Periodic Functions
The Mathematic Formulation
Any function that satisfies
f (t ) f (t T )
where T is a constant and is called the period
of the function.
Example:
t t
f (t ) cos cos Find its period.
3 4
t t 1 1
f (t ) f (t T ) cos cos cos (t T ) cos (t T )
3 4 3 4
1 10 not a rational
2 10 number
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Introduction
Decompose a periodic input signal into
primitive periodic components.
A periodic sequence
f(t)
t
T 2T 3T
Synthesis
a0 2nt 2nt
f (t ) an cos bn sin
2 n 1 T n 1 T
DC Part Even Part Odd Part
Let 0=2/T.
a0
f (t ) an cos( n0t ) bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
Orthogonal Functions
Call a set of functions {k} orthogonal
on an interval a < t < b if it satisfies
b 0 mn
a m (t ) n (t )dt
rn mn
Decomposition
a0
f (t ) an cos( n0t ) bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
2 t 0 T
a0 f (t )dt
T 0
t
2 t 0 T
an f (t ) cos n0tdt n 1,2,
T t0
2 t 0 T
bn f (t ) sin n0tdt n 1,2,
T 0
t
Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1
2
a0
2 0
1dt 1
2 1
an
2 0
cos ntdt
n
sin nt 0
0 n 1,2,
2 1 1 2 / n n 1,3,5,
bn
2
0
sin ntdt
n
cos nt 0
n
(cos n 1)
0 n 2,4,6,
1 2 1 1
f (t ) sin t sin 3t sin 5t
2 3 5
Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1
2
a0
2 0
1dt 1
2 1
an
2 0
cos ntdt
n
sin nt 0 0 n 1,2,
1 1 1 2 / n n 1,3,5,
bn
2 0
sin ntdt cos nt 0 (cos n 1)
n n 0 n 2,4,6,
1 2 1 1
f (t ) sin t sin 3t sin 5t
2 3 5
Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1
2
a0
1.5 2
0
1dt 1
1 2 1
0.52 0
an cos ntdt sin nt 0 n 1,2,
n 0
0
1 1 1 2 / n n 1,3,5,
bn -0.5
2 0
sin ntdt cos nt 0 (cos n 1)
n n 0 n 2,4,6,
Harmonics
a0 2nt 2nt
f (t ) an cos bn sin
2 n 1 T n 1 T
a0
f (t ) an cos( n0t ) bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
a0
f (t ) an cos n0t bn sin n0t
2 n1 n 1
a0
f (t ) an cos nt bn sin nt
2 n 1 n 1
Harmonics
a0
f (t ) an cos nt bn sin nt
2 n 1 n 1
a0
(an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
a0
2
sin nt
an bn
an bn
2
cos nt
2 n 1 a2 b2 a 2
b 2
n n n n
a0
an2 bn2 cos n cos nt sin n sin nt
2 n1
C0 Cn cos(nt n )
n 1
Amplitudes and Phase Angles
f (t ) C0 Cn cos(nt n )
n 1
a0
C0
2 bn
n tan
1
Cn an2 bn2 an
Fourier Series
1 jn0t
cos n0t e
2
e jn0t
sin n0t
2j
e e
1 jn0t jn0t
e
2
e
j jn0t jn0t
Complex Form of the Fourier Series
a0
f (t ) an cos n0t bn sin n0t
2 n1 n 1
a0 1
an e
2 2 n 1
jn0t
e jn0t j
bn e jn0t e jn0t
2 n1
a0 1 1
(an jbn )e jn0t
(an jbn )e jn0t
2 n 1 2 2 a0
c0
2
c0 cn e jn0t cn e jn0t
1
n 1 cn (an jbn )
2
1
c n (an jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series
f (t ) c0 cn e jn0t cn e jn0t
n 1
1
c0 cn e jn0t
cn e jn0t
n 1 n
a0
c0
n
c e jn0t 2
1
n cn (an jbn )
2
1
c n (an jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series
a0 1 T /2
c0
2 T T / 2
f (t )dt
1
cn (an jbn )
2
1 T /2 T /2
T T / 2 T / 2
f ( t ) cos n tdt j f (t ) sin n tdt
0 0
1 T /2 a0
f (t )(cos n0t j sin n0t )dt c0
T T / 2 2
1 T /2 1
f (t )e jn0t dt cn (an jbn )
T T / 2 2
1
1 1 T /2
c n (an jbn )
c n (an jbn )
2 T T / 2
f (t )e jn0t dt
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series
a0
c0
f (t ) n
c e jn0t
n
2
1
cn (an jbn )
1 T /2 2
cn
T T / 2
f (t )e jn0t dt 1
c n (an jbn )
2
cn | cn | e jn , c n cn* | cn | e jn
If f(t) is real,
1 2
| cn || c n | an bn2
c n c *
n
2 n 1,2,3,
b
n tan 1 n c0
1
a0
an 2
Complex Frequency Spectra
cn | cn | e jn , c n cn* | cn | e jn b
n tan 1 n n 1,2,3,
1 2 an
| cn || c n | an bn2
2
|cn| amplitude
1
c0 a0 spectrum
2
phase
n spectrum
Example
f(t)
A
t
T T d d T
T
2 2 2 2
A d /2 A 1
cn e jn0t dt (2 j sin n0 d / 2)
T d / 2 T jn0
d /2 A 1
A 1 1 sin n0 d / 2
e jn0t T 2 n0
T jn 0 d / 2
nd
sin
A 1
Ad T
1 jn0 d / 2
e jn0 d / 2
e T nd
T jn 0 jn 0
T
Example
A/5
nd 1 1 d 1
sin d , T ,
cn
Ad T 20 4 T 5
T nd 2
0 8
T T
Example
A/10
nd 1 1 d 1
sin d , T ,
cn
Ad T 20 2 T 5
T nd 2
0 4
T T
Example
f(t)
A
t
T
0 d T
A 1
A d
cn e jn0t dt (1 e jn0d )
T 0 T jn0
d A 1 jn0 d / 2 jn0d / 2 jn0d / 2
A 1 e (e e )
e jn0t T jn0
T jn 0 0
nd
sin
A 1 1
Ad T e jn0 d / 2
e jn0 d
T nd
T jn 0 jn 0
T
Fourier Series
Impulse Train
Dirac Delta Function
0 t 0
(t )
t 0
and
(t )dt 1
(t )(t )dt (t )(0)dt (0) (t )dt (0)
Impulse Train
3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t
T (t ) (t nT )
n
Fourier Series of the Impulse Train
T (t ) (t
n
nT ) 2 T /2
a0 T (t )dt
T T / 2 T
2
2 T /2 2
an T (t ) cos( n0t )dt
T T / 2 T
2 T /2
bn T (t ) sin( n0t )dt 0
T T / 2
1 2
T (t ) cos n0t
T T n
Complex Form
Fourier Series of the Impulse Train
T (t ) (t nT )
n
a0 1 T /2 1
c0
2 T T / 2 T (t )dt T
1 T /2 1
jn0t
cn T (t )e dt
T T / 2 T
1 jn0t
T (t ) e
T n