or non-thrombotic
Therapy Trauma to the endothelial cells of the venous
wall causes red blood cells to adhere to the vein
Classified according to their location
wall, forms a clot or Thrombosis
Local complication: at or near the Drip rate slows, line does not flush easily,
insertions site or as a result of resistance is felt
mechanical failure Never forcible flush a catheter
TYPES:
Occur as adverse reactions or trauma to the Persistent withdrawal occlusion
surrounding venipuncture site Partial occlusion
Complete occlusion
Assessing and monitoring are the key Fibrin tail
components to early intervention Fibrin sheath
Good venipuncture technique is the main factor Mural thrombosis
related to the prevention of most local Thrombosis related to:
complications associated with IV Therapy. Hypertensive pt; blood backing up
Low flow rate
Local complications include: hematoma, Location of the IV cannula
thrombosis, phlebitis, postinfusion phlebitis, Compression of the IV line for an
thrombophlebitis, infiltration, extravasation, extended period of time
local infection, and veno spasm. Trauma to the wall of the vein
Signs and Symptoms
Systemic complications: occur within Fever and Malaise
the vascular system, remote from the IV Slowed or stopped infusion rate
site. Can be serious and life threatening Inability to flush
Prevention
1. HEMATOMA
Use pumps and controllers to manage
Hematoma and ecchymosis demote formations
flow rate
resulting from the infiltration of blood into the
Microdrip tubing for rate below50mL/hr
tissues at the venipuncture site
Avoid areas of flexion
a. Related to venipuncture technique
Use filters
b. Use of large bore cannula: Trauma to
Avoid lower extremeties
the vein during insertion
Treatment
c. Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy
Never flush a cannula to remove an
and long term steroids
occlusion
PREVENTION Discontunue the cannula
Notify the physician and assess the site
Use of an indirect method for circulatory impairment
Document
Apply tourniquet just before venipuncture
3. PHLEBITIS
Use a small need in the elderly and patients on Inflammation of the vein in which the
steriods, or patients with thin skin. endothelial cells of the venous wall become
irritated and cells roughen, allowing platelets to
Use blood pressure cuff to apply pressure adhere and predispose the vein to inflamation-
induced phlebitis
Be gentle
a. Tender to touch and can be very painful
Mechanical:
TREATMENT
b. To large a catheter for the size of the
Apply direct, light pressure for 2-3 minutes after vein
needle removed
c. Manipulation of the catheter: improper
Have patient elevate extremity stabilization