VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

III Semester
Me 6404-Thermal Engineering
Regulation – 2013
Academic Year 2017 – 2018
Prepared by

S.Senthil Babu, Assistant Professor (Sl.G) / Mechanical Engineering

K.Vijayendiran, Assistant Professor (O.G) / Mechanical Engineering
K.Venkatesan, Assistant Professor (O.G) / Mechanical Engineering
T.Muthu Krishnan, Assistant Professor (O.G) / Mechanical Engineering
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME6404 -THERMAL ENGINEERING

UNIT 1 - GAS POWER CYCLE Otto, Diesel, Dual, Brayton cycles, Calculation of mean effective
pressure, and air standard efficiency - Comparison of cycles.

PART-A (2 Marks)
1. Define Air Standard Efficiency. BT-1 Remembering
2. Draw Brayton cycle in TS and PV planes. BT-3 Applying
3. Complete the Otto cycle process by its P-V and T-S planes and name all BT-3 Applying
the processes.
4. What are the assumptions made in Air Standard Cycles? BT-1 Remembering
5. Write down the major differences between Otto and Diesel Cycle. BT-2 Understanding
6. Define mean Effective Pressure. Show that on p-v diagram. BT-2 Understanding
7. When compression ratio is kept constant, what is the effect of cut-off BT-3 Applying
ratio on the efficiency of diesel cycle?
8. In an Otto cycle, compression ratio is 9. Estimate the air standard cycle BT-5 Evaluating
efficiency.
9. Derive expression for mean effective pressure for diesel cycle? BT-4 Analysing
10. Point out the Diesel cycle on P-V and T-S planes and mention the four BT-3 Applying
thermodynamic processes involved.
11. Consider a Diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut-off takes BT-5 Evaluating
place at 6% of the stroke. Find the air standard efficiency.
12. Define Mean Effective Pressure? BT-1 Remembering
13. Describe with neat sketches of p-v and T-s dual cycle? BT-3 Applying
14. Name the factors that affect the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle. BT-1 Remembering
15. Define the terms compression ratio and cut-off ratio. BT-1 Remembering
16. Predict the effect of cut-off ratio on the efficiency of diesel cycle when BT-2 Understanding
the compression ratio is kept constant?
17. For the same compression ratio and heat supplied, Identify the order of BT-1 Remembering
decreasing air standard efficiency of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles.
18. Express the Brayton cycle (Limited pressure cycle) on P-V and T-S BT-2 Understanding
planes and mention the various processes.
19. A Carnot cycle works between the temperatures 300K and 700K.
Calculate the maximum work possible per Kg of air. BT-3 Applying

20. Compare diesel and Dual cycle. BT-2 Understanding

PART-B (13 Marks)

1. (a) The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60% and γ = 1.5. What is the BT-2 Understanding
compression ratio?
(b) An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on Otto cycle.
3
The clearance volume is 0.00263 m . The initial pressure and
0
temperature are 1 bar and 50 C. if the maximum pressure is limited to 25 BT-2 Understanding
bar, fine the following :

The air standard efficiency of the cycle.
 
The mean effective pressure for the cycle.

2. The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 kPa and
o
27 C. the amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg.

Determine the pressure and temperatures at all points of the air
standard Otto cycle. BT-3 Applying

Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the
cycle for a compression ratio of 8:1.
Take for air: cv = 0.72 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4
3. In a constant volume Otto cycle the pressure at the end of compression
is 15 times that at the start, the temperature of air at the beginning of
0
compression is 38 C and maximum temperature attained in the cycle is
0
1950 C. Analyse : BT-4 Analysing
 Compression ratio.
 Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
 Work done.
Take γ for air = 1.4.
4. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.5 m3, pressure 1 bar
0
and temperature 27 C at the commencement of compression stroke. At
the end of compression stroke, the pressure is 10 bar. Heat added during
the constant volume process is 200 kJ. Evaluating :

Percentage clearance. BT-5 Evaluating

Air standard efficiency.

Mean effective pressure.

Power developed by the engine if the engine runs at 400 rpm, so
that there are 200 complete cycles per minutes.
5. Express mean effective pressure of an Otto cycle in terms of compression BT-2 Understanding
ratio.
6. An engine with 200 mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke works on
theoretical Diesel cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of air used
0
are 1 bar and 27 C. The cut-off is 8% of the stroke. Evaluate :

Pressure and temperatures at all salient points. BT-5 Evaluating

Theoretical air standard efficiency.

Mean effective pressure.

Power of the engine if the working cycles per minute are 380.
7. The swept volume of a diesel engine working on dual is 0.0053 m3 and
3
clearance volume is 0.00035 m . The maximum pressure is 65 bars. Fuel
injection ends at 5 percent of the stroke. The temperature and pressure at BT-5 Evaluating
0
the compression are 80 C and 0.9 bar. Evaluate the air standard
efficiency of the cycle. Take γ for air = 1.4.
8. The compression ratio for a single–cylinder engine operating on dual
cycle is 9. The maximum pressure in the cylinder is limited to 60 bars.
The pressure and temperature of the air at the beginning of the cycle is 1
0
bar and 30 C. heat is added during constant pressure process up to 4
percent of the stroke. Assuming the cylinder diameter and stroke length BT-4 Analysing
as 250 and 300 mm respectively, Analyse :
 The air standard efficiency of the cycle.
 The power developed is the number of working cycles are 3 per
second.
Take for air cv = 0.71 kJ/kg K and cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K.
9. In an engine working on dual cycle, the temperature and pressure at the BT-5 Evaluating
0
beginning of the cycle are 90 C and 1 bar respectively. The compression
 ratio is 9. The maximum pressure is limited to 68 bars and total heat
supplied per kg of air is 1750 kJ. Determine :

Pressure and temperatures at all salient points

Air standard efficiency and MEP
10. The compression ratio and expansion ratio of an oil engine working on
the dual cycle are 9 and 5 respectively. The initial pressure and
0
temperature of the air are 1 bar and 30 C. The expansion and
1.25
compression follow the law PV = constant. Determine :

Pressure and temperatures at all salient points BT-1 Remembering

Mean effective pressure of the cycle.

Efficiency of the cycle.

Power of the engine if working cycles per second are 8.
Assume: cylinder bore = 250 mm and stroke length = 400 mm.
11. (a) A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 15 and heat addition at
constant pressure takes at 6 % of stroke. Find the air standard efficiency BT-2 Understanding
of the engine. Take γ for air as 1.4
(b)The compression ratio of a Dual cycle is 10. The temperature and
pressure at the beginning of the cycle are 1 bar and 27˚C. The maximum
pressure of the cycle is limited to 70 bar and heat supplied is limited to BT-2 Understanding
675 kJ/kg of air. Find the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

12. Derive an expression for Air Standard Efficiency and state the BT-4 Analysing
assumption of an Otto Cycle.
13. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine plant operating on Brayton
0
cycle at 101.325 kPa, 27 C. The pressure ratio in the cycle is 6. Calculate BT-3
the maximum temperature in the cycle and the cycle efficiency. Assume Applying
WT = 2.5 WC, where WT and WC are the turbine and the compressor
work respectively. Take γ= 1.4.
14 Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compressor at
0
1.0 bar and 20 C. the pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3.5 bar
0
and the temperature at turbine inlet is 600 C. determine per kg of air:

Heat supplied to air and Heat rejected in the cooler BT-5 Evaluating

Work available at the shaft and the Efficiency of the cycle

Temperature of air leaving the turbine. For air γ = 1.4 and cp =
1.005 kJ/kg K.

PART-C (15 Marks)

1. An engine working on ideal Otto cycle has temperature and pressure, at
the beginning of isentropic compression as 25˚C and 1.5 bar respectively.
Find the compression ratio, if γ = 1.4 and thermal efficiency of the engine BT-6 Creating
= 48%. Also find temperature and pressure at the end of compression.

2. A diesel engine operating on the air-standard Diesel cycle has six cylinders
of 100 mm bore and 120 mm stroke. The engine speed is 1800 rpm. At the
beginning of compression the pressure and temperature of air are 1.030bar
and 35˚C. If the clearance volume is 1/8th of the stroke volume, calculate BT-2 Understanding
(i) the pressure and temperature at the salient points of the cycle (ii) the
compression ratio (iii) the efficiency of the cycle and (iv) the power output
if the air is heated to 1500˚C. Assume Cp and Cv of air to be 1.004 and
0.717 kJ / kg K respectively.
3. For an engine working on the ideal Dual cycle, the compression ratio is 10
and the maximum pressure is limited to 70 bar. If the heat supplied is 1680 BT-4 Analysing
kJ/kg, find the pressure and temperatures at the various salient points of
 the cycle and the cycle efficiency. The pressure and temperature of air at
the commencement of compression are 1 bar and 100˚C respectively.
Assume Cp=1.004 kJ/kg K and Cv= 0.717 kJ/kg K for air.

4. The compression ratio of an engine is 10 and the temperature and pressure at

the start of compression is 37˚C and 1 bar. The compression and expansion
processes are both isentropic and the heat is rejected at exhaust at constant
volume. The amount of heat added during the cycle is 2730
kJ/kg. Determine the mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency of the
cycle if (i) the maximum pressure is limited to 70 bar and heat is added at BT-5 Evaluating
both constant volume and constant pressure and (ii) if all the heat is added
at constant volume. In this case how much additional work per kg of
charge would be obtained if it were possible to expand isentropically the
exhaust gases to their original pressure of 1 bar? Assume that the charge
has the same physical properties as that of air.

UNIT II INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Classification - Components and their function. Valve
timing diagram and port timing diagram – actual and theoretical p-V diagram of four stroke and two stroke
engines. Simple and complete Carburetor. MPFI, Diesel pump and injector system. Battery and Magneto
Ignition System - Principles of Combustion and knocking in SI and CI Engines. Lubrication and Cooling
systems. Performance Calculation.
PART-A (2 Marks)
1. What are the advantages in MPFI System? BT-1 Remembering
2. What is Octane number in I.C. Engine? BT-1 Remembering
3. What is the antifreeze solutions used in water cooling systems? BT-1 Remembering
4. What is meant by motoring test? BT-1 Remembering
5. Show the valve overlapping period of a typical 4-stroke petrol engine BT-3 Applying
on valve timing diagram.
6. Define the phenomenon Knocking in spark ignited engines. BT-2 Understanding
7. Write the important requirement of fuel injection system. BT-2 Understanding
8. State the purpose of thermostat in an engine cooling system. BT-2 Understanding
9. What are the function of a flywheel? BT-1 Remembering
10. What are the advantages of four stroke cycle engine over two stroke BT-1 Remembering
cycle engines
11. What is a carburettor? State any two functions of carburettor. BT-4 Analysing
12. What is a unit Injection System? BT-1 Remembering
13. List the four stages of combustion in CI engine. BT-3 Applying
14. Draw the theoretical P-V diagram for four stroke engines. BT-6 Creating
15. Draw the theoretical P-V diagram for two stroke engines BT-6 Creating
16. Draw the actual P-V diagram for four stroke engines. BT-2 Understanding
17. Draw the actual P-V diagram for two stroke engines BT-2 Understanding
18. Define the term Brake Power. BT-1 Remembering
19. What are the advantages of four stroke cycle engines over two stroke BT-5 Evaluating
engines?
20. Analyse the cause for ignition delay? BT-4 Analysing
PART-B (13 Marks)
1. Explain the typical Port timing diagram and the significance of each BT-5 Evaluating
angle in the Port timing diagram in Two Stroke Engine
2. Describe with suitable sketches the following system of a modern
carburettor.
(i) Main Metering System
(ii) Idling System BT-1 Remembering
(iii) Economizer System
(iv) Acceleration Pump System
(v) Choke
3. Discuss the difference between theoretical and actual valve timing BT-1 Remembering
diagram of a diesel engine.
4. Explain the working principle of diesel injector with a neat diagram. BT-2 Understanding
5. (a) Explain the phenomena of knocking in diesel engines. BT-2 Understanding
(b) What are the different factors which influence the knocking? BT-2 Understanding
6. Analyse the effect of Octane and Cetane number on the I.C. Engine Cycle BT-6 Creating
and performance
7. (a) Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Battery ignition System. BT-1 Remembering
(b) Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Magneto ignition System. BT-1 Remembering
8. a. Explain any one lubrication system with a neat sketch. BT-2 Understanding
b. Explain the Bosch fuel Injector with neat sketch. BT-2 Understanding
9. A four stroke four cylinder gasoline engine has a bore of 60 mm and a
stroke of 100 mm. On test it develops a torque of 66.5 N-m when running
at 3000 rpm. If the clearance volume in each cylinder is 60 cc the relative BT-5 Evaluating
efficiency with respect to the BTE is 0.5 and the CV of the fuel is
42MJ/kg, determine the fuel consumption in kg/h and the BMEP.
10. Following data relate to 4-cylinder four stroke petrol engine. Air fuel
ratio by weight = 16: 1, calorific value of the fuel = 45200 kJ/kg,
mechanical efficiency = 82%, air-standard efficiency = 52%, relative
efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency = 78 %, stroke/bore ratio = 1.25, BT-5 Evaluating
o
suction conditions = 1 bar & 25 C, r.p.m. = 2400 and power at brakes
=72kW. Evaluating: (1) Compression ratio, (2) Indicated thermal
efficiency, (3) Brake specific fuel consumption, (4) Bore and Stroke.
11. Air consumption for a four-stroke petrol engine is measured by means of
a circular orifice of diameter 3.2 cm. The co-efficient of discharge for
the orifice is 0.62 and the pressure across the orifice is 150 mm of water.
The barometer reads 760 mm of Hg. Temperature of air in the room is
o 3
20 C. The piston displacement volume is 0.00178 m . The compression
ratio is 6.5. The fuel consumption is 0.135 kg/min of calorific value BT-5 Evaluating
43900 kJ/kg. The brake power developed at 2500 r.p.m. is 28 kW.
Determine: (1) The volumetric efficiency on the basic of air alone. (2)
The air-fuel ratio. (3) The brake mean effective pressure. (4) The relative
efficiency on the brake thermal efficiency on the brake thermal
efficiency basis.
12. (a) Explain Normal and abnormal Combustion in SI engines. BT-4 Analysing
b. What are the factors affecting he flame speed of the engine. BT-4 Analysing
13. Write a note on Cooling system for an I.C. Engine in detail with relevant BT-2 Understanding
sketches of various types.
14. a. Explain four stages of combustion in CI engines. BT-2 Understanding
b. What are the factors affecting Ignition Delay and Delay Period? BT-1 Remembering
PART-C (15 Marks)

1. Explain knocking in CI engines. Draw the Time vs Pressure curve from BT-2 Understanding
SI Engine and SI engine.
2. Explain with neat sketch the splash and wet sump lubrication system. BT-2 Understanding
What are the advantages of wet sump lubrication system?
3. Following data are available for a four stroke petrol engine:
Air fuel ratio (by weight) 15:5:1
Calorific value of the fuel 45000 kJ/kg
Mechanical efficiency 80%
Air standard efficiency 53%
Relative efficiency based on
Indicated thermal efficiency 70%
Volumetric efficiency 80%
Stroke/Bore ratio 1.25 BT-4 Analysing
0
Suction conditions 1 bar, 27 C
Speed 2400 RPM
Power at brakes 75 kW
Calculate:

Compression ratio

Indicated thermal efficiency

Brake specific fuel consumption

Bore and stroke.
4. The following data refer to an oil engine working on Otto four-stroke
cycle:
Brake power =14.7 kW
Suction pressure =0.9 bar
Mechanical efficiency =80%
Ratio of compression =5 BT-6 Creating
Index of compression curve =1.35
Index of expansion curve =1.3
Maximum explosion pressure =24 bar
Engine speed =1000 RPM
Ratio of stroke: bore =1.5
Find the diameter and stroke of the piston.

UNIT III- STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES :

Flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure ratio, Supersaturated flow.
Impulse and Reaction principles, compounding, velocity diagram for simple and multi-stage turbines speed
regulations –Governors.
PART-A (2 Marks)
1. Define Critical Pressure Ratio in steam flow through Nozzles? BT - 1 Remembering
2. If the enthalpy drop in a steam nozzle of efficiency 92% is 100 kJ/kg BT - 5 Evaluating
determine the exit velocity of steam.
3. Define stage efficiency. BT - 1 Remembering
4. What is the effect of super saturation in the nozzles? BT - 2 Understanding
5. Draw the Shape of Supersonic Nozzle. BT - 3 Applying
6. Distinguish between impulse and reaction principle. BT - 2 Understanding
7. Express the effects of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? BT - 3 Applying
8. Discuss the importance of compounding of steam turbine? BT - 1 Remembering
 9. What is meant by Pressure Compounding? BT - 2 Understanding
10. Explain supersaturated flow? BT - 3 Applying
11. Name the various types of nozzles and their function? BT - 2 Understanding
12. Summarize the different losses involved in steam turbines? BT - 1 Remembering
13. Define Diagram efficiency. BT - 5 Evaluating
14. Explain ‘Degree of Reaction’ in a steam turbine. BT - 4 Analysing
15. Analyze the effects of super saturation in a nozzle? BT - 6 Creating
16. Define nozzle efficiency. BT - 3 Applying
17. Where is nozzle control governing is used? BT - 1 Remembering
18. Show and explain the principles of impulse and reaction turbines? BT - 2 Understanding
19. If the enthalpy drop in a steam nozzle of efficiency 88% is 95 kJ/kg BT - 5 Evaluating
determine the exit velocity of steam.
20. Define blade velocity co-efficient? BT - 1 Remembering

PART-B (13 Marks)

1. (a) Mention the types of nozzles you know, Where are these used? BT - 1 Remembering
(b) Steam having pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dryness is expanded
through a convergent-divergent nozzle and the pressure of steam
leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity at the throat for BT - 2 Understanding
maximum discharge conditions. Index of expansion may be assumed
as 1.135. Calculate mass rate of flow of steam through the nozzle.
2. (a)Dry saturated steam enters a frictionless adiabatic nozzle with
o
negligible velocity at a temperature of 300 C. It is expanded to pressure BT - 2 Understanding
of 5000 kPa. The mass flow rate is 1 kg/s. Calculate the exit velocity
of the steam.
o
(b)Steam is expanded in a set of nozzles from 10 bar and 200 C to 5
bar. What type of Nozzle is it? Neglecting the initial velocity find BT-3 Applying
minimum area of the nozzle required to allow a flow of 3 kg/s under
the given conditions. Assume that expansion of steam to be isentropic.
3. In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial
o
velocity is 60 m/s and the initial temperature is 200 C. Determine the BT-3 Applying
exit velocity if the nozzle efficiency is 92%.
4. Describe (Derive) the expression for critical pressure ratio in terms of BT - 1 Remembering
index of expansion.
5. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure of 15 bar and
is discharged at a pressure of 2 bar. If the dryness fraction of discharge
steam is 0.96, what will be the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial BT - 5 Evaluating
velocity of steam. If 10% of heat drop is lost in friction, Examine (find)
the percentage reduction in the final velocity.
6. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 11 bar enters a convergent-
divergent nozzle and leaves at a pressure of 2 bar. If the flow is
adiabatic and frictionless, determine: (i) The exit velocity of steam. (ii) BT - 6 Creating
Ratio of cross section at exit and that at throat.
Assume the index of adiabatic expansion to be 1.135.
7. The nozzles of De-Laval stream turbine are supplied with dry saturated
steam at a pressure of 9 bar. The pressure at the outlet is 1 bar. The BT - 3 Applying
turbine has two nozzles with a throat diameter of 2.5 mm. Assuming
 nozzle efficiency as 90% and that of turbine rotor 35%, find the quality
of steam used per hour and the power developed.
8. Explain with a neat sketch of velocity compounding, pressure BT-3 Applying
compounding, pressure-velocity compounding.
9. A 50 % reaction turbine (with symmetrical velocity triangles) running
at 400 rpm has the exit angle of the blades as 20° C and the velocity of
steam relative to the blades at the exit is 1.35 times the mean speed of BT - 5 Evaluating
the blade. The steam flow rate is 8.33 Kg/s and at a particular stage the
3
specific volume is 1.381 m /Kg. Evaluate for this stage. (i) A suitable
blade height, assuming the rotor mean diameter 12 times the blade
height, and (ii) The diagram work
10. A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4 kW at a blade speed of
175 m/s, using 2 kg of steam per sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400
m/s. Velocity coefficient of the blades is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine BT - 3 Applying
blades axially. Calculate nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit,
assuming no shock.
11. A single-stage impulse turbine is supplied steam at 5 bar and 200°C at
the rate of 50 kg/min and it expands into a condenser at a pressure of
0.2 bar. The blade speed is 400 m/s and nozzles are inclined at 20°C to
the plane of the wheel. The blade angle at the exit of the moving blade BT - 5 Evaluating
is 30°C. Neglecting friction losses in the moving blade, Evaluate (i)
Velocity of the steam entering the blades (ii) Power developed, (iii).
Blade efficiency and (iv) Stage efficiency.
In a stage of impulse reaction turbine operating with 50% degree of
reaction, the blades are identical in shape. The outlet angle of the
o
12. moving blades in 19 and the absolute discharge velocity of steam is BT - 3 Applying
o
100 m/s in the direction 70 to the motion of the blades. If the rate of
flow through the turbine is 15000 kg/hr., calculate the power
developed by the turbine.
A stage of a steam turbine is supplied with steam at a pressure of 50
o
13. bar and 350 C, and exhausts at a pressure of 5 bar. The isentropic BT - 3 Applying
efficiency of the stage is 0.82 and the steam consumption is 2270
kg/min. Determine the power of the stage.
The velocity of steam exiting the nozzle of the impulse stage of a
turbine is 400 m/s. The blades operate close to maximum blading
o
14. efficiency. The nozzle angle is 20 . Considering equiangular blades BT - 3 Applying
and neglecting blade friction, calculate for a steam flow of 0.6 kg/s, the
diagram power and the diagram efficiency.

PART-C (15 Marks)

1. A convergent-Divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2kg of steam per

o
second. The nozzle is supplied with steam at 6.9 bar and180 C and
discharge takes place against a back pressure of 0.98 bar. Expansion up
to throat is isentropic and the frictional resistance between the throat
and exit is equivalent to 62.76 kJ/kg of steam. Taking approach BT - 6 Creating
velocity

of 75 m/s and throat pressure 3.9 bar, estimate:
Suitable areas for the throat and Exit
 Overall efficiency of
the nozzle based on the
enthalpy drop between
the actual inlet
pressure, and
temperature and the
exit pressure.
 2. (a) Define Critical pressure ratio of nozzle and discuss why attainment
of sonic velocity determines the maximum mass rate of flow through BT - 3 Applying
steam nozzle.
(b) Explain the metastable expansion of steam in a nozzle with help of BT - 1 Remembering
h-s diagram.
3. A simple impulse turbine has one ring of moving blades running at 150
m/s. the absolute velocity of steam at exit from the stage is 85 m/s at
o
an angle of 80 from the tangential direction. Blade velocity co-
efficient is 0.82 and the rate of steam flowing through the stage is 2.5
kg/s. if the blades are equiangular, determine: BT - 6 Creating

Blade angles

Nozzle angle

Absolute velocity of the steam issuing from the nozzle

Axial thrust.
4. In a De-Laval turbine steam issues from the nozzle with a velocity of
o
1200 m/s. The nozzle angle is 20 , the mean blade velocity is 400 m/s,
the inlet and outlet angles of blades are equal. The mass of steam
flowing through the turbine per hour is 1000 kg. Calculate:

Blade angles, BT - 6 Creating

Relative velocity of steam entering the blades,

Tangential force on the blades,

Power developed

Blade efficiency
Take blade velocity co-efficient as 0.8.

UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSOR:Classification and working principle of various types of compressors, work of
compression with and without clearance, Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency and Isentropic efficiency of
reciprocating compressors, Multistage air compressor and inter cooling –work of multistage air compressor
PART-A (2 Marks)
1. Generalize the role of intercooler used to reduce the power
consumption of compressor? BT - 6 Creating

2. List the advantage of multistage compressor over single stage BT – 1 Remembering

compressor.
3. Explain volumetric efficiency of a compressor. BT – 4 Analysing
4. Select the main advantage of inter cooling in multi-stage reciprocating BT – 4 Analysing
compressors?
5. Give two examples for positive displacement and rotary compressors. BT – 2 Understanding
6. Evaluate the necessity of clearance in reciprocating compressors? BT – 5 Evaluating
7. Differentiate positive and non-positive displacement compressors. BT – 4 Analysing
8. What do you mean by perfect intercooling? BT – 6 Creating
9. Explain the terms applied to air compressor: Volumetric efficiency and BT – 5 Evaluating
Isothermal efficiency.
10. Give two merits of rotary compressor over reciprocating compressor. BT – 2 Understanding
11. Name the compression process in which work done is minimum in BT – 1 Remembering
reciprocating air compressor.
12. Express the P - v diagram of a two stage reciprocating air compressor. BT - 2 Understanding
 13. Classify the advantages of multistage compression with inter cooling BT – 3 Applying
over single stage compression for the same pressure ratio?
14. Define the terms as applied to reciprocating compressor: Mechanical BT – 1 Remembering
efficiency and isentropic efficiency.
15. Describe the term ‘Define free air delivery’. BT – 1 Remembering
16. Examine the effect of clearance volume in reciprocating air BT – 3 Applying
compressor?
17. Classify the various types of air-compressors. BT – 3 Applying
18. If C is the clearance ratio for a reciprocation air compressor what will BT – 6 Creating
be the volumetric efficiency?
19. Give the expression for work done for a two-stage compression with BT – 2 Understanding
prefect intercooling.
20. Define the mechanical efficiency of a reciprocating air compressor. BT - 1 Remembering

PART-B (13 Marks)

3
1. A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor delivers 15m
of free air per minute from 1 bar to 8 bars. The speed of compressor is
300 rpm. Assuming that compression and expansion follow the law
1.35 th
pv = constant and clearance is 1/16 of the swept volume, Estimate BT - 2 Understanding
(find) the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take stroke length is
1.5 times the bore diameter. The temperature and pressure of air at the
suction are same as atm air.
2. Consider a single acting two stage reciprocating air compressor running
at 300 rpm. Air is compressed at a rate of 4.5Kg/min from 1.013 bar and
288 K through a pressure ratio of 9 to 1. Both the stages have same BT - 1 Remembering
pressure ratio and the index of expansion in both stages is Assume a
complete inter-cooling, Identify (find) the indicated power and the
cylinder swept volume required. Assume that the clearance volumes of
both stages are 5% of their respective swept volumes.
3. A two stage air compressor compresses air from 1 bar and 20°C to 42
1.3
bar. If the law of compression is pv = constant and the inter cooling
is perfect. Examine (find) per kg of air (i) The work done in
compression and (ii) The mass of cooling water necessary for BT - 1 Remembering
abstracting the heat in the intercooler, if the temperature rise of the
cooling water is 25°C.

4. Express a neat sketch describe any one type of rotary compressor. BT - 6 Creating
5. A single acting single stage compressor is belt driven from an electric
motor at 400 rpm. The cylinder diameter is 15 cm and the stroke is 17.5
cm. The air is compressed from 1 bar to 7 bar and the law of
1.3
compression PV = constant. Predict (find) the power of the motor, if BT - 2 Understanding
transmission efficiency is 97 % and the mechanical efficiency of the
compressor is 90%. Neglect clearance effects.
3
6. A three-stage air-compressor delivers 5.2 m of free air per minute. The
suction pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 30°C. The ambient
pressure and temperature are 1.03 bar and 20°C. The air is cooled to BT-3 Applying
30°C after each stage of compression. The delivery pressure of the
compressor is 150 bar. The RPM of the compressor is 300. The
clearances of LP, I.P and H.P cylinders are 5% of the respective strokes.
 The index of compression and re expansion in all stages is 1.35.
Neglecting pressure losses, Calculate the B.P of the motor required to
run the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is 80%.

7. Derive the expression for volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating air

compressor and explain why it is less than unity. BT - 4 Analysing

8. Analyze (determine) the size of the cylinder of a double acting air

compressor of 32 KW I.P, in which air is drawn in at 1 bar and
1.25
compressed to 16 bar according to the law pv = constant. R.P.M. BT - 4 Analysing
300, Piston speed = 180 m/min, Volumetric efficiency = 0.8.

9. A two-stage double acting air compressor, operating at 200 r.p.m, takes

in air at 1.013 bar and 27° C. The size of the L.P. cylinder is 356 x 375
mm, the stroke of H.P. cylinder is the same as that of the L.P. cylinder
and the clearance of both the cylinders is 4%. The air passes through the
intercooler so that it enters HP cylinder at 27C and 3.850 bar, finally it BT - 1 Remembering
is discharged from the compressor at 15.4bar. The values of n for both
cylinders are 1.25. Cp=1.0035kJ/kgK. And R=0.28kJ/kgK. Calculate: i.
The heat rejected in the intercooler. ii. The diameter of HP cylinder and
iii. The power required to drive HP cylinder.

10. Explain the construction and working of Multi stage compressor and
discuss the perfect and imperfect inter cooling with neat a sketch. And
drive minimum work required for a two stage reciprocating air BT - 4 Analysing
compressor.

11. A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor takes in 17

3
m /min at suction conditions of 100 kPa and 25°C. The delivery
pressure is 700 kPa. The clearance volume is 6% of swept volume. The
1.3
compression and expansion follows the law pV = Constant. The speed BT - 6 Creating
of the compressor is 600 rpm. Stroke to bore ratio is 1. Invent (find) the
power required to drive the compressor and Cylinder dimensions.

12. Drive the work done for a single stage air compressor with and without BT - 5 Evaluating
clearance volume.
13. Discuss with suitable sketches the working of two stage air compressor
with actual p-v Diagram. BT - 4 Analysing

14. A multi stage air compressor is to be designed to evaluate the pressure

from 1 bar to 120 bars. Such that the single stage pressure ratio not to BT - 4 Analysing
exceed 4. Examine (find) (i) Number of stages, exact stage pressure
ratio (iii) Inter stage pressure.
 PART-C (15 Marks)

1. A two cylinder single acting air compressor is to deliver 16kg of air per
o
minute at 7 bar form suction conditions 1 bar and 15 C. The clearance may
be taken as 4% of stroke volume and the index for both compression and
re-expansion as 1.3. The compressor is directly coupled to a four
cylinder four stroke petrol engine which runs at 2000rpm with a brake BT - 5 Evaluating
mean effective pressure of 5.5bar. Assuming a stroke-bore ration of 1.2
for both engine and compressor and a mechanical efficiency of 82% for
compressor, calculate the required cylinder dimensions.

2. A single stage reciprocating air compressor has clearance volume 5% of

3 2
stroke volume of 0.05m /s. The intake conditions are 95kN/m and 300K.
2
The delivery pressure is 720kN/m .Determine the volumetric efficiency
referred to i. intake conditions ii. Atmospheric conditions of 100kN/m2
BT - 6 Creating
and 290K iii. FAD and iv. Power required to drive the compressor, if the
ratio of actual power to indicated power is 1.5. Take the index of compression and expansion as
1.3.

3
3. A single cylinder single acting air compressor compresses 30m of air at a
o
pressure of 1bar and 27 C to 700kPa. Calculate the power required for
the compressor, if the compression is i. isothermal, ii. Polytropic, iii. BT - 5 Evaluating
Adiabatic. Take n=1.25.

4. A single acting tow stage-reciprocating compressor with complete inter

3
cooling takes in air at the rate of 0.5m /s. The intake pressure and
o
temperature of air are 1 bar and 23 C. The air is compressed to a final
pressure of 8bar. Estimate i. the intermediate pressure ii. Total volume of BT - 4 Analysing
each cylinder, iii. The rate of heat rejection on the inter cooling. Assume
1.35
compression follows the law pV =C and compressor runs at 650rpm.

UNIT-V REFRIGERATION AND AIR COMDITIONING:Refrigerants - Vapor compression refrigeration cycle-

super heat, sub cooling – Performance calculations - working principle of vapor absorption system, Ammonia –Water,
Lithium bromide – water systems (Description only) . Air conditioning system - Processes, Types and Working Principles.
- Concept of RSHF, GSHF, ESHF- Cooling Load calculations.
PART-A (2 Marks)
1. Define dew point temperature. BT - 1 Remembering
2. Explain adiabatic humidification of air. BT -4 Analysing
3. Describe: ‘Ton of refrigeration’. BT - 1 Remembering
4. List out the properties of an ideal refrigerant? BT - 1 Remembering
5. Define the terms RSHF and GSHF. BT - 1 Remembering
6. Explain ‘wet bulb depression’. BT - 4 Analysing
7. What is COP of refrigerators? BT - 6 Creating
8. Prepare the list of expansion devices used in a vapor compression plant? BT - 6 Creating
9. What is sensible heating or cooling? BT - 6 Creating
 10. How are air-conditioning systems classified? BT - 2 Understanding
11. Evaluate the effect of inter-commercial Non-CFC refrigerants? BT - 5 Evaluating
12. What is the function of throttling valve? BT - 6 Creating
13. Analyse the effects of superheat and sub cooling in vapour compression BT- 4 Analysing
cycle?
14. Name the various components used in simple vapour absorption system. BT -1 Remembering
15. Define sensible heat ratio and draw cooling and dehumidification in a BT - 1 Remembering
typical psychrometric chart.
16. Identify the important components used in winter air conditioning system? BT- 1 Remembering
17. What is net refrigerating effect of a refrigerant? BT -6 Creating
18. Prepare the difference of actual vapor compression cycle from that of the BT - 6 Creating
ideal cycle?
19. What do you mean by the term "Infiltration" in heat load calculation? BT-2 Understanding
20. What are the various sources of heat gain of an air-conditioned space? BT-1 Remembering

PART-B (13 Marks)

1. Explain the construction and working of vapour absorption refrigeration
system. BT - 2 Understanding

2. With a neat sketch, explain a vapour compression refrigeration system. BT - 5 Evaluating

3. A refrigeration system of 10.5 tones capacity at an evaporator temperature

of -12°C and a condenser temperature of 27°C is needed in a food storage
locker. The refrigerant ammonia is sub cooled by 6°C before entering the
expansion valve. The vapour is 0.95 dry as it leaves the evaporator coil.
The compression in the compressor is of adiabatic type. Examine (find), (i) BT - 1 Remembering
Condition of vapour at the outlet of the compressor (ii) Condition of vapour
at the entrance of the evaporator (iii) COP and (v) The power required.
Neglect valve throttling and clearance effect.

4. A Freon-12 refrigerator producing a cooling effect of 20 kJ/s operates on

a simple vapour compression cycle with pressure limits of 1.509 bar and
9.607 bar. The vapour leaves the evaporator dry saturated and there is no BT - 1 Remembering
under cooling. Examine (determine) the power required by the machine.

5. If the compressor operates at 300 r.p.m. and has a clearance volume of 3%

of stroke volume, Examine (determine) the piston displacement of the
compressor. For compressor assume that the expansion following the law BT - 1 Remembering
1.3
pv = constant.

6. A simple saturation refrigeration cycle developing 15 tons of refrigeration

using R12 operates with a condensing temperature of 35°C and an BT-3 Applying
evaporator temperature of - 6°C. Examine (calculate): (i) The refrigerating
 effect, (ii) Refrigerant flow rate, (iii). The power required to drive the
compressor, (iv) COP.

7. a. Explain with a neat sketch the summer Air - Conditioning suitable for BT - 4 Analysing
Chennai weather Conditions
b. Prepare a neat layout of summer Air Conditioner BT - 6 Creating
8. Explain the summer Air Conditioning system suitable for hot and humid
weather. BT - 4 Analyzing

9. For a summer air conditioning installation for industrial application the

following data is given: o
: 50%RH and 26 C DBT
Room Design
o
Outside air :40 C DBT and 10%RH
Room sensible heat gain :40kW
Room latent heat loss :10kW
50% of return air form the room is mixed with outdoor air and pre cooled
sensibly in a cooling coil to 28C before being passed through adiabatic BT - 1 Remembering
washer. Determine:
i. Supply air conditions to the space
ii. Quantity of fresh outside air
iii. Refrigerating capacity of the pre cooler coil.
Humidifying efficiency of the adiabatic washer or evaporator cooler and
entering and leaving conditions at the washer.

10. Prepare and Express various processes of summer Air Conditioning in a

Psychometric chart BT - 4 Analysing

11. A sling psychrometer reads 40OC DBT and 36OC WBT. Estimate the
humidity ratio, relative humidity, DPT, specific volume of air, density of BT - 6 Creating
air, density of water vapour and enthalpy.

12. Saturated air at 21˚C is passed through a drier so that the final relative
humidity is 20%. The air is then passed through a cooler until its final
temperature is 21˚C without a change in specific humidity. Estimate (i) The BT - 5 Evaluating
temperature of air after drying process, (ii) the heat rejected in cooling
process, (iii) the dew point temperature at the end of drying process.

3
13. 40 m of air per minute at 31˚C DBT and 18.5˚C WBT is passed over the
cooling coil whose surface temperature is 4.4˚C. The coil cooling capacity
is 3.56 tons of refrigeration under the given condition of air. Estimate DBT BT - 4 Analysing
and WBT of the air leaving the cooling coil.

14. A sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings.

Dry bulb temperature = 35°C, Wet bulb temperature = 25°C. Calculate the
following
(i) Specific humidity
(ii) Relative humidity BT - 4 Analysing
(iii) Vapour density in air
(iv) Dew point temperature and
(v) Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air
Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0132 bar.
PART-C (15 Marks)
1. A CO2 refrigeration system works between 56.25 bar and 21.2 bar. The
o
refrigerant leaves the compressor at32 C with total heat 246.2kJ/kg.
Determine the theoretical co-efficient of performance of the plant. The
properties of CO2 are
Pressure Sat. Enthalpy kJ/kg Entropy kJ/kg
in bar Temp Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour BT - 6 Creating

56.25 18.5 52.75 214.37 0.167 0.7244

21.2 -18 -37.68 234.9 -0.150 0.9170

2. An ammonia refrigerator produces 20 tons of ice per day from and at

o o o
0 C. The condensation and evaporation takes at 20 Cand -20 C
respectively. The temperature of the vapour at the end of isentropic
o
compression is 50 C and there is no under cooling of the liquid. The
actual COP is 70% of the theoretical COP. Determine i. The rate of
NH3 circulation and ii. The size of single acting compressor when
running at 240rpm assuming L=D and volumetric efficiency of 80%.
Take latent heat of ice is 335kJ/kg, specific heat of superheat vapour is
o
2.8kJ/kg-K and specific volume of saturated vapour at -20 C is BT - 6 Creating
3
0.62m /kg. Use the following properties of ammonia:
Sat.Temp Enthalpy kJ/kg Entropy kJ/kg
oC hf hg sf sg
20 274.98 1461.58 1.0434 5.0919
-20 89.72 1419.05 0.3682 5.6204

3. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor

conditions are 30°C DBT and 75% RH if the quantity of air supplied
3
is 0.4m /min/person, Analyse (Calculate) the following:
i. Capacity of the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration
ii. Capacity of the heating coil in kW.
iii. Amount of water vapour removed per hour. Assume that BT - 5 Evaluating
required air inlet conditions are 20°C DBT and 60% RH, Air is
conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
(iv). If the heating coil surface temperature is 25°C, find the by-pass
factor of the heating coil?

4. A restaurant with a capacity of 100 persons is to be air-conditioned

with the following conditions:
o
Outside conditions=30 C,70%RH
o
Desired inside conditions=23 C,55%RH
3
Quantity of air supplied=05m /min/person
The desired conditions are achieved by cooling, dehumidifying and BT - 4 Analysing
then heating. Determine: 1. Capacity of cooling coils in tones of
refrigeration.
2. Capacity of heating coil and
3. Amount of water removed by dehumidifier.