GIS
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History of GIS
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GIS - Defination
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Overview of Geographic Information system
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Why GIS
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Factors Aiding the rise of GIS.
Location
What is at ….. / where is ……
Condition
Where is it … if satisfy conditions
Trends
What is changed since..
Patterns
What spatial pattern exists
Modeling
What if
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Four Major functions of GIS
Data capture
Graphic data
Attributes data
Data storage and manipulation
File management
Editing
Data analysis
Database query
Spatial analysis
modeling
Data display
Map display
Report writing
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GIS
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Hardware
Software
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Data
People
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Note!
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Four M’s
Modeling
Measurement Mapping Monitoring
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What is GIS
Maps have been used for thousands of years, but it is
only within the last few decades that the technology has
existed to combine maps with computer graphics and
databases to create geographic information systems or
GIS.
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How it works
GIS uses layers, called "themes," to overlay different
types of information. Each theme represents a category
of information, such as roads or forest cover.
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How GIS works
Combining Data
One of the greatest advantages of using GIS is its capacity
to combine layers of data into a single map
Layering data in a GIS allows users to analyze features in
one theme, relative to features in another theme.
The Query
A query is the same thing as a search. When you do a
query, you are asking a database to find all of the data that
is related to the terms, phrases, or features that you
choose.
With GIS, you query the system by asking a question, or
series of questions, to the database system. It then
displays the data that relates to your query as a new theme.
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Features – points, lines, polygons
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Vector Model
Point
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Line
polygon
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GIS data types: Vectors
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Surfaces
A surface describes an occurrence that has a value for every point on the
earth.
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RASTER REPRESENTATION
ROW
COLUMN
CELLSIZE
RESOLUTION
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Imagery
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Imagery - Examples
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Attributes
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Advantages Avantage
- simple data structure - compact data structure
- easy and efficient overlaying - efficient for network analysis
- compatible with RS imagery - efficient projection transformation
- high spatial variability is efficiently - accurate map output
represented
- simple for own programming
- same grid cells for several attributes
Disadvantages Disadvantages
- inefficient use of computer storage - complex data structure
- errors in perimeter, area, and shape - difficult overlay operations
- difficult network analysis - high spatial variability is
- inefficiently represented
- loss of information when using large - not compatible with RS imagery
cells
- less accurate (although attractive) maps
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Hybrid GIS
Image
Processing
Vector GIS
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GIS data types: Raster
Resource management
Environment Statistics
Geodesy
Engineering
Geology Geoinformation
Planning
Geography
Supply/Disposal Climatology
Transportation
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Major areas of GIS application (more
detail)
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GIS softwares
ARC/INFO
ArcMap
ArcEditor
ArcView
MapInfo
SmallWorld
Grass
AutoCadMap
GeoMedia
...
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Some Way GIS is USED
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NETWORK ANALYSIS
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Questions?
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