5-1 Introduction: Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform

EE 422G Notes: Chapter 5 Instructor: Zhang
Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform
5-1 Introduction
x(t) input y(t) output
(1) System analysis Dynamic
System
A processor which
processes the input signal
to produce the output
static system: y(t) = ax(t) => easy (simple processing)
dynamic system:
dy ( n ) (t ) dy ( n 1) (t ) dx ( m ) (t )
 a1  ...  a n y (t )  b0  ...  bm x(t )
dt n dt n 1 dt m
Can we determine y(t) for given u(t) easily?
Easier solution method
X(f) Y(f )
Dynamic
System
H(f )
Algebraic equation, not
Y( f )  H ( f )X ( f ) differential equation
y (t )  F 1 (Y ( f ))
(1) we have systematic way to obtain H(f) based on the differential equation
(2) we can obtain X(f)
 Fourier transform: an easier way
(2) Problem
Fourier transform of the input signal:

 j 2ft
X( f )   x ( t )e dt

| e  j 2ft | 1
if x(t) does not go to zero when t   and t  
Page 5-1
 X(f) typically does not exist! (the existence of X(f) if not guaranteed)
A very strong condition, can not be satisfied by many signals!
(3) Solution:
Why should we care about t<0 for system analysis? We do not care!
x(t) does not go to zero (when t   ), but x (t )e t may!
(Will be much easier. )
 use “single-sided” Fourier transform of x (t )e t , instead of “double-
sided” Fourier transform of x(t).
 
  ( x (t )e t )e  jt dt   x (t )e  (  j )t dt
0 0
very useful, let’s use a new name for it: Laplace transform.
(4) Laplace Transform
Definition: Laplace transform of x(t)


 x(t )e ( s    j )
 st
L[ x(t )]  X ( s )  dt
0
What is a Laplace transform of x(t)?

A time function? No, t has been eliminated by the integral with respect to t!
A function of s ( s is complex variable)
(5) System analysis using Laplace transform
X(s) Y(s )
Dynamic
System
G(s )
Inverse Laplace transform
Y ( s)  G ( s) X ( s)
y (t )  L1 (Y ( s ))
(6) How is the inverse transform defined?
Page 5-2
  j
1
x (t )   X ( s )e st ds
2j   j
(7) Will we often use the definition of the inverse transform to find time
function?
No!
What will we do?
Express X(s) as sum of terms for which we know the inverse transforms!
5-2 Examples of Evaluating Laplace Transforms using the definition
(1) x(t)=1 and step function x(t)=u(t)

  t 
1
L[ x(t )  u (t )]   x (t )e  st dt   e  st dt    e  st d (  st )
0 0
s t 0
t
e  st
t  e t  e   j e  0  j 0
  e  jt  e  e
s t 0 s t 0 s s
(| e  j | 1 e   0 , (if   0) e    , (if   0)
1 1
 (cos 0  j sin 0) 
s s
1
 L(1)  L[u (t )]  (Re(s))  0
s
(2) x (t )  e t u ( t )
 
L[e t u (t )]  e
t
e  st dt  e
 (  s ) t
dt
0 0
~
Define a new complex variable s  s  
 ~
  e  s t dt
0

1
we know  e  st dt  s Re( s )  0
0
 ~ ~
1
  e  s t dt  ~
Re( s )  0
0 s

1
  e  (  s ) t dt  Re( s   )  0
0
s 
1
 L[e t u (t )]  Re( s   )  0 or Re( s )   Re( )
s 
1
 L[e t ] 
s 
(3) x (t )   (t )
Page 5-3

 st
L[ ( t )]    (t )e dt
0
 e  st  e t e  jt
t 0 t 0
t
e (cos t  j sin t )
t 0
1
No constraint on s.
5-2B Discussion: Convergence of the Laplace Transform

 
(1) To assure  x (t )e  st dt   x (t )e t e  jt dt converge,   Re(s ) must be psotive

0 0
t
enough such that x (t )e goes to zero when t goes to positive infinite
(2) Region of absolute convergence and pole
(3) How to obtain Fourier transform form Laplace transform:

s  j
L[ x ( t )]  X ( s )  X ( j )  F ( x (t ))
Important: why introduce Laplace transform; definition of Laplace transform as a

modification of Fourier transform; find the Laplace transforms of the three basic
functions based on the (mathematical) definition of Laplace transform.
Page 5-4
Chapter structure
Part one: Definition (5.1)

Part two: Direct evaluation of Laplace transforms of simple time-
domain function.
Easy? Not at all!
 complex (not simple) functions: even harder
 tools for application of Laplace transform in system analysis
Part three: Rest of the chapter
What tools: tools for easier Laplace transform evaluation

tools for easy inverse transform
5.3 Some Laplace Transform theorems

(Tools for evaluating Laplace transform based on the Laplace
transforms of the basic functions)
5.3.1 Linearity
Assume x (t )  a1 x1 (t )  a2 x2 (t ) ( a1 and a2 are time independent)
X 1 ( s )  L[ x1 (t )], X 2 ( s )  L[ x2 (t )]
then X ( s )  L[ x (t )]  a1 X 1 ( s )  a2 X 2 ( s )
HW#2-1: Assume x(t )  a1 (t ) x1 (t )  a 2 (t ) x2 (t ) , X 1 ( s )  L[ x1 (t )] and
X 2 ( s )  L[ x2 (t )] .
(a) Is X ( s )  L[ x (t )] equal to a1 (t ) X 1 ( s )  a2 (t ) X 2 ( s ) ?
(Answer: Yes or No)
(b) If 1 ( s )  L[a1 (t )] , is it true
A
L[ x (t )]  A1 ( s ) X 1 ( s )  A2 ( s ) X 2 ( s ) ?
(Answer: Yes or No)
Example 5.1
(1) Find L(cos 0t )
Key to solution : express (cos  0t ) as linear combination of  (t ) , u (t ) ,
and/or e t :
Page 5-5
L[ (t )]  1
1
L[u (t )] 
s
1
L[e t ] 
s 
let   j0
1
L[e  j 0 t ] 
s  j 0
let    j 0
1
L[ e j 0t ]  L[e  (  j 0 ) t ] 
s  j 0
Can we use e  j 0t and e j 0t to express cos( 0t ) ?
e  j 0 t  cos(  0t )  j sin(  0t )
 cos( 0t )  j sin( 0t )
e j 0 t  cos(0t )  j sin( 0t )
e  j 0t  e j 0t  2 cos( 0 t )
e  j 0t  e j0t
 cos( 0 t ) 
2
1
 L[cos( 0 t )]  [ L(e  j 0t )  L(e j 0t )]
2
1 1 1 
   
2  s  j  0 s  j 0 
1  ( s  j  0 )  ( s  j 0 ) 
  
2  ( s  j 0 )( s  j 0 ) 
s

s  0
2 2
(2) Find L[sin  0t ]
5.3.2 Transforms of Derivatives
Assume X ( s )  L[ x (t )]
 dx(t )  
Then L   sX ( s )  x (0 )
 dt 
Proof:
 
 dx (t )  dx (t )  st  st
(1) Definition L
 d (t ) 
  dt e dt   e dx (t )
0 0
Page 5-6
(2) Integration by parts:

General equation:
b b
t b
 u (t )dv(t )  u (t )v(t ) t a   v(t )du (t )
a a
(3) Use the above equation

Why? If we assume v (t )  x(t ) , u (t )  e  st
  
  v(t )du (t ) 
0

0
x (t ) de  st   s  x (t )e  st dt
0
X ( s )  L x (t ) 
 st
u (t )  e , v (t )  x (t )
 
 dx(t ) 
 u (t )dv(t )   e
 st
 dx(t )  [ L  from (1) ]
0 0  dt 
b
t 
u (t )v (t ) t 0   v (t ) du (t )
a

t 
 e  st x (t ) t 0  s  x (t )e st dt
0
 st t 
e x (t ) t 0  sL[ x (t )]
lim e  st x (t ) must go to zero. Otherwise,

t 

 st
L[ x (t )]   x (t ) e dt does not exist !
0
t 
 e  st x (t ) t  0   e  s 0 x ( 0)   x ( 0)
use 0  as lower limit => x (0  )

t 
 u (t )v(t ) t 0   v (t ) du (t )
0
  x (0  )  sX ( s )  sX ( s )  x(0  )
HW#2-2: Assume X ( s )  L[ x (t )] . Prove
 d 2 x(t )   
  s X ( s )  sx(0 )  x (0 )
2 (1)
L
 dt 
 d ( n ) x(t ) 
L
HW#2-3: Express  n  using L[ x (t )]
 dt 
Page 5-7
Example 5-2
Find i(t) using Laplace transform method

for t>0
Solution:
(1) Before switched from 1 to 2 at t=0
4
i  2 A  i (0 )  2 A
2
(2) System equation (t>0)
di (t )
L  Ri (t )  0 ( L  1H ) ( R  2ohm)
dt
KVL: di (t )
  2i (t )  0
dt
(3) Solve system equation using Laplace transform
 di (t )   di (t ) 
L  2i (t )  L   2 L[i (t )]
 dt   dt 
 sI ( s )  i (0  )  2 I ( s )
 ( s  2) I ( s )  2  0
2
 I (s) 
s2
 i (t )  2e  2t u (t ) A
5.3.3 Laplace Transform of an integral

t
Assume y (t )   x (  ) d ,

X ( s )  L[ x(t )]
 t  X ( s ) y (0 )
Then L   x (  ) d   
  s s
0

where y (0 )   x (  ) d

Proof :
 t    0 
L   x (  )d     x (  )d e  st dt

  
   0  
 
t 
  udv  uv t  0    vdu
0 0
(1)
Page 5-8
t 
t   t   e  st
uv t 0     x ( ) d 
   s t 0
0
 e  st
t
e  s0 1
 lim
t  s  x (  ) d  
s  x( )d
  y (0  )

y (0 )

s
(2)
  
e  st 1 1
 vdu    x (t )dt0    x (t )e  st dt   X ( s )
0 0
s s 0 s
(3)
 t  y (0  ) X ( s ) X ( s ) y (0 )
L   x (  ) d      Proved!
  s s s s
Example 5.3:
Find I(s) = L(i(t))
Solution:
(1) Differential equation
KVL :
x (t )  v L (t )  vC (t )  v R (t )

dvC (t ) 
i (t )  C 
dt

1 
  
dvC (t )  i ( t ) dt
C 
t t 
1 
   
 
dvC ( ) i ( )d 
 
C   
t 
1 
 (  )  
 
vC (t ) vC i ( )d
C   
t 
1 
vC (  )  0  vC (t ) 
C  i ( )d

  
di (t )
v L (t )  L
dt
1 t
C 
vC (t )  i (  ) d
v R (t )  Ri (t )
(2) Laplace transform
Page 5-9
X ( s )  VL ( s )  VC ( s )  VR ( s )
VL ( s )  L[ sI ( s )  i (0 )]  LsI ( s ) i (0 )  zero
1  I ( s) 1 0 

VC ( s )     i (  ) d 
C s s  


1 110
s c 
 I ( s)  i (  ) d
Cs
1 1
 I ( s )  vc ( 0  )
Cs s
VR ( s )  RI ( s )
1 1
X ( s )  LsI ( s )  I ( s )  vC (0 )  RI ( s )
Cs s
1
X ( s )  vC (0 )
 I ( s)  s
1
Ls  R
Cs
sX ( s )  vC (0  )

1
Ls 2   sR
C
sX ( s )  vC (0  )

 R 1 
Ls2   s 
 L LC 
5-3-4. Complex Frequency shift (s-shift) Theorem
Assume y (t )  x (t )e t
X ( s )  L[ x(t )] Y ( s )  L[ y (t )]
Then Y (s)  X (s   )
1 1
 L[u (t )]  , L[u (t )e t ] 
s s 
s 0
 L[cos  0t ]  2
L[sin  0t ] 
s  0 2
s  02
2
t s  0
=> L[cos 0t e ]  L[sin  0t e t ] 
(s   )2   0 2 (s   )2   0 2
s8
Example 5-4 Find x(t )  L1[ X ( s )]  L1 2
s  6s  13
Solution:
Page 5-10
´
s 8 ( s  3)  5
X (s)  2
 2
s  6s  13 s  6s  9  4
s3 (5 / 2) 2
 2 2

( s  3)  2 ( s  3) 2  2 2
5 3t
x(t )  L1 [ X ( s)]  e 3t cos 2t  e sin 2t (t  0)
2
5.3.4 Delay Theorem

 question: How to express delayed function?
 Assume L[ x (t )]  L[ x(t )u (t )]  X ( s )
Then L[ x(t  t0 )u (t  t0 )]  e  st 0 X ( s) (t0  0)
(If (t0  0) , it will not be a delay!)
Proof :
L[ x (t  t 0 )u (t  t 0 )]

  x(t  t
0
0 )u (t  t 0 )e  st dt
t0 
 x(t  t0 )u (t  t0 )e dt   x(t  t0 )u (t  t0 )e dt
 st  st

0 t0
 
  x(t  t
t0
0 )e  st dt   x(t  t
t0
0 )e  s ( t t0 ) st0 dt

 e  st0  x (t  t 0 )e  s ( t t0 ) d (t  t 0 )
t0
 t t 0  
 e  st0  x ( )e  s d  e  st0  x(t )e  st dt  e  st0 X ( s )
0 0
Question: will L[ x(t  t0 )u (t  t0 )]  e  st 0 X ( s) be true if t0  0 ?
Page 5-11
No! (it will not be a delay)
Example 5-5: Square wave beginning at t = 0
T 3T0
1 1  0s 1 1  s 1
L[ xsq (t )]   2 e 2  2 e T0s  2 e 2
 2 e 2T0 s
s s s s s
1
 T0 s
  e
1 12
1 1 1
  2   2 2  2 3  2 4  ...
s s s s s
1 2
  (  2  3  ...)
s s
T0
 s
1 2 1 1  1 1 e 2
     
s s (1   ) s 1   s T
 0s
1 e 2
5.3.5 Convolution
Signal 1: x1 (t ) Signal 2 : x2 (t )

y (t )  x1 (t ) * x 2 (t )  x

1 ( ) x 2 (t   )d
if x1 (t )  0 t  0

 y (t )   x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d
0
if x2 (t )  0 t  0 ( x2 (t   )  0   t )
t
 y (t )   x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d
0
Therefore, if x1 (t )  0, x2 (t )  0 t  0
t  
  x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d   x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d   x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d
0 0 
t  
 L[  x1 ( ) x 2 (t   )d ]  L[  x1 ( ) x 2 (t   )d ]  L[  x1 ( ) x 2 (t   )d ]
0 0 
Page 5-12
   
 [  x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d ]e dt   x1 ( )[ x2 (t   )e dt ]d

 st  st
0 0 0 0
 t
Look at
 
 x 2 (t   )e dt  x (t   )e  s ( t   ) e  s dt
 st
2
0 0
 t   

d  dt
t  0    
e  s  x

2 ( )e  s d
t     
x 2 ( )  0      0 
 e  s  x 2 ( )e  s d  e  s X 2 ( s )
0
Then

 s
Y ( s)   x1 ( )e X 2 ( s)d
0

 X 2 ( s )  x1 ( )e  s d 
0
 X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s)
5.3.7 Product
5.3.8 Initial Value Theorem
x (t )  L1[ X ( s )]
 x (0  )  lim sX ( s )
s 
Example: A demonstration where x(0) is obvious

x(t )  e t cos  0tu (t )
It is evident: x(0)  e 0 cos  0  0  1
Using Laplace transform
s 
X ( s )  L[ x(t )] 
(s   ) 2  0 2
Page 5-13
s( s   )
x(0)  lim sX ( s)  lim 2
s s  (s   )2  0
s 2  s
 lim
s   s 2  2s   2   2
0
d ( s 2  s ) / ds 
 lim  
s  2 2
d ( s  2s     0 ) / ds
2

2s   d ( 2 s   ) / ds 2
 lim  lim  lim  1
s   2 s  2 s   d ( 2 s  2 ) / ds s  2
5.3.9 Final Value Theorem: if x (t ) and dx(t ) / dt are Laplace transformable, then
lim x(t )  lim sX ( s )
t  s 0
(condition: sX (s) has no poles on j  axis or in the right-half s-plan

or lim t  x(t ) exists)
5.3.10 Scaling
a>0: x(at)  a times fast (if a>1)
or slow (if a<1) as x(t)

X ( s )  L[ x (t )]
What do we expect on L[ x ( at )] ?
s
L[ x( at )]  X ( ) ?
a
 a 0  s
1  ( at )
L[ x ( at )]   x ( at )e  st dt   x ( at )e a d ( at )
0
a 0
  s 
  at  
1 1  s 
  x ( )e  a 
d  X  
a 0 a 0
a  a 
t 
  
5.4 Inversion of Rational Functions

(1) Ways to find x(t ) from X (s )
1  
2j  
(1) x (t )  X ( s )e st dt (Contour Integral)
(2) Transform pair

1
 u (t )
s
1
 e   t u (t )
s 
1
Therefore X ( s)  s    x(t )  e t u (t )
Page 5-14
(2) All kinds of Laplace Transform ? No!
We almost only see
b0 s m  b1s m 1  ...  bm 1s  bm s

e
s n  a1s n 1  ...an 1s  an
rational function X(s) Delay
x(t )  L1[ X ( s )]
y (t )  L1[ X ( s )e s ]  x (t   )u (t   )
 Consider Rational Functions only!
(3) Non proper Rational Function

proper Rational Function
Non proper m>=n (b0  0)

proper m<n
Non proper => proper + Polynomial (using long division)
s 3  4 s 2  6s  7 s5
 s 1 2
s  3s  2
2
s  3s  2
s 1
2
s  3s  2 3
s  4s 2  6s  7
s 2  4s  7
s 2  3s  s
s5
How to find inverse Laplace transform for polynomials?
s n   ( n ) (t )
L1 ( s  1)  L1 ( s )  L1 (1)   (1) (t )   (t )
consider proper rational functions only!
(4) Proper Rational Functions: Partial Fraction Expansion
Page 5-15
1 t n e t
 u (t )
( s   ) n1 n!
s 
 e t cos  0 tu (t )
(s   )   0
2 2
0
 e t sin  0 tu (t )
 sum of (s   ) 2   0
2
1   (t )
1
 u (t )
s
1
 e t
s 
Let’s look at examples, and then summarize!
Techniques:
Common Denominator Factorize first!
Specific value of s Expand second!
Heaviside’s Expansion Find coefficients third!
Matlab
Example 5-9: Simple Factors

10
Y (s)  2
s  10s  16
Solution:
10 A B
(1) Factorize and expand Y ( s)  ( s  8)(s  2)  s  8  s  2
(2) Common Denominator Methods
10 A( s  2)  B ( s  8)

( s  8)( s  2) ( s  8)( s  2)
 A( s  2)  B ( s  8)  10
 A  B  0  A  B

2 A  8 B  10  2 B  8 B  10
 B  10 / 6  5 / 3 A  5 / 3
5 1 5 1
Y (s)     
3 s8 3 s2
5 5
 y (t )  (  e 8t  e 2 t )u (t )
3 3
specific values of s
Page 5-16
´
10 A B
 
( s  8)( s  2) s  8 s  2
s 0 10 A B
  
8 2 8 2
s 2
10 A B
  
10  4 10 4
Can you solve for A and B?
Heaviside Expansion
10 A B
 
( s  8)( s  2) s  8 s  2
10 B( s  8) s 8 10
  A   A  5 / 3
s2 s2 8 2
10 A( s  2) s  2 10
and   BB  5/3
s 8 s8 28
Example 5-10 Imaginary Roots
15s 2  25s  20
Y (s) 
( s 2  1)( s  2)( s  8)
Solution: what do we have: Same as real roots!
A1 A A A
Y ( s)   2  3  4
s j s j s2 s8
A1 ( s  j )  A2 ( s  j ) A A
Y ( s)   3  4
s 1
2
s2 s8
( A  A2 ) s  ( A2  A1 ) j A A
 1  3  4
s 1
2
s2 s8
A1+A2 must be real number
(-A1+A2)j must be real number
c1s  c2 A3 A4
Y (s)   
s2  1 s  2 s  8
Heaviside Expansion => A3=1 and A4= - 2.
15s 2  25s  20 c sc 1 2

Y ( s)   12 2  
( s  1)( s  2)( s  8)
2
s 1 s  2 s  8
15  25  20 c1  c2 1  2
s=1 =>   
2 3 9 2 3 9
Page 5-17
15  4  25  2  20 2c1  c2 1  2
s=2 =>   
5  4  10 5 4 10
Can we solve for c1 and c2?

c1=1 c2=1
s 1 1 2
Y (s)   
s 1 s  2 s  8
2
s 1 1 2
 2  2  
s 1 s 1 s  2 s  8
=> [cos t  sin t  e 2t  2e 8t ]u (t )
Too complex: use MATLAB
Example 5-11 Repeated linear Factors
10s
Y ( s) 
( s  2) 2 ( s  8)
A A A3
 1  2 
s  8 s  2 ( s  2) 2
Example 5-12
10s
Y (s) 
( s  2) 3 ( s  8)
A A A3 A4
 1  2  
s  8 s  2 ( s  2) 2
( s  2) 3
Example 5-13 Complex - Conjugate Factors

2s 2  6 s  6
Y ( s) 
( s  2)(s 2  2 s  2)
2s 2  6s  6 A A2 A3
  1  
( s  2)[(s  1)  1] s  2 s  1  j s  1  j
2
Example 5-14 Repeated Quadratic Factors
s 4  5s 3  12 s 2  7 s  15
Y ( s) 
( s  2)( s 2  1) 2
A B sc B s  c2
 1  12 1  22
s2 s  1 ( s  1) 2
* Summary of Partial–Fraction Expansion
Page 5-18
(1) Expansion Structure:

Simple Roots (including complex conjugate)
Aj
=> s  j
could be complex.
Repeated Roots: m multiplicity
B B B
=> s    ( s   ) 2  ...  ( s   ) m
1 2 m
j j j
real number or complex number
(2) Avoid complex number

For complex conjugates:  j  a  jb
*
Aj Aj cs  D
 
s  j s  j *
( s  a) 2  b 2
Bk Bk * cs  D
 
(s   j )k 
s   j*  k
[(s  a ) 2  b 2 ]k
(3) Inverse Laplace transform
Aj  jt
 Aje u (t )
s  j
 t
Aj t k 1e j
 Ak u (t ) k2
(s   j ) k (k  1)!
Aj Bj t k 1  t  *t
  [ A j e j  B j e j ]u (t )
(s   j ) k (s   j ) k
*
(k  1)!
 j  a  jb
t k 1
 e at [ A j (cos bt  j sin bt )  B j (cos bt  j sin bt ]u (t )
 j  a  jb ( k  1)!
*
Matlab use for Partial – Fraction Expansion.
Have to be memorized:
(1) Table 5-2 all except for No. 7
(2) Table 5-3 No. 1-No. 7
Page 5-19
Appendix: Partial-Faction Expansion with MatLab
1. Command (MatLab Help)

2. An Introduction
3. An Example: Complex Conjugate
1. Command (MatLab Help)

» help residue
RESIDUE Partial-fraction expansion (residues).

[R,P,K] = RESIDUE(B,A) finds the residues, poles and direct term of
a partial fraction expansion of the ratio of two polynomials B(s)/A(s).
If there are no multiple roots,
B(s) R(1) R(2) R(n)
---- = -------- + -------- + ... + -------- + K(s)
A(s) s - P(1) s - P(2) s - P(n)
Vectors B and A specify the coefficients of the numerator and
denominator polynomials in descending powers of s. The residues
are returned in the column vector R, the pole locations in column
vector P, and the direct terms in row vector K. The number of
poles is n = length(A)-1 = length(R) = length(P). The direct term
coefficient vector is empty if length(B) < length(A), otherwise
length(K) = length(B)-length(A)+1.
If P(j) = ... = P(j+m-1) is a pole of multplicity m, then the

expansion includes terms of the form
R(j) R(j+1) R(j+m-1)
-------- + ------------ + ... + ------------
s - P(j) (s - P(j))^2 (s - P(j))^m
[B,A] = RESIDUE(R,P,K), with 3 input arguments and 2 output arguments,

converts the partial fraction expansion back to the polynomials with
coefficients in B and A.
Warning: Numerically, the partial fraction expansion of a ratio of

polynomials represents an ill-posed problem. If the denominator
polynomial, A(s), is near a polynomial with multiple roots, then
small changes in the data, including roundoff errors, can make
arbitrarily large changes in the resulting poles and residues.
Problem formulations making use of state-space or zero-pole
representations are preferable.
See also POLY, ROOTS, DECONV.
2. An Introduction
Page 5-20
Page 5-21
Page 5-22
Page 5-23
Page 5-24
3. An Example: Complex Conjugate
Page 5-25

5-1 Introduction: Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform

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5-1 Introduction: Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 5 Instructor: Zhang

Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform

Can we determine y(t) for given u(t) easily?

Easier solution method

A very strong condition, can not be satisfied by many signals!

(4) Laplace Transform

Definition: Laplace transform of x(t)

What is a Laplace transform of x(t)?

(5) System analysis using Laplace transform

5-2 Examples of Evaluating Laplace Transforms using the definition

(1) x(t)=1 and step function x(t)=u(t)

5-2B Discussion: Convergence of the Laplace Transform

(1) To assure  x (t )e  st dt   x (t )e t e  jt dt converge,   Re(s ) must be psotive

(2) Region of absolute convergence and pole

(3) How to obtain Fourier transform form Laplace transform:

Important: why introduce Laplace transform; definition of Laplace transform as a

Part one: Definition (5.1)

Part three: Rest of the chapter

What tools: tools for easier Laplace transform evaluation

5.3 Some Laplace Transform theorems

Can we use e  j 0t and e j 0t to express cos( 0t ) ?

(2) Find L[sin  0t ]

5.3.2 Transforms of Derivatives

(2) Integration by parts:

(3) Use the above equation

lim e  st x (t ) must go to zero. Otherwise,

HW#2-2: Assume X ( s )  L[ x (t )] . Prove

Find i(t) using Laplace transform method

(3) Solve system equation using Laplace transform

5.3.3 Laplace Transform of an integral

Find I(s) = L(i(t))

5-3-4. Complex Frequency shift (s-shift) Theorem

5.3.4 Delay Theorem

Question: will L[ x(t  t0 )u (t  t0 )]  e  st 0 X ( s) be true if t0  0 ?

No! (it will not be a delay)

Example 5-5: Square wave beginning at t = 0

 [  x1 ( ) x2 (t   )d ]e dt   x1 ( )[ x2 (t   )e dt ]d

Example: A demonstration where x(0) is obvious

(condition: sX (s) has no poles on j  axis or in the right-half s-plan

5.4 Inversion of Rational Functions

(2) Transform pair

(2) All kinds of Laplace Transform ? No!

We almost only see

b0 s m  b1s m 1  ...  bm 1s  bm s

rational function X(s) Delay

(3) Non proper Rational Function

Non proper m>=n (b0  0)

Non proper => proper + Polynomial (using long division)

(4) Proper Rational Functions: Partial Fraction Expansion

Let’s look at examples, and then summarize!

Example 5-9: Simple Factors

Example 5-10 Imaginary Roots

Heaviside Expansion => A3=1 and A4= - 2.

15s 2  25s  20 c sc 1 2

Can we solve for c1 and c2?

Example 5-11 Repeated linear Factors

Example 5-13 Complex - Conjugate Factors

Example 5-14 Repeated Quadratic Factors

* Summary of Partial–Fraction Expansion

(1) Expansion Structure:

real number or complex number

(2) Avoid complex number

(3) Inverse Laplace transform