be permitted on the right side.
10 ft
SOLUTION
From the conditions specified, γ = 0.004.
Determine the relative displacement of the concrete slab.
∆ushear = (12 ft)(12 in./ft)(0.004) = 0.576 in.
Since the left side displaces downward by 0.25 in., the right end can move through the following range.
h = 0.576 in. + 0.25 in. = 0.826 in. (downward)

h = 0.576 in. − 0.25 in. = 0.326 in. (upward)
h = 0.826 in. (downward) J

h = 0.326 in. (upward) J
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Problem 2.59
3 in. A compliant layer separates two steel plates, A and B. Plate A is
prevented from displacing. (a) Determine the allowable displace-
ment of Plate B up or down if the shear strain in the layer is to
remain below 12%. (b) Determine the allowable vertical force
that can be applied to Plate B if the shear stress in the layer is to
4 in. remain below 40 psi.
0.75 in.
SOLUTION
From the conditions specified, the shear strain needs to remain below γ = 0.12.
(a) Determine the relative shear displacement.
u = γh = (0.12)(0.75 in.) = 0.09 in. (downward or upward)
u = 0.09 in. (downward or upward) J
(b) Determine the allowable vertical force from the general definition of shear stress
V
τ= = 40 psi
A
V = (40 psi)(A) = (40 psi)(3 in.)(4 in.) = 480 lb
V = 480 lb J
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Problem 2.60
600 lb 100 lb Three flexible pads are each 10 in. wide into the plane and
A B C are sandwiched between four relatively rigid plates. The
outer plates are kept from moving horizontally or tilting by
rollers. Forces as shown are applied to the plates. Determine
8 in. the shear stress in Pads A, B, and C. Draw the stresses for
each pad on a two-dimensional element in the correct senses.
200 lb 500 lb
0.2 in. 0.4 in. 0.2 in.
SOLUTION
Determine the cross-sectional area of each pad.
A = (10 in.)(8 in.) = 80 in.2
Determine the shear stress in each pad from the general definition of shear stress.
V 200 lb
τA = = = 2.5 psi
A 80 in.2
V 400 lb
τB = = = 5 psi
A 80 in.2
V 100 lb
τC = = = 1.25 psi
A 80 in.2
The corresponding two-dimensional elements are shown below.
τA = 2.5 psi J
τB = 5 psi J
τC = 1.25 psi J
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Problem 2.61
1 2 3 4
Three flexible pads are each 10 in. wide into the plane and
A B C are sandwiched between four relatively rigid plates. The
outer plates are kept from moving horizontally or tilting by
8 in.
rollers. Vertical forces are applied to the plates, causing
shear strains in Pads A, B, and C of 10%, 15%, and 5%
respectively, in the directions shown. If Plate 4 displaces
downward by 0.04 in., determine the displacements of the
other three plates.
0.2 in. 0.4 in. 0.2 in.
SOLUTION
From the conditions specified, determine the relative shear displacement of each pad.
∆uC = (0.2 in.)(0.05) = 0.01 in.

∆uB = (0.4 in.)(0.15) = 0.06 in.
∆uA = (0.2 in.)(0.10) = 0.02 in.
Then, taking into account the displacement of Plate 4, determine the displacements of the other three
plates.
u3 = 0.04 in. − 0.01 in. = 0.03 in. (downward)

u2 = 0.03 in. + 0.06 in. = 0.09 in. (downward)
u1 = 0.09 in. − 0.02 in. = 0.07 in. (downward)
u1 = 0.07 in. (downward) J

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Problem 2.62
600 lb 100 lb Three flexible pads (each G = 100 psi and 10 in. wide
A B C into the plane) are sandwiched between four relatively rigid
plates. The outer plates are kept from moving horizontally or
tilting by rollers. Forces as shown are applied to the plates. If
8 in. the plate between Pads A and B does not displace vertically,
determine the magnitude and direction of the displacement
of the other three plates.
200 lb 500 lb
0.2 in. 0.4 in. 0.2 in.
SOLUTION
Determine the cross-sectional area of each pad.
A = (10 in.)(8 in.) = 80 in.2
Determine the shear stress in each pad.

V 200 lb
τA = = = 2.5 psi
A 80 in.2
V 400 lb
τB = = = 5 psi
A 80 in.2
V 100 lb
τC = = = 1.25 psi
A 80 in.2
τ 2.5 psi
γA = = = 0.025
G 100 psi
τ 5 psi
γB = = = 0.05
G 100 psi
τ 1.25 psi
γC = = = 0.0125
G 100 psi
Determine the relative shear displacements.
∆uA = (0.025)(0.2 in.) = 0.005 in.

∆uB = (0.05)(0.4 in.) = 0.02 in.
∆uC = (0.0125)(0.2 in.) = 0.0025 in.
Plate 1 moves up by 0.005 in., Plate 3 moves up by 0.02 in.,

and Plate 4 moves up by 0.02 in. − 0.0025 in. = 0.0175 in.
u1 = 0.005 in. (upward) J

u3 = 0.02 in. (upward) J
u4 = 0.0175 in. (upward) J
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Problem 2.63
It is often necessary to isolate the vibrations of a truck from del-
icate goods that it carries. A schematic of one such vibration
isolation configuration is shown. Four small rubber pads, two
60 mm
on each side of the crate, connect the crate to its surroundings.
40 mm The pads are 10 mm thick, have planar dimensions of 40 mm
10 mm and 60 mm and centers separated by 400 mm, and shear modulus
G = 1.5 GPa.
y If the crate weighs 200 N (gravity acts along the y-axis), deter-
mine the shear stress in each of the four pads.
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
Determine the area of cross-sectional area of each pad.
A = (40 mm)(60 mm) = 2400 mm2 = 2.4 × 10−3 m2
Each pad supports a force of 50 N.

V 50 N
τ= = = 20.8 MPa
A 2.4 × 10−3 m2
τ = 20.8 MPa J
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Problem 2.64
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y What is the permitted motion of the crate up in the direction of
the y-axis relative to the zero shear strain position if the strain in
each pad is not to exceed 8%?
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
The conditions specify a maximum shear stress of γ = 0.08.
∆u = hγ = (10 mm)(0.08) = 0.8 mm
∆u = 0.8 in. J
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Problem 2.65
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y If the shear stresses in the pads are to remain below 80 kPa, what
is the maximum force that can be applied to the crate along the
z-axis? (The 200 N weight of the crate acts as well.)
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
Determine the net shear force.
( )
V = 80 × 103 Pa (0.040 mm)(0.060 mm) = 192 N
Factor in the downward force of 50 N to determine the horizontal force F0 .

√
F02 + (50 N)2 = 192 N
F0 = 185.4 N
Since this is the net horizontal force on each pad, multiply by four to determine the overall net horizontal
force.
F = 741.6 N J
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Problem 2.66
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y The crate is observed to displace by 3 mm along the z-axis when
a force is applied in that direction. Determine the magnitude of
the force on the crate.
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
Determine the shear strain from the thickness and the relative shear displacement.
∆u 3 mm
γ= = = 0.3
h 10 mm
Determine the shear stress from the strain.
( )
τ = Gγ = 1.5 × 103 MPa (0.3) = 450 MPa = 0.45 GPa
Determine the magnitude of the force from the general definition of shear stress.
V = τA = (0.45 GPa)(40 mm)(60 mm) = 1.08 kN
Since this is the force per pad, multiply this result by four.
F0 = 4(1.08 kN) = 4.32 kN
F0 = 4.32 kN J
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Problem 2.67
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y The crate pivots about the x-axis by 0.3◦ . Determine the average
shear strain in each pad. (Approximate the displacement using
the center of each pad.)
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
0.3º
400 mm
From the FBD, the pads can move up or down by ∆u.

( π )
∆u = (200 mm)(0.3) = 1.047 mm
180
From the relative shear displacement and shear strain relation, determine the shear strain.
∆u 1.047 mm
γ= = = 0.1047
h 10 mm
γ = 0.1047 J
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Problem 2.68
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y A torque of 50 N-m about the x-axis acts on the crate. Determine
the average shear stress in each pad.
200 mm
200 mm
x
z
SOLUTION
M
400 mm
From the FBD,
ΣM = 2(τA)(400 mm) − M = 0
M 50 N-m
τ= = ( ) = 2.6 × 104 Pa = 26 kPa
2A(0.4 m) 2 2.40 × 10 m (0.4 m)
−3
τ = 26 kPa J
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Problem 2.69
60 mm
G = 1.5 GPa.
y Estimate the torque about the x-axis which is necessary to ro-
tate the crate by 1◦ about that axis. From this value, determine
the rotational stiffness, which is the torque per rotation angle (in
200 mm
200 mm radians).
x
z
SOLUTION
1º
400 mm
From the FBD, the pads can move up or down by ∆u.

( π )
∆u = (200 mm)(1) = 3.49 mm
180
Determine the shear strain from the relative shear displacement and thickness.
∆u 3.49 mm
γ= = = 0.349
h 10 mm
Determine the shear stress from the shear strain.
( )
τ = Gγ = 1.5 × 106 kPa (0.349) = 524 × 103 Pa
400 mm
From the FBD, with two pads on each side, determine the torque.
ΣM = 2(τA)(0.4 m) − M = 0
( )
M = 2(τA)(0.4 m) = 2 524 × 103 Pa (0.04 mm)(0.06 m)(0.4 m) = 1005 N-m
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For a 1◦ rotation, determine the rotational stiffness.
1◦ = 0.01745 rad
1005 N-m
stiffness = = 57.6 kN-m/rad
0.01745 rad
M = 1005 N-m J
stiffness = 57.6 kN-m/rad J
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Problem 2.70
T
A thin rubber sleeve is used to form a flexible coupling between a
shaft and the base to which it is attached. The shaft and base are
subjected to torques T as shown. The sleeve has a mean radius R,
thickness t, length h, and a shear modulus G.
Treat the rubber sleeve as undergoing a uniform shear across its
t
narrow thickness due to the different rotations of the shaft and the
base. Treat the shaft and base as rigid.
h
2R
Express the rotation of the shaft relative to the base, ∆ϕ, as a
function of the applied torque T .
T
SOLUTION
t
j
T
From the FBD, determine the rotation of the shaft relative to the base in terms of the shear stress.
∆u
∆ϕ =
R
∆u
γ=
t
τ = Gγ
∆u γt τt
∆ϕ = = =
R R GR
Determine the dependence of the shear stress on the applied torque, and substitue back into the equation
for the rotation.
T = τRA
= τR(2πRh)
= 2τπR2 h
T
τ=
2πR2 h
τt Tt
∆ϕ = =
GR 2πR3 hG
Tt
∆ϕ = J
2πR3 hG
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Problem 2.71
B The horizontal beam is supported by a pin at C and a rod attached
to point A. Take q = 1.1 kip/ft. Determine the shear stress in (a)
the pin at A and (b) the pin at C. Assume the pins have diameter
1.5 ft
of 0.5 in.
C A
q
2 ft 1 ft
SOLUTION
y
FAB
x
θ
Cx
1.1 kip/ft
Cy 2 ft 1 ft
From the FBD of the beam, determine the angle θ.

1.5 ft
tan θ =
2 ft ( )
−1 1.5
θ = tan
2
θ = 36.9◦
Solve for the unknown reaction forces.
ΣMC = F AB sin 36.9◦ (2 ft) − (1.1 kip/ft)(3 ft)(1.5 ft) = 0

(1.1 kip/ft)(3 ft)(1.5 ft)
F AB = = 4.125 kip
(2 ft) sin 36.9◦
ΣF x = C x − F AB cos 36.9◦ = 0
C x = F AB cos 36.9◦ = (4.125kip) cos 36.9◦ = 3.3 kip
ΣFy = Cy + F AB sin 36.9◦ − (1.1 kip/ft)(3 ft) = 0
Cy = (1.1 kip/ft)(3 ft) − F AB sin 36.9◦
= (1.1 kip/ft)(3 ft) − (4.125 kip) sin 36.9◦ = 0.825 kip
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(A) (C)
V V
4.125 kip C
V V
(a) Determine the shear stress in the pin at A. Since the pin is in double shear, the shear force is half of
the force F AB .
V (4.125 kip)/2
τA = = π = 10.5 ksi
A 4
(0.5 in.)2
τA = 10.5 ksi J
(b) Determine the shear stress in the pin at C. Since the pin is in double shear, the shear force is half of
the resultant force at C.
√ √
C = C 2x + Cy2 = (3.3 kip)2 + (0.825 kip)2 = 3.40 kip
V (3.40 kip)/2
τC = = π = 8.66 ksi
A 4
(0.5 in.)2
τC = 8.66 ksi J
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F0
Problem 2.72
A B Box beam C
The beam with hollow box cross-section is supported with a pin
at A and a roller at B, where the pin diameter is 1.25 in. The outer
dimensions of the box beam are 6 in. high by 8 in. wide and the
wall thickness is 0.625 in. The load F0 = 3000 lb. Determine (a)
2 ft 5 ft the bearing stress between the pin at A and the box beam and (b)
Box beam
the shear stress in the pin at A.
Pin at support A
6 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
y
Ay 3000 lb
x
2 ft 5 ft
By
From the FBD of the beam, determine the reaction forces.
ΣMA = By (2 ft) − (3000 lb)(7 ft) = 0

(3000 lb)(7 ft)
By = = 10500 lb
2 ft
ΣFy = By − Ay − 3000 lb = 0
Ay = By − 3000 lb = 10500 lb − 3000 lb = 7500 lb
3750 lb 3750 lb
0.625 in.
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(a) Determine the bearing stress between the pin at A and the box beam.
P 3750 lb
σbearing = = = 4800 psi
A (1.25 in.)(0.625 in.)
σbearing = 4800 psi J
3750 lb 3750 lb
V V
(b) Determine the shear stress in the pin at A.
V = 3750 lb
V 3750 lb
τ= = π = 3060 psi
A 4
(1.25 in.)2
τ = 3060 psi J
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Problem 2.73
T
The shear stress in bolts joining two shafts is not to exceed
4000 psi, under a maximum torque T = 2 × 104 lb-in. Assume
D
T
that bolts are available in diameters of 0.0625 in. increments. De-
termine the size of available bolts that can safely carry the torque.
Assume that the pre-compression of the surfaces due to tighten-
ing the bolts has been released, so that the torque is transmitted
purely by the bolts (no friction). Take D = 8 in.
SOLUTION
V V
V V
8 in.
From the FBD, determine the shear force acting on the bolts.
V
τ=
A
V
A=
τ
Taking the beam to be in static equilibrium, the shear force can be determined from the information about
the applied torque.
ΣM = 2V D − T = 0
T 2 × 104 lb-in.
V= = = 1250 lb
2D 2(8 in.)
Substitute this back into the equation for the shear force to determine the minimum cross-sectional area
of the bolts.
V 1250 lb
A= = = 0.3125 in.2
τ 4000 psi
π 2
d > 0.3125 in.2
4
d > 0.631 in.
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Knowing that bolts are available in increments of 0.0625 in., determine the size that will fit these condi-
tions.
0.631 in.
= 10.09
0.0625 in.
Since bolts are only available in integer sizes when normalized to the 0.0625 in. increments, choose 11
increments.
11
d = 11(0.0625 in.) = 0.6875 in. = in.
16
d= 11
16
in. J
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Problem 2.74
Two hollow shafts are joined by a pin of diameter 4 mm. The
T P P T shafts are subjected only to an axial force of P (torque T = 0).
Find the force P if the shear stress is to remain below 35 MPa.
Take D1 = 24 mm, D2 = 26 mm, and D3 = 28 mm.
D3 D 2 D 1
SOLUTION
V
From the FBD, the pin is in double shear and thus the shear force is half of the force P.
P
V=
2
The shear force V can be defined in terms of the shear stress in the pin.
V < τA
π
< (35 MPa) (4 mm)2
4
< 440 N
Substituting this information into the relation between the shear force V and the force P, determine the
upper limit of the force P.
P < 2V
< 2(440 N)
< 880 N
P < 880 N J
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Problem 2.75
Two hollow shafts are joined by a pin. The shafts are subjected
T P P T only to a torque T = 50 N-m (axial force P = 0). Determine the
minimum diameter of the pin if the shear stress is to remain below
35 MPa. Take D1 = 24 mm, D2 = 26 mm, and D3 = 28 mm.
D3 D 2 D 1
SOLUTION
V
T 26 mm
From the FBD, determine the shear force V.
ΣM = T − V(26 mm) = 0
T 50 N-m
V= = = 1923 N
26 mm 26 mm
Using the definition of shear stress, determine the minimum area of the pin.
V
τ=
A
V 1923 N
A= = = 5.49 × 10−5 m2
τ 35 × 106 Pa
π 2
d > 5.49 × 10−5 m2
4
d > 8.36 mm
d > 8.36 mm J
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Problem 2.76
Two hollow shafts are joined by a pin of diameter 4 mm. The
T P P T shafts are subjected simultaneously to a torque T = 50 N-m and
an axial force P = 2400 N. Determine the shear stress in the pin.
Take D1 = 24 mm, D2 = 26 mm, and D3 = 28 mm.
D3 D 2 D 1
SOLUTION
V1 V2
2400 N
T 26 mm
V1 V2
From the FBD, determine the shear forces V1 and V2 .
V1 = (2400 N)/2 = 1200 N

T 50 N-m
V2 = = = 1923 N
26 mm 26 mm
In order to determine the shear stress, the net shear force must first be determined.
√ √
V = V12 + V22 = (1200 N)2 + (1923 N)2 = 2267 N
V 2267 N
τ= = π = 180.4 MPa
A 4
(0.004 m)2
τ = 180.4 MPa J
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Problem 2.77
One box beam is rigidly supported at A, and is pinned at B to a second box beam that fits within it. The
second beam is also supported by rollers on its sides at C. Find the shear stress in the pins at B and at C.
Take the pins to have a diameter 60 mm, F0 = 5000 N, α = 60◦ , L1 = 2 m, L2 = 1.2 m, and L3 = 1.6 m.
F0
L1 L2 L3
a
A B C D
SOLUTION
y
5000 N
x
60º
Bx
1.2 m 1.6 m
By Cy
From the FBD, determine the reaction forces.
ΣF x = Bx − (5000 N) cos 60◦ = 0

Bx = (5000 N) cos 60◦ = 2500 N
ΣMB = Cy (1.2 m) − (5000 N) sin 60◦ (2.8 m) = 0
(5000 N) sin 60◦ (2.8 m)
Cy = = 10100 N
1.2 m
ΣFy = −By + Cy − (5000 N) sin 60◦ = 0
By = Cy − (5000 N) sin 60◦ = 10100 N − (5000 N) sin 60◦ = 5774 N
√ √
B = B2x + B2y = (2500 N)2 + (5774 N)2 = 6290 N
Both pins are in double shear, thus the shear force is half the reaction force.
V (6290 N)/2
τB = = π = 1.112 MPa
A 4
(0.06 m)2
V (10100 N)/2
τC = = π = 1.786 MPa
A 4
(0.06 m)2
τB = 1.112 MPa J
τC = 1.786 MPa J
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Problem 2.78
A bar is bolted at two points to a larger plate, and then subjected
L1 F0
L2 to a transverse force F0 . Assume the bolts experience only verti-
cal forces. Determine the shear stress in bolts A and B. Take the
A B
bolts to have a diameter 12 mm, F0 = 500 N, L1 = 50 mm, and
L2 = 120 mm.
SOLUTION
Ay y
500 N
50 mm 120 mm
x
A B
By
From the FBD, determine the reaction forces.
ΣMA = By (50 mm) − (500 N)(170 mm) = 0

By = 1700 N
ΣFy = By − Ay − 500 N = 0
Ay = By − 500 N = 1700 N − 500 N = 1200 N
Each pin is in single shear, therefore the shear force is equal to the reaction force.
V 1200 N
τA = = π = 10.61 MPa
A 4
(0.012 m)2
V 1700 N
τB = = π = 15.03 Mpa
A 4
(0.012 m)2
τA = 10.61 MPa J
τB = 15.03 MPa J
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Problem 2.79
Consider two configurations for a long duct: (a) a duct of circular cross-section that is formed by screwing
together two semicircular halves with flanges as shown and (b) a duct of square cross-section that is
formed by two flat sheets that are screwed to two C-shaped parts as shown. Take the screws to be 8 mm
in diameter, the ducts to have the dimensions as shown. The ducts handle an internal pressure of 100 kPa
(over atmospheric outside). Screws are spaced 200 mm apart along the duct into the page. For (a) and
(b) determine the type of load taken by the screw (shear or normal) and the stress magnitude. Take the
pressure to load the screws in (a) by pushing apart the two halves along the dashed line and in (b) by
pressing against the C-shaped parts.
500 mm 400 mm
500 mm
SOLUTION
y
P
F F
(a) From the FBD, determine the force F that each bolt experiences.
ΣFy = P(0.5 m)(0.2 m) − 2F = 0

( )
100 × 103 Pa (0.5 m)(0.2 m)
F= = 5000 N
2
P 5000 N
σ= = π = 99.5 MPa
A 4
(0.008 m)2
σ = 99.5 MPa J
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y
V x
(b) From the FBD, determine the force V that each bolt experiences.
ΣF x = P(0.4 m)(0.2 m) − 2V = 0
( )
100 × 103 Pa (0.4 m)(0.2 m)
V= = 4000 N
2
V 4000 N
τ= = π = 79.6 MPa
A 4
(0.008 m)2
τ = 79.6 MPa J
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Problem 2.80
1000 N A connection is formed as shown in which a bolt joins two
2400 N
1000 N plates to three plates. The plates are 6 mm thick and the bolt
2200 N is 8 mm in diameter. Considering different cross-sections in
2200 N
the bolt, (a) determine the maximum shear stress in the bolt
and (b) the maximum bearing stress against the bolt.
SOLUTION
1000 N
1000 N
V
2200 N
2400 N 1000 N
2200 N
2200 N
1000 N
V
(a) From the FBD, the largest shear force corresponds to the second cut, or
V = 2200 N − 1000 N = 1200 N.
V 1200 N
τ= = π = 23.9 MPa
A 4
(0.008 m)2
τ = 23.9 MPa J
(b) From the FBD, the largest bearing force on the bolt is P = 2400 N.
P 2400 N
σ= = = 45.8 MPa
A (0.008 m)(0.006 m)
σ = 50.0 MPa J
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Problem 2.81
Two plates are bolted together with the joining bracket. All bolts are 20 mm in diameter. Let the force
F0 = 5000 N. Describe the type of loading each bolt experiences. For bolts in tension, compute normal
stress, and for bolts in shear, calculate the shear stress and the bearing stress.
A 30 mm
F0 B F0
80 mm
Joining bracket
C
30 mm
SOLUTION
By inspecting the diagram, it can be seen that bolts A and D are in shear and bolts B and C are in tension.
A 30 mm
2500 N
V
d = 20 mm
For bolts A and D, determine the shear stress in each bolt, as well as the bearing stress.
V = 2500 N
V 2500 N
τ= = π = 7.96 MPa
A 4
(0.02 m)2
P 2500 N
σbearing = = = 4.17 MPa
A (0.02 m)(0.03 m)
τ = 7.96 MPa J
σbearing = 4.17 MPa J
5000 N V
For bolts B and C, determine the normal stress in each bolt. The bolts are in tension.
P = (5000 N)/2 = 2500 N

P 2500 N
σ= = π = 7.96 MPa
A 4 (0.02 m)2
σ = 7.96 MPa J
©© 2012
2013 Pearson
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Problem 2.82
In this pectoral fly machine load is transmitted from the pivoting
w
L arm to the rotating plate via a pin. The relevant part of the force
applied to the moving arm is drawn. Let this force F0 = 40 lb. If
the average shear stress in the pin is not to exceed 4000 psi, what
must be the minimum diameter of the pin? Take the dimensions
to be L = 4 in. and w = 20 in.
F0
SOLUTION
V
4 in. 40 lb
20 in.
From the FBD, determine the shear force acting on the pin.
ΣM = (40 lb)(20 in.) − V(4 in.) = 0

(40 lb)(20 in.)
V= = 200 lb
4 in.
The minimum diameter of the pin can be found by considering the shear stress in the pin.
V
τ=
A
V 200 lb
A= = = 0.05 in.2
τ 4000 psi
π 2
d > 0.05 in.2
4
d > 0.252 in.
d > 0.252 in. J
©© 2012
2013 Pearson
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Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
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River, NJ.
NJ. All
All rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
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Problem 2.83
Occasionally, tired athletes will just hang from the swinging arm
of this pectoral fly machine load. Say this results in a vertical
F0 = 250 lb force through the center of the swinging arm. De-
t
termine the shear stress in the 0.375 in. diameter pin that joins
b a
L
t the swinging arm to the pivoting arm. Take the dimensions to be
a
L = 25 in., a = 1.5 in., b = 2 in., and t = 0.25 in.
b
F0
SOLUTION
V V
250 lb
From the FBD, determine the shear force acting on the pin.
V = (250 lb)/2 = 125 lb
Determine the shear stress using the shear force.

V 125 lb
τ= = π = 1132 psi
A 4
(0.375 in.)2
τ = 1132 psi J
©© 2012
2013 Pearson
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Upper Saddle
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07458.
Problem 2.84
Pulleys are common in exercise equipment, where they redirect cords carrying tension. For the pulley
shown that carries a tension T = 120 lb, determine the shear stress in the pin on which the pulley rotates.
Take the dimensions to be d = 0.375 in., R = 2 in., and w = 2.5 in.
d 2R
SOLUTION
120 lb
45º
F
120 lb
From the FBD, determine the force F acting on the pin.

√ √ √ √
F = T 2 + T 2 = 2T 2 = 2T = 2(120 lb) = 169.7 lb
Since the pin is in double shear, the shear force is half of the force F.
F 169.7 lb
V= = = 84.9 lb
2 2
Determine the shear stress from the shear force.
V 84.9 lb
τ= = π = 768 psi
A 4
(0.375 in.)2
τ = 768 psi J
©© 2012
2013 Pearson
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Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
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c
Problem 2.85
Occasionally, tired athletes will just hang from the peg on the
swinging arm of this pectoral fly machine load. Say this results
in a vertical 250 lb force on the swinging arm, but offset by the
distance L = 5 in. Determine the shear stress in the 0.375 in.
diameter pin that joins the swinging arm to the rotating arm. Take
c = 2.5 in.
SOLUTION
V1 V2
2.5 in.
M
F
From the FBD, determine the value of F and M.
F = 250 lb
M = (250 lb)(5 in.) = 1250 lb-in.
Determine the shear force experienced by the pin at both contacts.
ΣM2 = (250 lb)((2.5 in.)/2) + 1250 lb-in. − V1 (2.5 in.) = 0

(250 lb)(1.25 in.) + 1250 lb-in.
V1 = = 625 lb
2.5 in.
ΣFy = 625 lb − 250 lb − V2 = 0
V2 = 375 lb
Determine the shear stress from the maximum shear force, V2 .

V 625 lb
τ= = π = 5660 psi
A 4
(0.375 in.)2
τ = 5660 psi J
©© 2012
2013 Pearson
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Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
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NJ. All
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Problem 2.

From the FBD of the racquet,

ΣMB = (50 lb)(l) − M = 0

l = L1 + L2 = 9 in. + 7 in. = 16 in.

From the FBD of the racquet,

ΣMBy = (200 N)(l) − M = 0

l = L1 + L2 = 230 mm + 180 mm = 410 mm = 0.41 m

ΣMBx = (200 N)(d) − T = 0

From the FBD of the gymnast,

ΣMC = −(70 lb)(l) + (14 lb)(l/2) + M = 0

where l is the distance from the gymnast’s hand to his shoulder.

l = 32 in. − 10 in. = 22 in.

Considering the FBD of the eyeglass frame,

Considering the FBD of the eyeglass frame,

l = L1 + L2 = 105 mm + 30 mm = 135 mm = 0.135 m

Considering the FBD of the swinging arm,

V = 250 lb cos 15◦ = 241.5 lb

N = 250 lb sin 15◦ = 64.7 lb

(A) 900 N (B) 900 N

Considering the FBD for cross-section (A),

ΣMB = M − (900 N)(l) = 0

M = (900 N)(l) = (900 N)(0.54 m) = 486 N-m

Considering the FBD for cross-section (B),

ΣMB = M − (900 N)(l) = 0

M = (900 N)(l) = (900 N)(0.6m) = 540 N-m

Considering the FBD of the wind turbine,

ΣMA = M − (60 kN)(h) = 0

M = (60 kN)(h) = (60 kN)(65 m) = 3900 kN-m

loads in the cross-section of the tower at the base.

Considering the FBD of the wind turbine,

ΣMAz = M − (50 kN)(h) = 0

M = (50 kN)(h) = (50 kN)(70 m) = 350 kN-m

ΣMAy = (50 kN)(s) − T = 0

T = (50 kN)(s) = (50 kN)(5 m) = 250 kN-m

From the FBD of point B, the angle θ must be determined.

ΣFy = −10 kN + F AB sin θ = 0

Considering the FBD of the frame,

ΣMB = (F0 )(l) − (C x )(40 in.) = 0

ΣF x = −(7.81 in.)(q) − F AC sin θ = 0

Considering the FBD of joint A,

Considering the FBD of joint D,

Considering the FBD of joint B,

Considering the FBD,

The weight of bridge supported by a pair of cables must be determined.

m = (22 Mg/m)(20 m) = 440 Mg = 4.40 × 105 kg

Considering the FBD of the bridge portion and cables,

For the pin connection:

For the box connection:

F < 4.717 × 105 psi J

From the FBD of the leg curl machine,

(a) Assuming a solid pull rod with d = 1 in. diameter,

From the FBD of the slab,

ΣFy = N − W − 650, 000 lb = 0

From the definition of normal stress,

P 600a2 lb/ft2 + 650, 000 lb

The weight of the concrete slab must be determined.

(a) From the FBD of the slab,

P 6.4 × 106 N 6.4 × 106 N

(b) From the FBD,

ΣMB = M − (50 kN)(h) = 0

where h = 70 m is the height of the applied force Foverturn = 50 kN.

M = (50 kN)(h) = (50 kN)(70 m) = 3500 kN-m

From the linearly varying distribution of normal force,