Formed by Cells

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Formed
by Cells
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Life Sciences
Unit
Formed
by Cells
Unit Structure
Cover page
The unit title is highlighted and the learn-
ing objectives presented. An index of the
contents according to the 5-E Model is also
provided. The digital version also includes an
activity to review the skills and knowledge
required to undertake the unit.
Engage
A video and a related activity are available
with the digital version. Both versions have
a summary on page one. Different activities
are proposed for the video; some of these
may be interactive in the digital version, but
they all contain open-ended questions.
Explore
This exploratory and discovery activity is
devised to mobilize prior knowledge and
check it against the results obtained from
the experience. The digital version con-
tains the necessary multimedia resources
required for this activity: simulators, videos,
interactivities, etc.
4 www.science-bits.com
Unit Structure
Explain
The unit’s key concepts are formally and
systematically addressed. The digital version
includes a wide range of multimedia resourc-
es to facilitate understanding of the ideas
presented. The printable version includes
all basic graphical elements and references
to the digital resources available. The digital
version may also include reinforcement or
enrichment activities.
Elaborate
In this section, the newly acquired knowl-
edge can be applied in a practical way. Thus,
a problem-solving activity is proposed, one
which requires the application of the con-
cepts, attitudes, and procedures learned
throughout the unit. The digital version may
provide multimedia tools (such as simula-
tors or videos) to help develop and solve the
activity.
Exercises
Each of the concepts addressed in the
“Explain” section is related to interactive
or open-ended exercises with the aim of
consolidating the topics covered through
practice. The printable version includes all
the exercises except for reinforcement or en-
richment activities, and they are organized
in accordance with the contents from the
“Explain” section.
www.science-bits.com 5
Formed by
Index
· Engage
· The Size of Life ....................................................................08
· Explore
· Under the Microscope .......................................................10
· Explain
· The Cell: Structural Unit of Life ...........................................12
· How Many Cells? ..................................................................12
· Cell Sizes ................................................................................13
· A Matter of Quantity ...........................................................13
· Cell Structure ........................................................................14
· Cell Types .............................................................................. 14
· Procaryotes .....................................................................14
· Eukaryotes ......................................................................15
· Animal and Plant Cells ........................................................ 15
· Cell Diversity ...................................................................16
· Organization Into Tissues .............................................16
· One-Celled Eukaryotic Organisms ...................................17
· Elaborate
· Classifying Cells ....................................................................18
· Exercises ................................................................................... 20
In this unit, you will learn:
That all living organisms are made up of

cells of microscopic dimensions.
How to observe cells under a light mi-

croscope.
That some organisms are formed by

many cells whereas others are single-
celled.
That there are two broad types of cells:

eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
That many-celled organisms are formed

by different types of eukaryotic cells or-
ganized into tissues.
Cells
Engage
The Size of Life
What would happen if all living organisms were the same size?
As you know, life on our plan-

et is very diverse. Some of the
living organisms we can find
on Earth are true giants. Oth-
ers are simply big. And then,
some living organisms are
smaller in size.
But, what is the smallest liv-

Video Activity ing organism you have ever
seen?
Thanks to the microscope,

we’ve discovered that within
the tiny boundaries a droplet
of water there’s enough room
for hundreds of thousands of
living organisms.
Here are some of the inhab-

itants in a droplet of water:
these microscopic organ-
isms, called protozoa, move
around, seek food, and re-
produce like any other living
organism.
As you can see, a simple droplet of water can be a world itself within
our world.
+ Make a list of 5 living organisms that are much bigger than

a human being. Remember not to focus only on animal
organisms!
Now list 5 living organisms of a similar size to human beings.
Finally, think about the smallest living organisms you know.
Questions
1. The video showed two devices used to magnify images. Which ones?
Write down their names and determine the situations in which you would
use one or the other.
2. A droplet of water may contain hundreds of thousands of living orga-

nisms. However, this doesn’t mean that just any droplet of water will be
teeming with them.
Would you expect to find many microorganisms in tap or bottled water?
Why?
In what types of water would you look for these microscopic organisms?
What is the reason for this?
3. The video showed a type of organism called protozoa. They are not, by
any means, miniature animals or plants. They lack organs or differentiated
parts—head, limbs, leaves, roots, etc.
The microscopic world is formed by simple organisms; there is no such
thing as a microscopic whale or a microscopic redwood tree. Why do you
think there are no miniature elephants or redwood trees?
Explore
Under the Microscope

What Are Microscopes Used For?
The light microscope allows us to observe the world far beyond the limita-
tions of the unaided eye.
With the naked eye, we cannot differentiate two dots separated by less
than 0.2 mm. With the light microscope, we can distinguish two dots sepa-
rated by a distance up to a thousand times smaller.
To be able to observe a specimen under the microscope, light must pass

through it. The samples we examine under the microscope must be very
thin. The slides are often stained to increase contrast and better visualize
the specimen.
Interactivity
The light microscope is a system of magnifying lenses adjusted to a se-
ries of mechanical devices. These devices make it possible for light to
Interactive animation displaying the
different parts of a light microscope. pass through the specimen, reach our eyes, and produce a precise, mag-
nified image of it.
Parts of a Light Microscope

1) The eyepieces are the lenses placed in front of our
eyes. They magnify the images that reach us through the
1 objective lens by between 5 and 15 times.
2) The objective is a lens. It produces an initial enlarged
image of the specimen and projects it onto the eyepiece.
Most microscopes have a few objectives which magnify the
2 image between 4 and 40 times, and are held by a revolving
piece called revolver.
3 3) The stage is the platform which supports the specimen to

be examined. There is a hole through the center to let the light
pass through and illuminate the sample.
4
4) The condenser is an optical system that focuses the light
from the light source onto the sample. It includes a diaphragm
5 which is used to regulate sample illumination.
5) The focus wheels move the stage up and down to obtain
6 a focused image of the sample. The coarse focus is for coarse
adjustments, whereas the fine focus adjusts using more
precise movements.
6) Most microscopes use a lightbulb as the light source.
Light travels from the lightbulb to our eyes, passing through
the sample and the lenses.
What Tells Living Organisms Apart
Simulator
a b
Microscope simulator to observe
the samples in this activity and learn
about the function of each of their
parts.
Protozoa magnified 400 times. Onion bulb magnified 1,000 times.
c d
Human ovary magnified 1,000 times. Paper magnified 400 times.
1. Observe a high-power magnifi- 3. Now observe the sample of

cation of the protozoan sample (a). the mammal ovary (c). Notice the
Pay close attention to the shape of highlighted structures.
these living organisms and what
their inside is like. Make a drawing showing the charac-
teristics of these elements.
Make a sketch of one of these or-
ganisms. 4. What characteristics do this sam-
ple and the onion bulb sample have
2. Observe the inner layer of an in common? Do these characteristics
onion bulb under high power (b). resemble those of protozoa?
One of the many “pieces” that make
up the sample is highlighted. Pay 5. Observe the paper specimen (d).
attention to the shape and inside Describe what you see.
part of each one of these elements.
Can you identify structures that re-
Draw and label the main character- semble what you saw in the sam-
istics you observed. ples taken from living organisms?
Video Lab
Step-by-step explanation of how to

prepare a vegetable sample to be
When observing microscopic organisms or samples of animals viewed under the light microscope.
and plants, we keep noticing very small elements.
These elements are called cells.
Some living organisms are extremely tiny and are made up of a
single cell. Larger organisms are formed by groupings of many
cells. Nonliving matter is not formed by cells.
Explain
The Cell: Structural Unit of Life

Image Gallery
Each and every living organism, be it an animal or a plant, a large-sized
organism or a microscopic being, is formed by tiny parts called cells.
All living organisms are formed by cells.
The chemical reactions that make life possible take place in a controlled
way inside the cell.
The cell is the basic unit of life.

Gallery of light microscopy images
showing animal cells, plant cells,
fungi, and microorganisms. The im-
age above depicts cells in the diges-
tive tract of a mammal. How Many Cells?
How many cells are required to form a living organism?
Many microscopic living organisms are formed by a single cell. We refer

to them as one-celled or unicellular organisms.
Image Gallery
Protozoa, bacteria, or some algae are ex-
amples of one-celled organisms.
Other organisms are larger in size and more

complex: they are formed by many cells, so
we call them many-celled organisms.
Plants, fungi, and animals may contain

hundreds, thousands, millions, and
even billions of cells.
Side Note
The average adult human body is

made up of approximately 100 tril-
lion cells.
Gallery depicting different organisms. In this image: one-celled algae.
Cell Sizes
Animation
Living organisms are formed by different-sized cells.
Cells are very small, too small to be measured in millimeters.
We use an appropriate unit of length to refer to cell dimensions: the

micrometer or micron.
A micrometer is defined as the thousandth part of the millimeter and is

expressed in µm. This animation will allow you to
compare the size of different cells.
1 µm = 0.001 mm
1,000 µm = 1 mm
Most cells range between 1 and 100 µm in length. Notice that all microscopy images
include a scale. What is the ap-
proximate size of the cells in these
images?
A protozoon of the species Paramecium caudatum. Cells of a moss leaf. Bacteria of two different species.
A Matter of Quantity
The size of a many-celled organism bears no relation to the size of its

cells. Animation
The cells of an ant, a mouse, and an elephant are similar in size.
The size and weight of a many-celled organism depend largely

on the number of cells it has.
A mouse has fewer cells than an elephant, but more than an ant.
When an organism is in the process of growing, the number of cells

that form it increases, but not their size. Elephants are bigger than mice be-
cause they have more cells, but not
A baby elephant has far fewer cells than its parents. because their cells are bigger.
Cell Structure
Interactivity
Cells have a wide range of shapes and sizes. However, all cells share
Interactive animation about the
common characteristics of cells.
these three main features:
Cell Basic Structure

1) All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
This membrane is not rigid and works as a filter to
1 regulate the passing of substances between the inside of
the cell and the outside environment.
2) The cytoplasm is the internal environment of the
2 cell and is mostly made up of water. Inside it there are
dissolved substances, and in some cells there are some
membrane-bound structures called organelles.
3 3) The genetic material regulates cell functions. In some
cells, this material is contained inside a membrane-bound
compartment called nucleus, whereas in some others it
floats freely in the cytoplasm.
Side Note
Cell Types
The name prokaryote is Cells are classified into two large groups according to whether they
derived from Greek. The have genetic material inside a membrane-bound compartment. This
prefix pro means “befo- compartment is called nucleus.
re” and karyon means
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The genetic material in
“nucleus.” On the other
hand, eukaryote means this cells floats freely in the cytoplasm.
“true nucleus.” Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus. In addition, there are mem-
brane-bound structures called organelles in the cytoplasm. Or-
ganelles carry out different functions.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells do not form complex many-celled organisms. Bacteria
Interactivity is the largest and most diverse group of organisms with prokaryotic cells.
See the characteristics of prokary- The exclusive characteristics of this type of cells are:
otic cells.
Lack of a nucleus and organelles: the genetic material of prokaryotes
is immersed in the cytoplasm, which does not contain organelles either.
Bacterial wall: a wall surrounding the cell membrane confers rigidity

and resistance to the cells.
Also, they normally have the following characteristics:

Small dimensions: most prokaryotic cells are around 1 µm.
Characteristic shapes: these cells present simple shapes: spherical,

rod-shaped, corkscrew-shaped, or bean-shaped.
Appendages: some cells can have filaments they use to move around.
Eukaryotes
The exclusive characteristics of eukaryotic cells are: Image Gallery
Presence of nucleus: the genetic material is contained inside a
Image gallery depicting different
membrane-bound compartment: the nucleus.
types of eukaryotic cells.
Presence of organelles: they have other compartments, called
organelles, inside the cytoplasm.
Eucaryotic cells range between 10 and 150 µm in length.
All many-celled living organisms are formed by the organized bonding

of many eukaryotic cells.
Animals, plants, and fungi are examples of many-celled eukaryotes.
Some one-celled organisms are made up of a single eukaryotic cell.
Protozoa, one-celled algae, and yeasts are single-celled eukaryotes.
Animal and Plant Cells

Questions
Both animals and plants are made up of eukaryotic cells.
1. Why do plant cells tend
Although they share most of their traits, plant cells have some specific
to be more regularly shaped
characteristics:
than animal cells?
A rigid plant cell wall surrounds the outside of the membrane. 2. Do all plant cells contain
That’s why their shape is usually polygonal. chloropolasts?
The cells of leaves and other green parts in plants contain chloro- 3. Why are the cells in the
plasts. Photosynthesis takes place inside these organelles. Their green parts of plants this
color is due to the high concentration of chlorophyll. color?
They have vacuoles, large organelles that store water and dis-
solved substances.
Animal Cell Plant Cell

plasma nucleus
membrane cell wall
plasma
membrane
cytoplasm
chloroplasts
cytoplasm
nucleus vacuole
Cell Diversity
Animals are made up of lots of animal cells. Likewise, plants are made
up of millions of plant cells.
However, not all the cells in an animal or in a plant are the same, nor are
they all exactly like the cell models shown previously.
Many-celled organisms are formed by different types of cells.
Image Gallery Both the shape and structure of each type of cell are related to their
role in the organism.
Photo and image gallery of different
types of cells in the human body.
Human nerve cell (neuron). Human male sex cell (sperm). Human hearing cell.
Organization Into Tissues

Cells of the same type are organized into tissues and together carry
out a specific function in the organism.
Then different tissues are also organized into functional structures that
are known as organs.
3-D Image
Leaves are a plant organ made up of
different tissues.
3-D Image
The skin is an animal organ made
up of different tissues organized into
layers.
One-Celled Eukaryotic Organisms

Side Note
Examples of living organisms which consist of only one eukaryotic cell
can be found in nature. Yeasts are one-celled
fungi. Like all fungi, they
Protozoa, single-celled algae, and yeasts are one-celled eukaryotic are not equipped with
organisms. chloroplasts.
Protozoa cells and single-celled algae cells may have the following ex- Protozoa are one-celled
ternal structures: eukaryotic organisms
that have no chloro-
Cell walls which give them rigidness. plasts.
Mobile appendages which enable them to move in liquid media. In contrast, one-celled al-
gae contain chloroplasts.
Like plant cells, single-celled algae have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm.
Protozoa and yeast, on the other hand, do not have these organelles.
membrane nucleus
cell wall
cytoplasm chloroplasts
mobile appendage
Elaborate
Classifying Cells
All living organisms are formed by cells. However, there are differences
between the cells of different types of organisms.
In fact, if we know the par-

ticular cell characteristics
of each type of organism,
we can learn about the
type of organism these
cells belong to.
We will determine the type

of organism cells belong
to through the analysis
of microscopic images. To
this end, a dichotomous
key will be used.
Figure 1
A dichotomous key is is a
method for determining
the identity of something. It is like a a road map with many forks in it;
each branch or choice is a question with a yes or no answer. Answer-
ing “yes” makes you follow one path, whereas “no” means choosing the
other option. After a series of choices, the user is led to the correct
name of the item.
Figure 2 · Observe this dichotomous key and indicate the figure on the left hand
side of the page it corresponds to:
1 Can you observe cells?

2 Do these cells have nuclei?
3 Are these cells grouped into tissues?
4 Do these cells have a wall shaping them like a Plant /
Figure 3 polygon?
Many-Celled Eukaryote
4
Eukaryote Animal /
3
Living Organism One-Celled Eukaryote /

2
Start Prokaryote /
1
Nonliving Organism /
Figure 4
Task
1. Observe these microscopic images carefully and classify them using a dichotomous key.
a. Image 1 b. Image 2
c. Image 3 d. Image 4
e. Image 5
EXERCISES
The Cell: Structural Unit of Life
1. Where to Find Cells

Indicate which of these objects are formed by cells and which are not.
a. q Yes q No b. q Yes q No c. q Yes q No d. q Yes q No
e. q Yes q No f. q Yes q No g. q Yes q No h. q Yes q No
i. q Yes q No j. q Yes q No k. q Yes q No l. q Yes q No
How Many Cells?
2. One, a Few, Many...

Place these living organisms in descending order according to the number of cells they contain.
a. Dog b. Locust c. Whale d. Lemon tree
e. Paramecium f. Mouse g. Mosquito h. Gorilla
EXERCISES
Cell Sizes
3. Microscopic Sizes c. Observe this one-celled alga. Indicate, using the

As you know, the dimensions of what we see under scale provided, the maximum length of this cell.
the microscope are expressed in micrometers.
a. How many micrometers are there in a millimeter?
b. Express the length of the microorganisms
below in micrometers.
Paramecium caudatum: 0.101 mm = ........... µm
Giardia lamblia: 0.019 mm = ........... µm
Phacus acuminatum: 0.055 mm = ........... µm
Escherichia coli: 0.002 mm = ........... µm
4. Cell Lengths
a. Observe this image obtained under the
microscope and, using the reference scale, in- q 100 µm q 200 µm q 20 µm
dicate the maximum length of the highlighted q 50 µm q 250 µm
protozoon.
d. Finally, observe these bacteria. Indicate, using
the scale, the length of these cells.
q 60 µm q 490 µm q 200 µm
q 110 µm q 10 µm
b. Observe this image obtained under the micro-

scope and, using the reference scale provided, indi-
cate the maximum length of the highlighted cell. q 10 µm q 1 µm q 0.1 µm
q 5 µm q 5 mm
5. Aligned Protozoa
A sample of water from a puddle is examined un-
der the microscope, and a protozoon is detected.
Its length is 125 µm.
a. If 1,320 protozoa were laid out in a straight
line, what length would be obtained?
b. How many protozoa would have to be laid out
in a straight line to cover a length of 250 m?
q 50 µm q 0.24 mm q 400 µm
q 10 µm q 0.12 mm
EXERCISES
A Matter of Quantity
6. Approximately How Many?

An estimate reveals that there are approximately
10 trillion cells in 5 kg of animal mass.
Assuming this estimate is correct, complete the

sentences below with the correct number.
A human being weighing 60 kg has approxi-
mately ............................ trillion cells.
An elephant weighing 7,500 kg has approxi-
mately ............................ trillion cells.
A dog weighing 10 kg has approximately
............................ trillion cells.
Cell Structure
7. Cell Parts
Complete this text about the main characteristics 9. Truths and Lies about Cells
of cells. Read the statements below carefully and deter-
mine whether they are true or false.
The cell is the structural unit of all living organisms.
There is a boundary surrounding the cell called Cells are very small organisms, normally mea-
plasma ...................., a kind of filter that controls the suring less than 1 mm.
passing of substances between the interior and
exterior of the cell. All living organisms are formed by thousands
or millions of cells.
The internal environment of cells is called ....................
and consists of an aqueous solution that, in some Some living organisms are not made up of cells.
cells, has .................... inside.
The activity of the cell is ultimately controlled by the All cells are tiny things separated from their en-
.................... material. In certain cells, this material is vironment by a membrane. These things contain
encapsulated in a .................... . an aqueous solution and genetic material.
8. Structural Components
Which of the three typical elements of a cell do
these statements refer to?
It functions as a filter which controls the sub-
stances that enter and leave the cell.
It contains mainly water and dissolved sub-
stances.
It is, in some cells, encapsulated in the nucleus.
It controls the processes performed in the cell.
EXERCISES
Cell Types
10. Talking about Prokaryotes 11. Talking about Eukaryotes

Select a suitable option to complete the state- Select a suitable option to complete the state-
ments below. ments below.
I. As a rule, prokaryotic cells are ........................ I. Eukaryotic cells form ........................ organisms.
eukaryotic cells. q many-celled and one-celled
q smaller than q many-celled
q equal in size to q one-celled
q larger than II. In contrast with prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells
II. Prokaryotic cells do not form ........................ have a ........................ .
organisms. q nucleus
q one-celled q bacterial wall
q many-celled q cell membrane
q one-celled nor many-celled III. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contains
III. Prokaryotic cells have a bacterial wall ........................ .
........................ the plasma membrane. q substances dissolved in water and
q around organelles
q inside q substances dissolved in water
q replacing q organelles
IV. Contrary to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells IV. Eukaryotic cells are ........................ prokaryotic
have no ........................ . cells.
q membrane q smaller than
q cytoplasm q equal in size to
q nucleus q larger than
V. .................... are prokaryotic cells. V. Animals and plants are ........................ organisms.
q Protozoa q eukaryotic and many-celled
q One-celled algae q eukaryotic and one-celled
q Bacteria q prokaryotic
Animal and Plant Cells
12. A Plant or an Animal?

Indicate the elements which are: exclusive to plant
cells; exclusive to animal cells; shared by animal
cells and plant cells.
a. Nucleus
b. Cell wall
c. Organelles
d. Cytoplasm
e. Genetic material
f. Vacuole
g. Chloroplasts
h. Cell membrane
EXERCISES
13. Layers of the Skin

This diagram represents the outer layer
of human skin, called the epidermis.
The epidermis is formed by different
types of cells arranged in layers.
a. Observe the image carefully, deter-
mine the different types of cells you
can see, and describe them.
b. What is special about the cells on
the outermost layer?
c. Put the different layers that conform the
human epidermis in order, starting with the
outermost layer: stratum corneum, stratum luci-
dum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and
stratum basale.
(Look up information to solve this exercise.)
One-Celled Eukaryotic Organisms
14. One-Celled Algae and Protozoa

a. Read the statements below about the one-
celled organism in the picture and determine
wether they are true or false.
There are chloroplasts inside these cells.

These cells have fine, long appendages.
They are single-celled algae.
They are protozoa.
These cells contain chlorophyll.
The cell has some mobile appendages. 15. The Size of Whales
There are chloroplasts in its cytoplasm. There are no points of reference in the immense
vastness of the sea. We can compare whales and
This cell is a protozoan. see that some are bigger than others, but the-
The cell has an external wall. re is no way for us to ascertain—only with this
picture—whether they are bigger than dolphins
This cell is a single-celled alga. or hakes… However, we can affirm that they are
b. Read the statements below about the one- much larger than protozoa. We do not need to use
celled organisms in the picture and determine a reference point.
wether they are true or false. Why is this statement unquestionable?
ANNOTATIONS
ANNOTATIONS
Formed by Cells
Related units:
Life Processes Nutrition
Reproduction Responses to the Environment
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Formed by Cells

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International Science Teaching Foundation Science Bits, S.L.

In this unit, you will learn:

That all living organisms are made up of

How to observe cells under a light mi-

That some organisms are formed by

That there are two broad types of cells:

That many-celled organisms are formed

The Size of Life

As you know, life on our plan-

But, what is the smallest liv-

Thanks to the microscope,

Here are some of the inhab-

+ Make a list of 5 living organisms that are much bigger than

Now list 5 living organisms of a similar size to human beings.

Finally, think about the smallest living organisms you know.

2. A droplet of water may contain hundreds of thousands of living orga-

Under the Microscope

To be able to observe a specimen under the microscope, light must pass

Parts of a Light Microscope

3 3) The stage is the platform which supports the specimen to

Protozoa magnified 400 times. Onion bulb magnified 1,000 times.

Human ovary magnified 1,000 times. Paper magnified 400 times.

1. Observe a high-power magnifi- 3. Now observe the sample of

Step-by-step explanation of how to

The Cell: Structural Unit of Life

All living organisms are formed by cells.

The cell is the basic unit of life.

How many cells are required to form a living organism?

Many microscopic living organisms are formed by a single cell. We refer

Other organisms are larger in size and more

Plants, fungi, and animals may contain

The average adult human body is

Cells are very small, too small to be measured in millimeters.

We use an appropriate unit of length to refer to cell dimensions: the

A micrometer is defined as the thousandth part of the millimeter and is

The size of a many-celled organism bears no relation to the size of its

The size and weight of a many-celled organism depend largely

When an organism is in the process of growing, the number of cells

Cell Basic Structure

Bacterial wall: a wall surrounding the cell membrane confers rigidity

Also, they normally have the following characteristics:

Characteristic shapes: these cells present simple shapes: spherical,

Eucaryotic cells range between 10 and 150 µm in length.

All many-celled living organisms are formed by the organized bonding

Animals, plants, and fungi are examples of many-celled eukaryotes.

Some one-celled organisms are made up of a single eukaryotic cell.

Protozoa, one-celled algae, and yeasts are single-celled eukaryotes.

Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Many-celled organisms are formed by different types of cells.

Organization Into Tissues

One-Celled Eukaryotic Organisms

In fact, if we know the par-

We will determine the type

1 Can you observe cells?

Living Organism One-Celled Eukaryote /

1. Where to Find Cells

a. q Yes q No b. q Yes q No c. q Yes q No d. q Yes q No

e. q Yes q No f. q Yes q No g. q Yes q No h. q Yes q No

i. q Yes q No j. q Yes q No k. q Yes q No l. q Yes q No

How Many Cells?