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Chapter from the book ‘Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services’,
First Edition, 2018. Editor (s): P.S.Jagadeesh Kumar, Yang Yung
1. Introduction
Medical image fusion syndicates the harmonizing images from diverse imaging modalities
and improves the quality of fused output image that affords supplementary anatomical and
functional information. In this chapter, a hybrid wavelet approach is recycled to combine the
computed tomography and magnetic resonance images employing lifting wavelet transform
and wavelet decomposition to discrete wavelet transform superseding firefly optimization to
advance the sovereignty of the fused images in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The
optimized hybrid image fusion method is tested with other traditional methods such as
discrete wavelet transforms, haar wavelet transforms, discrete ridgelet transforms, discrete
curvelet transforms, and dual-tree complex wavelet transforms for its effectiveness. The
applied results display the promise and risks tangled in proposed hybrid wavelet method
over traditional wavelet transforms in refining the quality of the fused images in the diagnosis
of Alzheimer’s disease.
1.1 Defining Image/Data fusion
With the progression of numerous kinds of biosensors, and remote sensors onboard satellites,
an ever-increasing number of data has turned out to be accessible for logical investigations.
As the volume of information develops, so does the need to join information accumulated
from diverse sources to remove the most helpful data. Distinctive terms, for example, data
interpretation, combined analysis, picture combination have been utilized. Since mid-1980's,
"Image Fusion" has been embraced and broadly utilized. The meaning of Image Fusion/Data
Fusion changes. For instance:
- Image fusion is a procedure of consolidating pictures, got by sensors of various wavelengths at the
same time survey of a similar scene, to frame a composite picture. The composite picture is shaped
to enhance picture content and to make it simpler for the client to distinguish, perceive, and
recognize targets and increment the situational mindfulness.
- Image fusion is the way toward consolidating data from at least two pictures of a scene into a
solitary composite picture that is more useful and is more appropriate for visual recognition.
- Image fusion is the mix of at least two unique pictures to shape another picture by utilizing a
specific algorithm.
- Data fusion is a procedure managing information and data from numerous sources to accomplish
refined/enhanced data for decision making.
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Fig. 1. Illustration of relationship amid image fusion and optimized image fusion
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MRI has turned out to be very viable in diagnosing a few conditions by demonstrating the
distinction amongst typical and ailing delicate tissues of the body. MRI is regularly used to
assess:
- Blood vessels
- Abnormal tissue
- Breasts
- Bones and joints
- Organs in the pelvis, chest and abdomen (heart, liver, kidney, spleen)
- Spinal injuries, Tendon and ligament tears
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PET scans can uncover areas of diminished blood stream in the heart. This data can help in
dissecting whether to decide on an open clogged heart arteries (angioplasty) or coronary artery
bypass surgery. PET scans can be utilized to assess certain cerebrum issue, for example,
tumors, Alzheimer's illness and seizures. PET scan images don't appear as much detail as
computed tomography (CT) examines or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because the
photos demonstrate just the area of the tracer. The PET picture might be coordinated with
those from a CT scan to get more point by point data about where the tracer is found. Today,
all PET scans are performed on instruments that are joined PET and CT scanners (Fig. 4). The
consolidated PET/CT examines give pictures that pinpoint the anatomic area of irregular
metabolic action inside the body. The consolidated scans have been appeared to give more
precise findings than the two outputs performed independently. PET is regularly used to
assess:
- Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Cancer
- Effectiveness of treatments
- Heart conditions
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8 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
Neuroreceptor SPECT imaging has been valuable in research to start to distinguish the
substance condition of various neuropsychiatric issue that outcome from a lopsidedness of
chemicals in the cerebrum, for example, liquor addiction, Alzheimer's sickness, bipolar
confusion, cocaine reliance, real misery, Parkinson's illness, schizophrenia, and tobacco
reliance. While in its childhood, neuroreceptor SPECT imaging holds colossal potential in the
clinical setting for the determination of a bunch of mental issue for which right now there is
no organic or concoction indicative instrument. With proceeded advance in the development
of radiopharmaceuticals and in the innovation for the procurement and image processing of
SPECT information, SPECT imaging can possibly change how neuropsychiatric clutters are
analyzed and treated. SPECT check screens level of natural movement at each place in the 3-D
locale dissected. Outflows from the radionuclide demonstrate measures of blood stream in the
vessels of the imaged areas. SPECT imaging is performed by utilizing a gamma camera to
secure different 2-D images likewise called projections, from various edges. A PC is then used
to apply a tomographic reconstructing calculation to the numerous projections, yielding a 3D
dataset (Fig. 5). This dataset may then be controlled to demonstrate thin slices along any picked
hub of the body, like those got from other tomographic systems, for example, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (X-beam CT), and positron emission
tomography (PET). SPECT resembles PET in its utilization of radioactive tracer material and
location of gamma beams.
Interestingly with PET, nonetheless, the tracers utilized as a part of SPECT emanate gamma
radiation that is estimated specifically, while PET tracers transmit positrons that obliterate
with electrons up to a couple of millimeters away, making two gamma photons be produced
in inverse ways. A PET scanner recognizes these emanations "correspondent" in time, which
gives more radiation occasion limitation data and, along these lines, higher spatial
determination pictures than SPECT, which has around 1 cm resolution. SPECT scans, in any
case, are fundamentally more affordable than PET scans, to some degree since they can utilize
longer-lived more effectively got radioisotopes than PET. SPECT is regularly used to assess:
- Stress fractures in the spine (Spondylolysis)
- Blood deprivation (Ischemic)
- Stroke, Tumors, Infection imaging (Leukocyte)
- Thyroid imaging, Bone scintigraphy
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3. Wavelet Transforms
The wavelet transforms resemble the Fourier transform with totally extraordinary legitimacy
function. The principle contrast is that Fourier transform disintegrates the signal into sines and
cosines, i.e. the functions confined in Fourier space; in opposite the wavelet transform utilizes
functions that are restricted in both the real and Fourier space. By and large, the wavelet
transform can be communicated by accompanying the below equation;
∗
( , )= ( ) ( , )( )
where * is the complex conjugate and ψ is an arbitrary function which can be chosen arbitrarily
if it follows confident rules.
Wavelet transform is in certainty a boundless arrangement of different changes, contingent
upon the legitimacy function utilized for its calculation. This is the principle reason, why the
expression "wavelet transform" in altogether different circumstances and applications. There
are additionally numerous developments how to sort the kinds of the wavelet transforms. The
image fusion calculation in view of Wavelet Transform which speedier created was a multi-
resolution examination image fusion technique in late decade. Wavelet Transform has great
time-frequency attribute. Wavelet transform is an instrument that cuts up data or functions or
operators into various frequency components, and after that reviews every component with a
resolution coherent to its scale. Orthogonal wavelets for discrete wavelet transform progress
and non-orthogonal wavelets for consistent wavelet transform advance may be used.
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The design of complex analytical wavelets raises a few astounding and nontrivial challenges
that don't emerge with the genuine DWT. For a few uses of the discrete wavelet transform,
consummations can be acquired by utilizing an extensive wavelet transform. An extensive
transform is one that transforms over a N-point motion into M coefficients with M>N. There
are a few sorts of extensive DWTs; the double tree complex discrete wavelet transform is the
best case of its kind. DTCWT of a signal x is actualized utilizing two fundamentally inspected
DWT in parallel on similar information (Fig.14).
In a critically sampled transform, it is hard to accomplish the close shift invariance of the
double tree CWT. The double tree CWT is a profitable upgrade of the customary genuine
wavelet transform that is about shift invariant and, in higher measurements, directionally
particular. Since the genuine and nonexistent parts of the double tree CWT are, truth be told,
ordinary genuine wavelet transforms, the CWT helps from the huge hypothetical, reasonable,
and computational assets that have been produced for the standard DWT. For instance,
programming and equipment produced for usage of the genuine DWT can be utilized
straightforwardly for the CWT. Be that as it may, furthermore, the size and period of CWT
coefficients can be misused to grow new powerful wavelet-based transforms, especially for
applications where DWT is unsuited or fails to meet expectations. Inexact shift invariance
property and accessibility of stage data in DTCWT are valuable in the image fusion process.
The inexact shift invariance property of DTCWT is essential in robust sub-band combination
and makes it to keep away from loss of critical picture content at distinct levels. Then again,
the accessibility of stage data in complex coefficients of DTCWT is valuable in encoding more
sound structures of the melded pictures. DTCWT based medical image fusion technique is
given below;
1. Re-slicing and co-registration of 3D volumes of input images by means of the statistical
parametric mapping tool (Fig. 15).
2. Apply maximum frequency fusion rules.
3. Fusion of co-registered sliced images using DTCWT.
4. Applying inverse DTCWT to wavelet coefficients to obtain fused image.
5. Quality metrics are calculated and analyzed for the fused image.
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Fig. 15. Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform Based Medical Image Fusion
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24 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
(a) (b)
Fig. 17. (a) Design of Split Step and (b) Design of Update Step Using Lifting Scheme
(a) (b)
Fig. 18. (a) Lifting Wavelet Transform and (b) Inverse Lifting Wavelet Transform
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Lately, the medical imaging technology is generally utilized as a part of clinical conclusion.
Distinctive gadgets have diverse imaging rule, so the body tissues reflected is unique. For
instance, CT is a sort of medicinal hardware which has high spatial resolution, bones can be
obviously imaged, and the sore can be found precisely, yet the delicate tissue can't show up
unmistakably. The spatial resolution of MRI is lower than CT's, yet its imaging of delicate
tissue is clear, so it can precisely characterize the extent of the injury, its downside is only that
MRI isn't touchy to calcification, MRI isn't conductive to infection finding. Accordingly, it is
essential that multi-modular therapeutic picture ought to be incorporated to give more exact
pictures to medicinal analysis. The lifting wavelet is utilized to break down and reproduce
the picture. The technique received defeats the confinement of the first wavelet translate and
expanse constantly, diminishes the computational multifaceted nature of wavelet transform
process, enhances the impact of combined picture clearly. The outline system of split and
update step utilizing lifting wavelet transform is appeared in Fig. 17. The scheme of lifting
wavelet transforms, and inverse lifting wavelet transform is appeared in Fig. 18. Lifting
wavelet transform based medical image fusion technique is given below;
1. Apply two-dimensional lifting wavelet decomposition to the source images.
2. Adopt the rules of selection and weighted average low-frequency fusion for the low-
frequency decomposition coefficient; the corresponding low frequency fused images.
3. For vertical, horizontal and diagonal three orientations of high-frequency decomposition
coefficient, go for high frequency component.
4. Determine the scale coefficients and the coefficients for each wavelet.
5. By applying inverse lifting wavelet transform, the ultimate fusion image is obtained.
The mathematical representation for the design of lifting wavelet transform and inverse
lifting wavelet transform in given below;
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5. Implementation
CT and MRI scanned image of human brain are utilized as info pictures as seemed in Fig. 19.
In MRI image, the delicate tissue like the membranes covering the mind can be unmistakably
watched however the hard tissue like the skull bones can't be plainly observed. In CT scanned
image, hard tissue like the skull bone is plainly observed however the delicate tissue like the
membranes covering the brain are less unmistakable. In this way, to get more data, CT and
MRI examines are combined. By joining both the CT and MRI scanned images of the brain, a
resultant picture in which both hard tissue like skull bones and the delicate tissue like the
membranes covering the mind can be unmistakably noticeable. Wavelet method should be a
standout amongst the most encouraging techniques for image fusion because of its openness
and capacity to save the time and recurrence areas of interest of the picture to be melded.
Wavelet fusion transforms the pictures from spatial area to wavelet space. The wavelet space
signifies to the wavelet coefficient of the images.
Principally, the Discrete Wavelet Transform will decompose the input images to obtain the
decomposed coefficients. Then, firefly optimization algorithm is performed for automatic
subdivision of the decomposed coefficients to obtain the combined optimization of the input
images. Further, the optimized decomposed coefficients of the input images are combined in
the wavelet domain based on the fusion rule. The source images are transformed to the
frequency domain by means of the lifting wavelet transform. Then, the resultant coefficients
of the optimized decomposed coefficients are achieved by comparing the covariance of the
coefficients of the source images. Meanwhile, the resultant coefficients of source images are
calculated according to the matching measure between the directional characteristic of the
coefficients in the same sub-band and thus split, predict, update and merge steps were
performed as explained in the earlier section 3.4. Finally, the optimized fused image is
obtained through the inverse lifting wavelet transform. Several evaluation indexes, such as
Standard Deviation (SD), Entropy (E), Cross Entropy (CE), Spatial Frequency (SF), Fusion
Image Mutual Information (FIMI), Fusion Image Quality Index (FIQI), Fusion Image Similarity
Metrics (FISI), Weighted Fusion Quality Index (WFIQI), Edge Dependent Fusion Quality
Index (EDFQI), Degree of Distortion (DD) are employed to judge the experimental images
with different traditional wavelet fusion methods.
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Fig. 19. Implementation of Proposed Hybrid Wavelet Fusion Using Firefly Optimization
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32 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
= ( − ) ()
In the above equation, AvF is the pixel grey mean image, PF is the image pixel value
distribution. The standard deviation reflects the image contrast, larger values of SD, the image
contrast is stronger, the visual effect is better.
6.1.2 Entropy (E)
Entropy is utilized to gauge the data substance of a melded picture. The high entropy esteem
demonstrates the combined picture as rich information content.
= − ( ) log ()
In the above equation, PF is to estimate the fused image pixel value distribution. N is the fusion
image of the total grey level. Entropy E represents the amount of information including an
image of the value, larger values of HF, which means the image information is richer, the visual
effect is better.
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= log( / )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, Cross entropy CE is the pixel difference of two images. When the
image difference is small, the more amount of information is extracted, cross entropy CE is the
better evaluation of image fusion.
6.1.4 Spatial Frequency (SF)
Spatial frequency is registered by computing the row frequency and column frequency of
combined picture. Higher estimation of SF shows the info pictures and combined picture are
comparable.
= ( + )
In the above equation, CF is the column frequency of the fused image, RF is the row frequency
of the fused image. Higher value of spatial frequency SF stipulates a superior quality of the
fused image.
6.1.5 Fusion Image Mutual Information (FIMI)
Fusion image mutual information is utilized to register the degree of common data between
the information pictures and intertwined picture. Higher estimation of combination picture
shared data shows a superior nature of the melded picture.
= 1− ( + )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, MI is the mutual information of the two images. MI is the measure
of the similarity of image intensity between the input images and fused image. Higher the
value of fusion image mutual information FIMI, higher is visual quality (close to 1).
6.1.6 Fusion Image Quality Index (FIQI)
Fusion image quality index is utilized to figure the quality index of the melded picture, the
scope of this metric is 0 to 1. The esteem 1 shows the combined picture contains all the data
from the info pictures.
= 1− ( + )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, QI is the quality index of the two images. QI is used to model any
distortion as a combination of three several factors: loss of correlation, luminance distortions,
and contrast distortion. The range of QI is –1 to 1. Higher the value of fusion image quality
index FIQI, higher is visual quality (close to 1).
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34 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
= 1− ( + )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, SI is the similarity index of the two images. SI is used to compare
the local patterns of pixel intensities between the source images and the fused image. The
range varies between -1 to 1. Higher the value of fusion image similarity metric FISI, higher is
visual quality (close to 1).
6.1.8 Weighted Fusion Image Quality Index (WFIQI)
Weighted fusion image quality index measures the level of striking data of intertwined picture
which is exchanged from the source pictures. Higher estimation of WFIQI shows that the
melded picture as prevalent quality.
= ( + )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, UIQI is the Universal Image Quality Indicator of the two images
and is given by,
4 ∗ ∗
=
+ +
Where is the covariance between the band of source images and the band of fused image,
µ and SD are the mean and standard deviation of the corresponding images. The higher UIQI
index, the healthier will be spectral quality of the fused image. It is recommended to practice
the moving windows of unusual sizes to evade errors due to index spatial dependence.
6.1.9 Edge Dependent Fusion Quality Index (EDFQI)
Edge dependent fusion quality index measures the edge data of the melded picture. The more
noteworthy the estimation of EDFQI shows that the combined picture as brilliant quality.
= ( + ) ( + )
In the above equation, Pi is the grey level distribution of the source image, Qi is the grey
distribution of fused image, WFIQI is the weighted fusion image quality index as discussed in
the sub-section 6.1.8. Higher value of EDFQI indicates that the fused image as superior quality.
6.1.10 Degree of Distortion (DD)
Degree of Distortion is frequently used to figure the degree of mutilation in intertwined
picture. The lower estimation of DD validates that the intertwined picture as brilliant quality.
1
=
,
+ ,
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Hybrid Wavelet
Discrete Lifting Proposed Hybrid
Transform
Fusion Method/ Wavelet Wavelet Wavelet Transform
(DWT+LWT)
Evaluation Metric Transform Transform (DWT+LWT) with
without
(DWT) (LWT) Optimization
Optimization
Standard Deviation
43.111 49.771 56.165 62.043
(SD)
Entropy
17.009 25.673 29.029 36.231
(E)
Cross Entropy
0.6699 0.6214 0.5513 0.4652
(CE)
Spatial Frequency
34.121 46.990 49.123 59.142
(SF)
Fusion Image
Mutual Information 0.5341 0.7986 0.7650 0.8953
(FIMI)
Fusion Image
Quality Index 0.5967 0.8175 0.8423 0.9413
(FIQI)
Fusion Image
Similarity Metrics 0.5341 0.7986 0.7650 0.9261
(FISI)
Weighted Fusion
Image Quality 67.81% 75.04% 86.87% 92.32%
Index (WFIQI)
Edge Dependent
Fusion Quality 39.005 53.893 61.895 75.354
Index (EDFQI)
Degree of
0.6268 0.5595 0.5020 0.3462
Distortion (DD)
The momentous promises of the proposed optimized hybrid wavelet transform built on lifting
scheme is been summarized from the comparison Table 1 as below;
1) Since the proposed method is built on second generation wavelet transform, it leads to a
quicker, in-place calculation of the wavelet transform compared to the first-generation DWT.
2) Fusion image mutual information (FIMI) of proposed method is higher compared to DWT,
proving it more affluent in information content of the source images and has sophisticated
application value in medicinal analysis as well as diagnosis like Alzheimer’s disease.
3) The proposed method is more real in data-adaptive decompositions and non-equispaced
data as built on second generation wavelet transforms reducing arithmetic operations.
4) The firefly optimization benefits in automatic subdivision of wavelet decomposition and
parameter tuning, thus establishing an inclined and information rich optimized fused image
serving higher perception for human vision by reducing redundancy.
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36 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
Table 2. Fused Image Quality Evaluation Metrics and Traditional Wavelet Transforms
The substantial promises of the proposed optimized hybrid wavelet transform compared to
other traditional wavelet transforms is been abridged from the comparison Table 2 as below;
1) Edge dependent fusion quality index (EDFQI) of the discrete curvelet transforms (DCVT) is
abstemiously better than the other wavelet transforms though the proposed optimized hybrid
wavelet transforms outperform, proving the edge detection is more precise and robust.
2) Spatial frequency (SF) of the haar wavelet transforms (HWT) is higher relative to other
image fusion methods based on wavelet transforms; however, the proposed method shows
better recital, attesting it easier to implement by reducing the computational complexity.
3) Degree of distortion (DD) is lesser in discrete ridgelet transforms (DRT) in relation to other
wavelet transforms based image fusion, but still the proposed method shows definitive
concert, proving it further distortion free because of the filter banks confined in the split stage.
4) Fusion image similarity metrics (FISI) is better in the case of dual-tree complex wavelet
transforms (DTCWT), yet, the proposed optimized hybrid wavelet transforms display much
better results, proving its perfect reconstruction capability without loss of information content,
which is a vital characteristic for disease analysis and diagnosis like Alzheimer’s disease.
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⎛ 1− + ⎞
1
=⎜ ⎟ 100
⎜( − 1)( − 1) 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Spectral Discrepancy is a measure for assessing the capacity of melded pictures to hold the
phantom highlights of source pictures. A higher value of percentage spectral discrepancy
represents a higher spectral resolution. The Spectral Discrepancy is figured in percentage;
1
=1− | ( , ) − ( , )| 100
∗
where ( , ) and ( , ) are the pixel values of the fused image at position ( , ) respectively.
Two datasets; Dataset 1 containing the details of 100 patients of normal axial and normal
coronal between age group 25 years to 85 years and Dataset 2 containing the details of 100
patients of Alzheimer’s disease between age group 25 years to 85 years were utilized. Table 3
epitomizes the performance evaluation of the proposed optimized image fusion method in
diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease with other traditional wavelet transform based image fusion
method for two patients with same age of 65 years (Dataset 1 Patient 1, Dataset 2 Patient 1)
when substantiated for normal axial, normal coronal and Alzheimer's brain disease images.
Average gradient and Spectral discrepancy are assessed in percentage to make the comparison
more precise and user-friendly (More than 80% is classified as highly detected, 60%-79% as
moderately detected, 40%-59% as fairly detected and less than 39% as poorly detected).
The extensive promises of the proposed method compared to traditional wavelet transforms
based fusion in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is been concise from Table 3 as below;
1) Percentage average gradient and percentage spectral discrepancy of the proposed image
fusion method is highly accurate in detecting normal axial, normal coronal and Alzheimer's
brain disease images in comparison to other wavelet transforms based image fusion methods.
2) The proposed method shows better clarity and provides excellent spectral features due to
its progressive nature of stability and regularity.
3) Owing to its ability of invertibility and optimization of non-linear data’s through firefly
optimization, the proposed optimized fusion method shows inevitable efficacy in diagnosing
Alzheimer’s diseases (Fig. 21 and Fig. 22).
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38 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
Dataset 1 Patient 1
Dataset 2 Patient 1
(Normal Axial and
Imaging (Alzheimer’s Disease)
Fusion Normal Coronal)
Method Average Spectral Average Spectral
Gradient Discrepancy Gradient Discrepancy
56% 47% 34% 39%
DWT
Fairly detected Poorly detected
74% 71% 56% 59%
LWT
Moderately detected Fairly detected
7. Conclusion
The chapter make available a state-of-art of hybrid wavelet based optimized medical image
fusion. The anticipated optimized hybrid wavelet image fusion method is a cutting-edge for
analyzing and diagnosing diseases like Alzheimer’s disease proficiently. The promises of the
projected method over other traditional wavelet transforms based image fusion method is the
pliable structure by choosing suitable prediction and update factors conferring to the problems
examined. By using firefly optimization method, the connection coefficients on the interlude
are calculated precisely based on the corresponding filters. The numerical outcomes confirm
the competence of the proposed method and validates that the proposed optimized hybrid
wavelet fusion method can be functional to an extensive range of medical conclusion and
engineering glitches capably. However, below are few risks involved in the proposed method;
1) It is not fashionable for high power applications in real time.
2) The error estimation is not constant, varies with respect to the problem declaration and its
application due to predefined nature of optimization.
3) It does not fit for multiple problem analysis.
4) The degree of stiffness cannot be single-minded by means of homogeneous applications, it
diverges dynamically for inhomogeneous applications.
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Fig. 21. Average Gradient and Proposed Method in Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Fig. 22. Spectral Discrepancy and Proposed Method in Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
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40 Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
Fig. 24. Traditional Wavelet Fusion Methods Versus Proposed Fusion Method
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Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services
First Edition 2018
ISBN 1756-786-51-5021-9
Hard cover, 243 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 14, February 2018
Published in print edition February 2018
The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of medical image processing and related health care
services in variant diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, glaucoma, mild cognitive impairment, dementia,
and other neurodegenerative syndromes. It is anticipated that it will be useful for research scientists to
capture recent developments and to spark innovative ideas within the medical image processing
domain. With an emphasis on both the basic and advanced applications of medical imaging, this book
covers several unique concepts like optimized image fusion, ophthalmic hashing and linear bootstrap
aggregating that have been graphically represented to improve readability, such as the optimized image
fusion introduced in chapter 1, linear bootstrap aggregating discussed in Chapter 2 and ophthalmic
hashing that is proposed in Chapter 4. The remainder of the book emphases on the area application-
orientated image fusions, which cover the numerous expanses of medical image processing and its
applications.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly book, feel free to copy and paste the following:
P.S.Jagadeesh Kumar, Yang Yung (2018). Medical Image Processing and Health Care Services, First Edition
2018, ISBN 1756-786-51-5021-9, Print ISBN 1756-786-51-5020-6, InTech.
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/