ENERGY CONSERVATION

BASICS
By
Varun Pratap Singh
 WHAT IS ENERGY?
• Definition: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists
in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy,
electrical or other forms.
• According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of a system remains
constant, though energy may transform into another form.
• For example, two billiard balls colliding, may come to rest, with the resulting energy
converting to sound and perhaps a little bit of heat, at the point of collision.
• TYPES OF ENERGY
• Mechanical energy
Mechanical energy is energy that results from movement or the location of an object.
Mechanical energy is the sum of Kinetic and Potential Energy.
• Thermal energy
Thermal energy or heat energy reflects the temperature difference between two systems.
• Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is energy resulting from changes in the atomic nuclei or from nuclear
• Chemical energy
Chemical energy results from chemical reactions between atoms or molecules. There are
different types of chemical energy, such as electrochemical energy etc.
• Electromagnetic energy
Electromagnetic energy is energy from light or electromagnetic waves.
 World Energy Consumption
• World energy consumption refers to the total energy used by
all of human civilization. It involves all energy harnessed from
every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavours
across every industrial and technological sector, across every
country.
• In general, Total Energy
consumption indicate Electric
energy consumption and energy
consumed in terms of crude oil.
 India's Energy Consumption
• The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 319.60 GW as of
31 March 2017. During the fiscal year 2015-16, the gross electricity
generated by utilities in India was 1,116.84 TWh. India is the world's third
largest producer and fourth largest consumer of electricity. Electric energy
consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (17.89%) in 2015-16 among
all countries. The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to many
countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India..
 India's Energy Consumption

• Installed capacity by source in India as

• on 31 March 2017
• Coal: 192,162.88 MW (59.5%)
• Large Hydro: 44,478.42 MW (13.8%)
• Small Hydro: 4,333.86 MW (1.3%)
• Wind Power: 28,700.44 MW (8.9%)
• Solar Power : 12,288.83 MW (3.8%)
• Biomass: 7,970.08 MW (2.5%)
• Nuclear: 6,780 MW (2.1%)
• Gas: 25,329.38 MW (7.8%)
• Diesel: 837.63 MW (0.3%)
• Total: 319.60 GW
Energy Conservation
 Energy Audit

• The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy

consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit
provides a “ bench- mark” (Reference point) for managing energy in the
organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy
throughout the organization.
 Is Really Energy Saving Matters?

The above given target is accomplished by BEE in 2012.

By this example we can understand that by changing a simple bulb we can save up
to that much big amount of energy.
As the consumer side the energy saving is 6000MW. As per efficiency law if the
energy saved at consumer side is equals to x then the saving of power generated at
power plant is equal to 2.5x and power saved as resources is equal to 5x.
Its Meaning is that, if we save the power in our home that it can be further utilise
in future.
Is Really Energy Saving Matters?
 LIGHTING :COMPARISON CHART
LED LIGHTS VS. INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS VS. CFLS
Energy Conservation Act-2001
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
Energy Conservation Act-2001 Cont.
 Bureau
Bureauof
ofEnergy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is an agency of
the Government of India, under the Ministry of Power created
in March 2002 under the provisions of the nation's 2001
Energy Conservation Act. The agency's function is to develop
programs which will increase the conservation and efficient
use of energy in India. The government has proposed to make
it mandatory for certain appliances in India to have ratings by
the BEE starting in January 2010.
Schemes of BEE under the Energy
Conservation Act-2001
 Need for Energy Audit

• In Industries three top operating expenses are energy (both

electrical and thermal), labor and materials.
• Energy would emerge as a top ranker for cost reduction
• primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to
reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to
lower operating costs
• Energy Audit provides a “ bench-mark” (Reference point) for
managing energy in the organization
 Definition of Energy Management

Energy Management is defined as “The strategy of adjusting and optimizing

energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per
unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the
output from these systems”
The Objectives of Energy Management
• To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,
throughout the organization
• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
• To minimise environmental effects.
The Energy Management System
 Types of Energy Audit
• Type of Energy Audit
The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:
- Function and type of industry
- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following three types:
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Targeted Energy Au.
iii) Detailed Audit
 Preliminary Audit

• Preliminary energy audit uses existing or easily obtained data

• Establishes the energy consumption in the organization
• Estimates the scope for saving
• Identifies the most likely areas for attention
• Identifies immediate(no cost or low cost) improvements
• Sets a ‘reference point’
• Identifies areas for more detailed study/measurement
Preliminary Audit Cont.
Targeted Energy Audit
 Detail Energy Audit

Detailed Energy Audit evaluates all systems and equipment which consume energy and
the audit comprises a detailed study on energy savings and costs.

Detailed Energy Audit is carried out in 3 phases

The Pre-audit Phase
The Audit Phase
The Post-Audit Phase
Ten Steps Methodology for conducting Detail
Energy Audit
Questions which an Energy Auditor should ask?
What function does this system serve?
How does this system serve its function?
What is the energy consumption of this system?
What are the indications that this system is working properly ?
If this system is not working, how can it be restored to good working conditions/
How can the energy cost of this system be reduced?
 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT-
A TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL FORMAT
• Energy Audit Team
• Executive Summary –Scope & Purpose
• Energy Audit Options & Recommendations
• 1.0 Introduction about the plant
– 1.1 General Plant details and descriptions
– 1.2 Component of production cost (Raw materials, energy, chemicals,
• manpower, overhead, others)
• 1.3 Major Energy use and Areas
• 2.0 Production Process Description
– 2.1 Brief description of manufacturing process
– 2.2 Process flow diagram and Major Unit operations
– 2.3 Major Raw material Inputs, Quantity and Costs
• 3.0 Energy and Utility System Description
– 3.1 List of Utilities
– 3.2 Brief Description of each utility
– 3.2.1 Electricity
– 3.2.2 Steam
– 3.2.3 Water
– 3.2.4 Compressed air
– 3.2.5 Chilled water
– 3.2.6 Cooling water
4.0 Detailed Process flow diagram and Energy& Material balance
4.1 Flow chart showing flow rate, temperature, pressures of all input-
Output streams
4Water balance for entire industry
5.0 Energy efficiency in utility and process systems
5.1 Specific Energy consumption
5.2 Boiler efficiency assessment
5.3 Thermic Fluid Heater performance assessments
5.4 Furnace efficiency Analysis
5.5 Cooling water system performance assessment
5.6 DG set performance assessment
5.7 Refrigeration system performance
5.8 Compressed air system performance
5.9 Electric motor load analysis
5.10 Lighting system
6.0 Energy Conservation Options & Recommendations
6.1 List of options in terms of no cost, low cost, medium cost and high cost, annual
energy savings and payback
6.2 Implementation plan for energy saving measures/Projects

ANNEXURE
Al. List of instruments
A2. List of Vendors and Other Technical details
Instruments Used in Energy Audit
 Identification of Energy Conservation
Factors & Areas
Steps for conserving energy can be taken if we know the
correct factors and areas to be studied and also details of
fuels used.
These can be:
• Energy generation
• Energy distribution
• Energy usage by processes
• Fuel substitution
 Energy Costs in Indian Scenario ?

Common Fuels
Power Costs
• Fuel oil,• Low Sulphur Heavy
In India Electricity costs vary
Stock (LSHS),• Light Diesel
Oil (LDO),• Liquefied substantially not only from
Petroleum Gas (LPG) • State to State, but also from
Coal,• Lignite,• Wood city to city and also within
consumer
Fuels Cost Inputs & Factors to consumer – though power
does the same work
• Price at source, transport
charge, type of transport, everywhere.
• Quality of fuel
Reason:
• Contaminations, Moisture, •Tariff Structure
Energy content (GCV)
 Benefits of energy audit for energy savings
potentials in industries
INDUSTRY SAVING POTENTIAL %

Iron and Steel 10

Fertilizer 15

Textile 25

Cement 15

Paper 25

Aluminum 10

Sugar, 20
Petrochemicals 15
Refineries 10
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POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION –
COMMERCIAL SECTOR:-
End-Use SAVING ESTIMATE %
Lighting Up to 50

Cooling Up to 50

Ventilation 50

Heating 15 - 40

Refrigeration 15 - 40

Water Heating 40 - 60

Miscellaneous 10 - 30
 ENERGY AUDITING FOR INDUSTRIES

• Among the above industries , the units having a connected load of 5 MW

(mega watts) and above or an energy consumption of about 30,000 tonnes of
oil equivalent per year, would be notified.
• For commercial building , these values are a connected load of 500 KW (kilo
watts) or contract demand of 600 kVA (kilovolt ampere) and above.
• These industrial units would have to get energy audits conducted by
accredited auditors , and implement the recommendations, , which are
techno- economically viable.

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 INDUSTRIAL ENERGY AUDIT
• Industrial energy audit have exploded as the
demand to lower increasingly expensive energy
costs and moves towards a sustainable future have
made energy audits greatly improvement .
• Area under the industrial energy audit :-
• Comprehensive audits of all sectors of industries:-
• Energy (electrical & thermal)
• Water
• Electrical safety
• Capacity building
 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY
AUDIT
• Energy savings
• Avoiding power factor penalties and
environmental compliance cost
• Quality improvement
• Productivity improvement
• Reduced maintains
• Fewer breakdown
• Better safety and protection
• A process for repeatable improvement
 Utility (services) energy audit
• Industry research indicates that 6-10 % of utility bills have errors that can
amount of millions of dollors in unnecessary expenses. Companies are
challenged to avoid these costly billing mistakes across facilities serviced
by various utility companies , identifying and corresponding errors can
yield immediate savings.
• Benefits of bill auditing services:-
• Comprehensive analysis that establishes bare lines and identifies
overbillings.
• On going monitoring of billing to avoid costly errors.
• Communication with client on a regular basis , outlining progress to update
and up coming activities.
 HOME ENERGY AUDIT
• A home energy audit is a service where the energy efficiency
of a house is evaluated by a person using professional
equipment (such as blower doors and infrared cameras), with
the aim to suggest the best ways to improve energy efficiency
in heating and cooling the house.
• An energy audit of a home may involve recording various
characteristics of the building envelope including the walls,
ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and skylights.
• For each of these components the area and resistance to heat
flow (R-value) is measured or estimated.
• The leakage rate or infiltration of air through the building
envelope is of concern, both of which are strongly affected by
window construction and quality of door seals such as
weather-stripping.
• The goal of this exercise is to quantify the building's overall
thermal performance. The audit may also assess the
efficiency, physical condition, and programming of
mechanical systems such as the heating, ventilation, air
conditioning equipment, and thermostat.
• A home energy audit is often used to identify cost effective
ways to improve the comfort and efficiency of buildings. In
addition, homes may qualify for energy efficiency grants from
central government.
 HOME OR RESIDENTIAL
ENERGY AUDIT
• A home energy audit (or survey) evaluates an existing home to
determine where and how energy is being lost, what systems are
operating inefficiently and what cost-effective improvements can be
implemented to enhance occupant comfort, make the home more
durable and lower utility costs
• Area includes under residential energy audit :-
• Building envelope features (windows, doors, insulation, ducts) and
ages
• Heating, cooling and ventilation equipment types, characteristics
and ages
• Appliance and lighting characteristics
• Comfort complaints
• Visible moisture issues
• Visible health and safety issues
Potential for Energy Conservation
Residential Sector
END USE SAVING ESTIMATE %
Lighting 20 - 50

Cooling / Ventilation 15 -50

Refrigeration 15 - 40

Water heating equipment 20 -70

Miscellaneous Equipment 10
 Utility (services) energy audit
• Industry research indicates that 6-10 % of utility bills have errors that can
amount of millions of dollors in unnecessary expenses. Companies are
challenged to avoid these costly billing mistakes across facilities serviced
by various utility companies , identifying and corresponding errors can
yield immediate savings.
• Benefits of bill auditing services:-
• Comprehensive analysis that establishes bare lines and identifies
overbillings.
• On going monitoring of billing to avoid costly errors.
• Communication with client on a regular basis , outlining progress to update
and up coming activities.
 ISO standards for energy audit
• Iso 9001 : 2008 – quality management system
• Iso 14001 :2004 – environmental management systems
• OHSAS 18001 – Occupational health and safety management
systems
• Iso 22000 – food safety
• Iso TS/16949 :2002 – quality management system for design
and development , production.
• Iso 50001 – energy management
• Iso 50001 :2011 – energy management system
Areas covered under Electrical audit
• Electrical System :
• • Electrical Distribution system (substation & feeders study)
• • PF Improvement study
• • Capacitor performance
• • Transformer optimization
• • Cable sizing & loss reduction
• • Motor loading survey
• • Lighting system
• • Electrical heating & melting furnaces
• • Electric ovens
 Areas covered under Mechanical
audit
• Mechanical System
• Fans & Blowers
• Exhaust & ventilation System
• Pumps and pumping System
• Compressed air System
• Air Conditioning & Refrigeration System
• Cooling Tower System
 Areas covered under Thermal energy
audit
• Thermal energy system :-
• Steam Generation Boilers
• • Steam Audit and Conversation
• • Steam Trap Survey
• • Condensate Recovery System
• • Insulation Survey
• • Energy and Material Balance for Unit operation
• • Heat Exchanger
• • Waste Heat Recovery System
 Focus of Govt. Of India through energy audit on
energy conservation and energy efficient
technologies and products :-
• BEE (Bureau of energy efficiency ) has done tremendous
work in creating awareness on energy conservation ,
establishing case studies for different industries , promoting
innovative financing mechanisms for energy efficiency
projects , energy labelling , accrediting organizations for
energy audits , and conducting examinations for accrediting
the energy auditors and energy managers.
 Focus of Govt. of India through energy audit on
energy conservation and energy efficient
technologies and products :-
• CPRI (central power research institute) has been carrying out
energy audit & energy conservation studies since 1988 and
have completed energy audit in:-
• 75 power stations
• 70 energy intensive industries
• 60 majors buildings
• 10 ports
Focus of Govt. Of India through energy audit on energy
conservation and energy efficient technologies and products :-

• The govt. Efforts for energy conservation are also

supplemented by the NPC ( national productivity
council), NGOs like TERI ( the energy resources
institute), and industries associations such as
ASSOCHAM , CII , FICCI and PHDCCI.