SUBMITTED BY:
Marie Ann Terese S. Emano
GROUP #5
CENBSCE 4AX F(4:00-7:00 P.M.)
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Ruby G. Española
INSTRUCTOR
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can
be subjected to before failure. The definition of failure can vary according to material type
and design methodology. Maximum load that a material can support without fracture when
being stretched, divided by the original cross- sectional area of the material is an important
concept in engineering, especially in the fields of material science, mechanical engineering
and structural engineering. (Science Daily, 2011)
Tensile strengths have dimensions of force per unit area and in the English system of
measurement are commonly expressed in units of pounds per square inch, often
abbreviated to psi. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material
returns either completely or partially to its original shape and size. As the stress reaches the
value of the tensile strength especially when the material is ductile, it has already begun to
flow plastically rapidly forms a constricted region called a neck, where it then fractures.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011).
II. OBJECTIVES
To determine the tensile strengths of store bought reinforcement steel bars. To measure
which store has the highest quality factor.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
A. Materials Used
The materials used were steel bars with different diameters, weighing scale, foot ruler,
and vernier caliper. (See Figures 1.1,1.2 and 1.3)
Each steel bar was measured prior to testing. Diameter of steel bars were measured
using a Vernier caliper. Lengths were measured using the foot rule. Mass was determined by
using the weighing scale. (See figures 2.1 and 2.2)
Each steel bar was then subjected to test using the Universal Testing Machine. First
tested was steel bars with the largest diameter measured and then in a descending order to
the smaller diameter. Pulling process of steel bars was not interrupted during testing if rupture
was not achieved. After each was tested, the steel bars diameter and length was then
measured using again the foot ruler and the Vernier caliper. Data was then recorded. (See
figure 3.1)
Figure 3.1
IV. Results and Discussion
NECKING AREA
LENGTH (cm)
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
ACTUAL DIAMETER (mm)
LENGTH (cm)
MASS (kg)
GRADE
(cm)
(m2)
SHORT LONG
33
10 9.67 60.167 359.667 44.827 7.966 11.043 27.09 7.344(10)-5 610.375
Table 1 shows the result of the bought steel bars from goodwill store. Diameters
obtained were different to the requested diameter to the store. Diameter of 8mm obtained
the most tensile strength during the test while the largest diameter which was 12 mm got the
lowest tensile strength.
Graph 1. Diameter Vs. Tensile Strength of Goodwill store bought steel bars
MARKED TO NECKING AREA
NECKING AREA
LENGTH (cm)
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
ACTUAL DIAMETER (mm)
LENGTH (cm)
MASS (kg)
GRADE
(cm)
(m2)
SHORT LONG
654.238
12 10.667 59.67 512.555 58.467 8.563 4.563 33.67 8.937(10)-5
2
GROUP 5 – GOODWILL HARDWARE
1,200.00
1,000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Graph 3. Diameters of NVM hardware bought steel bars Vs. Tensile Strength
It can be seen that graph 5 is at a ascending order of tensile strength. The graph shows
a relation ship of inverse proportionality between steel bar diameters and tensile strength.
The smaller the diameter, the larger the tensile strength achieved.
Graphs shown above displayed different numerous values of tensile strengths. Though
diameters of store bought steel bars were close to each other, tensile strength results from
different stores were in consistent. Mak Hardware achieved the largest tensile strength from
its 8mm diameter seconded by the NVM hardware with a percentage difference of 5.9%
while the smallest tensile strength achieved was the 9mm diameter from goodwill.
V. Conclusion
Based from the results, the tensile strength achieved of all the stores 8mm diameter
ranged from 600 MPa to 1200 Mpa with the highest In Mak hardware and the least in Lucky
CVK Hardware. In the 9mm diameter tensile strength, values ranged from 600 Mpa to 1150
Mpa with the highest from the NVM hardware and lowest from Goodwill Hardware. In the
10 mm diameter, values ranged from 600 MPa to 900 MPa with the highest from NVM
hardware and the lowest from Goodwill hardware.
And lastly in the 12 mm diameter, values of tensile strength ranged from 500 MPa to
1000 Mpa with the highest from NVM hardware again and lowest from the goodwill
hardware. Though Mak hardware got the highest in tensile strength, overall, NVM hardware
had the most high quality of steel bars with a negligible difference in percentage of 5.9%
of the 8mm diameter tensile strength.
Steel manufacturing processes can affect tensile strength of steel bars. Problems
encountered during manufacturing sold steel bars may have affect the accuracy of the
results. Steel bars diameter according to hardware stores were different when actually
measured. Circular edge surfaces were not really circle resulting to unsureness of the
measured diameter. Some of the edges of the steel bars were flexed,
VII. Recommendations
Trace the root of the manufacturer of hardware stores so that original information
about steel bars can be achieved and so that its dependency of the quality when used will
be safe and effective during field constructions.
VIII. Reference
Tidbits, M. and Strength, T. (2017). Tensile Strength. [online] All Metals & Forge Group.
Available at: http://www.steelforge.com/literature/metal-tidbits/tensilestrength [Accessed 11
Dec. 2017].
Go.instron.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at:
http://go.instron.com/-/media/literature-library/whitepapers/2015/03/rebar-tensile-testing-
guide.pdf [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].