Lectures notes

On
Engineering Mechanics
Course Code- BME-101
Prepared by
Prof. Mihir Kumar Sutar
Asst. professor,
Department of Mechanical Engg.
 1

(New Syllabus(Effective from JuIy,2010)

All Theory papers are 3-1-0(i,e, 4 contact Hrs, per week) having 4 credits
AII Sessionals are 0-0-3(i.e, 3 contact Hrs. per week) having 2 credits
lst & 2nd Semester(Same for all branches)
(Theory)
BME 101-Engineering Mechanics

Module - I

1. Concurrent forces on a plane: Composition, resolution and equiEibrium of concurrent coplanar forces,

method of moment, friction (chapter 1). (7 pds.)

2. Parallel forces on a plane: General case of parallel forces, center of parallel forces and center of gravity,
centroid of composite plane figure and curves(chapter 2.1 to 2.4) (4)

Module - II
3. General case of forces on a plane: Composition and equilibrium of forces in a plane, plane trusses,
method of joints and method of sections, plane frame, principie of vir tual work, equilibrium of ideal
systems.(8)
4. Moments of Plane figure with respect to an axis in its plane and perpendicular to the plane,
parallel axis theorem(chapter 3.1 to3.4, 5.1, appendix A.1 to A.3) (3)

Module - III
5. Rectilinear Translation: Kinematics, principie of dynamics, D Alembert's Principie, momentum and impulse,
work and energy, impact (chapter 6). (11)

Module - IV
6. Curvilinear translation: Kinematics, equation of motion, projectile, D Alembert's principie of curvilinear motion.
(4)

Kinematics of rotation of rigid body (Chapter 9.1) (3)

Text book:
1. Engineering mechanics: S Timoshenko & Young; 4th Edition (international edition) MC Graw Hiii.

Reference books:

1 Fundamental of Engineering mechanics (2 nd Edition): S Rajesekharan & G Shankara Subramanium;

Vikas Pub. House Pvt ltd.

2. Engineering mechanics: K.L. Kumar; Tata MC Graw Hill.

 Lesson Plan

Subject: Engineering Mechanics (BME- 101),

Date Lecture Topics to be covered

08.01.2015 Lecture 1 Concurrent forces on a plane: Introduction to engineering

mechanics,

09.01.2015 Lecture 2 Composition of forces, parallelogram law, numerical

problems.

10.01.2015 Lecture 3 Resolution of forces, equilibrium of collinear forces, super

position and transmissibility, free body diagram,

12.01.2015 Lecture 4 Equilibrium of concurrent forces: Lami’s theorem, method of

projection, equilibrium of three forces in a plane,

15.01.2015 Lecture 5 Method of moments, numerical problems on equilibrium of

concurrent forces

16.01.2015 Lecture 6 Friction: Definition of friction, static friction, dynamics

friction, coefficient of friction, angle of friction, angle of
repose. Wedge friction, simple friction problems based on
sliding of block on horizontal and inclined plane and wedge
friction

17.01.2015 Lecture 7 Ladder and rope friction, simple problems on ladder and rope
friction.

19.01.2015 Lecture 8 General case of parallel forces, center of parallel forces,

numerical problems.

22.01.2015 Lecture 9 Center of gravity, centroid of plane figure and curves,

numerical examples.

29.01.2015 Lecture 10 Centroid of composite figures figure and curves, numerical

problems.

30.01.2015 Lecture 11 Numerical examples on centroid of plane figure and curves

31.01.2015 Lecture 12 Composition and equilibrium of forces in a plane:

Introduction to plane trusses, perfect, redundant truss,
02.02.2015 Lecture 13 Solving problem of truss using method of joint.

05.02.2015 Lecture 14 Numerical examples on solving truss problems using method

of joint.

06.02.2015 Lecture 15 Method of section, numerical examples.

07.02.2015 Lecture 16 Numerical examples on method of joint and method of

section
Principle of virtual work: Basic concept, virtual displacement,
09.02.2015 Lecture 17
numerical problems

12.02.2015 Lecture 18 Numerical problems on virtual work.

13.02.2015 Lecture 19 Numerical problems on virtual work.

Moment of Inertia of plane figure with respect to an axis in its

14.02.2015 Lecture 20
plane, numerical examples.

16.02.2015 Lecture 21 Moment of Inertia of plane figure with respect to an axis and
perpendicular to the plane, parallel axis theorem, numerical
examples.

19.02.2015 Lecture 22 Numerical examples on MI of plane figures.

Rectilinear Translation: Kinematics of rectilinear translation,

20.02.2015 Lecture 23
displacement, velocity, acceleration, numerical problems on
rectilinear translation
Principle of Dynamics: Newton’s Laws, General equation of
21.02.2015 Lecture 24
motion of a particle, differential equation of rectilinear
motion, numerical problems.

23.02.2015 Lecture 25 Numerical problems on principle of dynamics

D’Alembert’s Principle: Basic theory and numerical

26.02.2015 Lecture 26
problems.

27.02.2015 Lecture 27 Numerical problems on D’Alembert’s Principle.

Momentum and Impulse: Basic theory and numerical

28.02.2015 Lecture 28
 problems

02.03.2015 Lecture 29 Numerical problems on momentum and impulse.

Work and Energy: Basic theory and numerical problems

07.03.2015 Lecture 30

Ideal systems: Conservation of energy: Basic theory and

09.03.2015 Lecture 31
numerical problems
Impact: Plastic impact, elastic impact, semi-elastic impact,
12.03.2015 Lecture 32
coefficient of restitution numerical problems on impact on
various conditions.

13.03.2015 Lecture 33 Numerical problems on impact.

Curvilinear Translation: Kinematics of curvilinear translation,

14.03.2015 Lecture 34
displacement, velocity and acceleration, numerical problems
on curvilinear translation

16.03.2015 Lecture 35 Differential equation of curvilinear motion: Basic theory and

numerical problems
Motion of a Projectile:
19.03.2015 Lecture 36

20.03.2015 Lecture 37 Numerical problems on projectile for different cases.

D Alembert’s Principles in Curvilinear Motion: Basic theory

21.03.2015 Lecture 38
and numerical problems.
Rotation of rigid body: Kinematics of rotation and numerical
23.03.2015 Lecture 39
problems.

26.03.2015 Lecture 40 Numerical problems on rotation of rigid bodies.

Mechanics

It is defined as that branch of science, which describes and predicts the conditions of
rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces. Engineering mechanics applies the
principle of mechanics to design, taking into account the effects of forces.

Statics

Statics deal with the condition of equilibrium of bodies acted upon by forces.

Rigid body

A rigid body is defined as a definite quantity of matter, the parts of which are fixed in
position relative to each other. Physical bodies are never absolutely but deform slightly
under the action of loads. If the deformation is negligible as compared to its size, the
body is termed as rigid.

Force

Force may be defined as any action that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a
body to which it is applied.

The three quantities required to completely define force are called its specification or
characteristics. So the characteristics of a force are:
1. Magnitude
2. Point of application
3. Direction of application

1
Concentrated force/point load

Distributed force

Line of action of force

The direction of a force is the direction, along a straight line through its point of
application in which the force tends to move a body when it is applied. This line is
called line of action of force.

Representation of force

Graphically a force may be represented by the segment of a straight line.

Composition of two forces

The reduction of a given system of forces to the simplest system that will be its
equivalent is called the problem of composition of forces.

Parallelogram law

If two forces represented by vectors AB and AC acting under an angle α are applied to
a body at point A. Their action is equivalent to the action of one force, represented by
vector AD, obtained as the diagonal of the parallelogram constructed on the vectors AB
and AC directed as shown in the figure.

2
Force AD is called the resultant of AB and AC and the forces are called its
components.

R= P2 + Q2 + 2PQx Cosa
( )

Now applying triangle law

P Q R
= __ = ____
Sin y Sin fl Sin( rc — a)

Special cases

Case-I: If α = 0°

R= (P2 + Q2 + 2PQx Cos0) = (P +

Q)2 = P + Q P Q R

R = P+Q

Case- II: If α = 180°

R = (P2 + Q2 + 2PQx Cos180 ) = (P2 + Q2 — 2PQ) = (P — Q)2 = P — Q

Q P R

3
Case-III: If α = 90˚
R P + Q + 2 PQ x Cos 90 P+Q
2 2  2 2 Q
( )
R
α = tan-1 (Q/P)

α
P

Resolution of a force

The replacement of a single force by a several components which will be equivalent in

action to the given force is called resolution of a force.

Action and reaction

Often bodies in equilibrium are constrained to investigate the conditions.

4
Free body diagram

Free body diagram is necessary to investigate the condition of equilibrium of a body or

system. While drawing the free body diagram all the supports of the body are removed
and replaced with the reaction forces acting on it.

1. Draw the free body diagrams of the following figures.

2. Draw the free body diagram of the body, the string CD and the ring.

5
3. Draw the free body diagram of the following figures.

Equilibrium of colinear forces:

Equllibrium law: Two forces can be in equilibrium only if they are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction and collinear in action.

(tension)

(compression)

6
Superposition and transmissibility

Problem 1: A man of weight W = 712 N holds one end of a rope that passes over a
pulley vertically above his head and to the other end of which is attached a weight Q =
534 N. Find the force with which the man’s feet press against the floor.

Problem 2: A boat is moved uniformly along a canal by two horses pulling with forces
P = 890 N and Q = 1068 N acting under an angle α = 60°. Determine the magnitude of
the resultant pull on the boat and the angles β and ν.

P = 890 N, α = 60°
β
Q = 1068 N
R = ( P + Q + 2 PQ cos a )
2 2 ν
2 2 α
= (890 + 1068+ 2x 890x 1068x 0.5)
= 1698.01N

7
 Q  P   R
sin sin
  s i n ( sin
   )
sin Q
R
1068sin 
60
1698.01

33

sin P sin 

R
890sin 60 
1698.01
27 

Resolution of a force

Replacement of a single force by several components which will be equivalent in action

to the given force is called the problem of resolution of a force.

By using parallelogram law, a single force R can be resolved into two components P
and Q intersecting at a point on its line of action.

Equilibrium of collinear forces:

Equilibrium law: Two forces can be in equilibrium only if they are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction and collinear in action.

8
Law of superposition

The action of a given system of forces on a rigid body will no way be changed if we add
to or subtract from them another system of forces in equllibrium.

Problem 3: Two spheres of weight P and Q rest inside a hollow cylinder which is
resting on a horizontal force. Draw the free body diagram of both the spheres, together
and separately.

Problem 4: Draw the free body diagram of the figure shown below.

9
Problem 5: Determine the angles α and β shown in the figure.

1 (
a = tan 762

915
39 47 '


= 1 ( 762
tan
610
5119 '

10
Problem 6: Find the reactions R1 and R2.

Problem 7: Two rollers of weight P and Q are supported by an inclined plane and
vertical walls as shown in the figure. Draw the free body diagram of both the rollers
separately.

11
Problem 8: Find θn and θt in the following figure.

Problem 9: For the particular position shown in the figure, the connecting rod BA of an
engine exert a force of P = 2225 N on the crank pin at A. Resolve this force into two
rectangular components Ph and Pv horizontally and vertically respectively at A.

Ph = 2081.4 N
Pv = 786.5 N

Equilibrium of concurrent forces in a plane

If a body known to be in equilibrium is acted upon by several concurrent,

coplanar forces, then these forces or rather their free vectors, when
geometrically added must form a closed polygon.

This system represents the condition of equilibrium for any system of concurrent
forces in a plane.

12
 R a w tan a
=
S=wsec a

Lami’s theorem

If three concurrent forces are acting on a body kept in an equllibrium, then each force is
proportional to the sine of angle between the other two forces and the constant of
proportionality is same.

P Q R sina
sin/? sinv

sin90 sin ( 180 _ a ) sin ( 90 + a )

S R W
= =______
_______ a

13
Problem: A ball of weight Q = 53.4N rest in a right angled trough as shown in figure.
Determine the forces exerted on the sides of the trough at D and E if all the surfaces are
perfectly smooth.

Problem: An electric light fixture of weight Q = 178 N is supported as shown in

figure. Determine the tensile forces S1 and S2 in the wires BA and BC, if their angles of
inclination are given.

S1 S2 178
sin135 sin150 sin75

S 1 cos P

S = Psecα

14
Rb = W+Ssina
P
= W + x sin a
cos a
=W+P tan a

Problem: A right circular roller of weight W rests on a smooth horizontal plane and is
held in position by an inclined bar AC. Find the tensions in the bar AC and vertical
reaction Rb if there is also a horizontal force P is active.

Theory of transmissiibility of a force:

The point of application of a force may be transmitted along its line of action without
changing the effect of force on any rigid body to which it may be applied.

Problem:

15
  X 0
S 
1 cos3020sin60 S 2 sin30

3 S 2 0 3 S2
1 
2 22
S 2  3 S  10 3
1
2 2
S23S120 3 (1)


Y 0
S 1sin 30 S cos30 S cos60 20
2 d

S S 3 20 20
   
2
1

2 2 2
S1 
2 2
3 S 30
2

S13S260 (2)

 the
Substituting
S1 1
value of S2 in Eq.2, we get
3 3 S 20 3
60 S 3 S 60
60
1 1
4 S 0
1

S 1 0KN
S220 334.64KN

16
 Problem: A ball of weight W is suspended from a string of length l and is pulled by a
horizontal force Q. The weight is displaced by a distance d from the vertical position as
shown in Figure. Determine the angle α, forces Q and tension in the string S in the
displaced position.

d
cos 
l
 

cos d
 1
 l  
sin cos 1
2 2
sin (1 cos )
2
d 2
  1  l 2

1 l d2

2
l

Applying Lami’s theorem,

S Q W
 
sin90 sin(90)
sin(180)

17
 Q W
sin(90)
sin(180)
  d 
Wl d
12
 2
W cos   l
Q  
sin 
l
Wd
Q l d
 2
2

W W
S l2 d
sin 1
 2

l
l Wdl
2
 2

Problem: Two smooth circular cylinders each of weight W = 445 N and radius r = 152
mm are connected at their centres by a string AB of length l = 406 mm and rest upon a

203
cos
 304
  48.1  Rg Rf
  

R R Qg
sin138.1sin138.1
e
 83.8

R R
  5 9g 7 . 8e6 N 

18
horizontal plane, supporting above them a third cylinder of weight Q = 890 N and
radius r = 152 mm. Find the forces in the string and the pressures produced on the floor
at the point of contact.
Resolving horizontally
X 0
S = Rf cos 48.1
597.86cos 48.1
399.27 N

Resolving vertically
Y 0
R = W + R sin 48.1
d f

= 445+ 597.86sin48.1
890N

Re = 890N
S = 399.27N

Problem: Two identical rollers each of weight Q = 445 N are supported by an inclined
plane and a vertical wall as shown in the figure. Assuming smooth surfaces, find the
reactions induced at the points of support A, B and C.

R a S 445
= _____ =
sin120 sin150 sin90

Ra
= 385.38N S
= 222.5N

19
Resolving vertically
Y 0
Rb cos60  445  S sin 30
3 222.5 Rc
R 445  
b
2 2
R 642.302 N
b

Resolving horizontally
X0
R R sin 30Scos30
c
 
  b
642.302sin 30 222.5cos30
R 513.84N
c

Problem:

A weight Q is suspended from a small ring C supported by two cords AC and BC. The
cord AC is fastened at A while cord BC passes over a frictionless pulley at B and
carries a weight P. If P = Q and α = 50˚, find the value of β.

Resolving horizontally
X0
Ssin50Qsin (1)
Resolving vertically
 Y  0 
Scos50QsinQ
Scos50Q(1cos)

Putting the value of S from Eq. 1, we get

20
Scos50QsinQ
Scos50Q(1cos)
s in 
Q cos50Q(1cos)
sin50
cot50  1co 
s 
sin
0.839sin1cos

Squaring both sides,

0.703sin 1 cos 2cos
 2 2
0.703(1 cos  ) 1 cos
 2cos  
2 2
0.703 0.703cos 2 2
 1
cos2cos
2
1.703cos2cos0.29
70
cos 2
 1.174cos0.297
0
 63.13 

21
Method of moments

Moment of a force with respect to a point:

 Considering wrench subjected to two forces P and Q of equal magnitude. It is

evident that force P will be more effective compared to Q, though they are of
equal magnitude.
 The effectiveness of the force as regards it is the tendency to produce rotation
of a body about a fixed point is called the moment of the force with respect to
that point.
 Moment = Magnitude of the force × Perpendicular distance of the line of
action of force.
 Point O is called moment centre and the perpendicular distance (i.e. OD) is
called moment arm.
 Unit is N.m

Theorem of Varignon:

The moment of the resultant of two concurrent forces with respect to a centre in their
plane is equal to the alzebric sum of the moments of the components with respect to
some centre.

Problem 1:

A prismatic clear of AB of length l is hinged at A and supported at B. Neglecting

friction, determine the reaction Rb produced at B owing to the weight Q of the bar.

Taking moment about point A,

R l Q cos a.l
b x =
2
Q
Rc o=sba
2

22
Problem 2:

A bar AB of weight Q and length 2l rests on a very small friction less roller at D and
against a smooth vertical wall at A. Find the angle α that the bar must make with the
horizontal in equilibrium.

Resolving vertically,
Rd cosQ

Now taking moment about A,

R aQ
. d .lcos0
cos 
Q a Q
 .2 . l cos     0
cos 
3
  Q . a   Q . l cos    0 

cos  Q.a

3

Q.l
 1 3 a
 cos
l

Problem 3:

If the piston of the engine has a diameter of 101.6 mm and the gas pressure in the
cylinder is 0.69 MPa. Calculate the turning moment M exerted on the crankshaft for the
particular configuration.

23
Area of cylinder
ir
A = 4 (0.1016)2 = 8.107x 10-3m2

Force exerted on connecting rod,

F = Pressure × Area
= 0.69×106 × 8.107×10-3
= 5593.83 N
Now a =sin -1(380178 j= «

27 93
S cosa = F
F
S = ____ = 6331.29N
cos a

Now moment entered on crankshaft, S

cos a x 0.178 = 995.7N = 1KN

Problem 4:

A rigid bar AB is supported in a vertical plane and carrying a load Q at its free end.
Neglecting the weight of bar, find the magnitude of tensile force S in the horizontal
string CD.

z
Taking moment about A,
MA =0

S2 a
. cosa = Q.l sin
l
Q .l sin a
S=
l
cosa
2
S= 2Q.tan a

24
Friction

 The force which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement is called
Frictional force or simply friction. It is due to the resistance to motion offered
by minutely projecting particles at the contact surfaces. However, there is a
limit beyond which the magnitude of this force cannot increase.
 If the applied force is more than this limit, there will be movement of one body
over the other. This limiting value of frictional force when the motion is
impending, it is known as Limiting Friction.
 When the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at rest
and such frictional force is called Static Friction, which will be having any
value between zero and the limiting friction.
 If the value of applied force exceeds the limiting friction, the body starts
moving over the other body and the frictional resistance experienced by the
body while moving is known as Dynamic Friction. Dynamic friction is less
than limiting friction.
 Dynamic friction is classified into following two types:
a) Sliding friction
b) Rolling friction
 Sliding friction is the friction experienced by a body when it slides over the
other body.
 Rolling friction is the friction experienced by a body when it rolls over a
surface.
 It is experimentally found that the magnitude of limiting friction bears a
constant ratio to the normal reaction between two surfaces and this ratio is
called Coefficient of Friction.

F
Coefficient of friction =
N
where F is limiting friction and N is normal reaction between the contact surfaces.
Coefficient of friction is denoted by µ.

Thus,
u F
N

25
Laws of friction

1. The force of friction always acts in a direction opposite to that in which body
tends to move.
2. Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of friction is exactly equal to
the force which tends to move the body.
3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal
reaction between the two surfaces of contact and this ratio is called coefficient
of friction.
4. The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness of the surfaces.
5. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two
surfaces.
6. After the body starts moving, the dynamic friction comes into play, the
magnitude of which is less than that of limiting friction and it bears a constant
ratio with normal force. This ratio is called coefficient of dynamic friction.

Angle of friction

Consider the block shown in figure resting on a horizontal surface and subjected to
horizontal pull P. Let F be the frictional force developed and N the normal reaction.
Thus, at contact surface the reactions are F and N. They can be graphically combined
to get the reaction R which acts at angle O to normal reaction. This angle O called the
angle of friction is given by

F
tan 0 =
N

As P increases, F increases and hence O also increases. O can reach the maximum
value α when F reaches limiting value. At this stage,

F
tana= =1u
N

This value of α is called Angle of Limiting Friction. Hence, the angle of limiting
friction may be defined as the angle between the resultant reaction and the normal to
the plane on which the motion of the body is impending.

Angle of repose

26
 Consider the block of weight W resting on an inclined plane which makes an angle O
with the horizontal. When O is small, the block will rest on the plane. If O is gradually
increased, a stage is reached at which the block start sliding down the plane. The angle
O for which the motion is impending, is called the angle of repose. Thus, the maximum
inclination of the plane on which a body, free from external forces, can repose is called
Angle of Repose.

Resolving vertically,
N = W. cos O

Resolving horizontally,
F=
W.
Thus, tan F sin O


N
If 4 is the value of O when the motion is impending, the frictional force will be limiting
friction and hence,

tan  F
N
tan
     
Thus, the value of angle of repose is same as the value of limiting angle of repose.

Cone of friction

When a body is having impending motion in the direction of force P, the

frictional force will be limiting friction and the resultant reaction R will make
limiting angle α with the normal.
If the body is having impending motion in some other direction, the resultant
reaction makes limiting frictional angle α with the normal to that direction.
Thus, when the direction of force P is gradually changed through 360˚, the
resultant R generates a right circular cone with semi-central angle equal to α.

27
Problem 1: Block A weighing 1000N rests over block B which weighs 2000N as
shown in figure. Block A is tied to wall with a horizontal string. If the coefficient of
friction between blocks A and B is 0.25 and between B and floor is 1/3, what should be
the value of P to move the block (B), if
(a) P is horizontal.
(b) P acts at 30˚ upwards to horizontal.

Solution: (a)

Considering block A,

V0
N 1000 N
1

Since F1 is limiting friction,

F1
0.25
N1
F
0.25 N 0.25 1000 250 N
1 1

 H 0
FT
1 0
TF 250N
1

Considering equilibrium of block

B, V0
N 2000 N 0
2 1
N 2000 N 2000 1000
3000 N
2 1

F 1
2
N
2
3
F0.3 N 0.3 1000 1000 N
2 2

28
 H0
 

PF F
 2 5 01  12 0 0 0  1 2 5 0 N

(b) When P is inclined:

V 0 

N 2000 N P .sin 30

0
2 1
N  0.5 P  2000
  1 02 0 0
 N2  3 000  0. 5 P 

From1law of1friction,
F   N 2  3000 0.5 P 10000.5
    P 
3 3 2
3

 H0
P cos30 F F
1 2

  P c o s 3 01 0 0 
0 2 5 0  0.5 

P
 3 
   0.5
P cos30 
P 1250
 3 
P1210.43N

Problem 2: A block weighing 500N just starts moving down a rough inclined plane
when supported by a force of 200N acting parallel to the plane in upward direction.
The same block is on the verge of moving up the plane when pulled by a force of
300N acting parallel to the plane. Find the inclination of the plane and coefficient of
friction between the inclined plane and the block.

 V0
N  500.cos 
F 1N.500cos

29
 H 0

200 F 500.sin

1  (1)

200.500cos500.
sin

y 0
N 500.cos 
F2 N .500.cos

 H 0
500sinF 300 (2)
2

500sin.500cos300
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we
get

500 = 1000. sinO

sin O = 0.5
O = 30˚

Substituting the value of O in Eq.

2, 500sin 30.500cos30 300
50
 0.11547
500cos30

30
Parallel forces on a plane

Like parallel forces: Coplanar parallel forces when act in the same direction.

Unlike parallel forces: Coplanar parallel forces when act in different direction.

Resultant of like parallel forces:

R
P
Let P and Q are two like parallel forces act at points A and Q
B. R = P + Q

A B

Resultant of unlike parallel P

forces: R = P - Q R

B
R is in the direction of the force having greater magnitude.
A
Q

Couple:

Two unlike equal parallel forces form a couple.

A ______________________
l B

The rotational effect of a couple is measured by its moment.

Moment = P x l

Sign convention: Anticlockwise couple (Positive)

Clockwise couple (Negative)

31
Problem 1 : A rigid bar CABD supported as shown in figure is acted upon by two
equal horizontal forces P applied at C and D. Calculate the reactions that will be
induced at the points of support. Assume l = 1.2 m, a = 0.9 m, b =0.6 m.

V
Ra R0b

Taking moment about A,

R R
a b
Rb
l P b P a
P(0.9
Rb 0.6) 1.2
Rb 0.25P( )
R 0.25P( )
a
Problem 2: Owing to weight W of the locomotive shown in figure, the reactions at the
two points of support A and B will each be equal to W/2. When the locomotive is
pulling the train and the drawbar pull P is just equal to the total friction at the points of
contact A and B, determine the magnitudes of the vertical reactions Ra and Rb.

V 0
R R W
a b

Taking moment about B,

32
  MB 0
R2aPb
 a W   a

R W.aP.b
  a
 2a
 b R W Ra
W
R W . a P.b
b 

 
2a 
W.a P.b
Rb
2a

Problem 3: The four wheels of a locomotive produce vertical forces on the horizontal
girder AB. Determine the reactions Ra and Rb at the supports if the loads P = 90 KN
each and Q = 72 KN (All dimensions are in m).


y 0
R R
a
  R b  3 P   Q
R  3 9072
a b
  Ra   Rb   3 4 2 K N 
 MA 0
Rb
9.6901.8903.6905.472
8.4 R 164.25 KN
b

177.75KN
Ra

Problem 4: The beam AB in figure is hinged at A and supported at B by a vertical cord

which passes over a frictionless pulley at C and carries at its end a load P. Determine
the distance x from A at which a load Q must be placed on the beam if it is to remain in
equilibrium in a horizontal position. Neglect the weight of the beam.

33
 FBD

MA 0
Sxl=Qxx
P.l
= x=
Q

Problem 5: A prismatic bar AB of weight Q = 44.5 N is supported by two vertical

wires at its ends and carries at D a load P = 89 N as shown in figure. Determine the
forces Sa and Sb in the two wires.

Q = 44.5 N
P = 89 N

Resolving vertically,
V 0
Sa + Sb= P + Q
= S a+ Sb = 89 + 44.5
=S+S
= 133.5
a b
N

34
  MA 0
l l
S l P Q 
b
4 2
P Q
  S b  
 4 2
89 44.5
Sb
 S b 44.5


   133.5 44.5
Sa
4
   2 

S 89 N
a

Centre of gravity

Centre of gravity: It is that point through which the resultant of the distributed gravity
force passes regardless of the orientation of the body in space.

As the point through which resultant of force of gravity (weight) of the body acts.

Centroid: Centrroid of an area lies on the axis of symmetry if it exits.

 x . dA


x c 
A
y . dA
y
 A c

35
Centre of gravity is applied to bodies with mass and weight and centroid is applied to
plane areas.
x A x

 

c i i


yc   A i iy

A1 1x A2 x2
y c
A A
1 2

c
xyc Moment of area
Total area

xc A A
1 2
A y A y
1 1 2 2
 Problem 1: Consider the triangle ABC of base ‘b’ and height ‘h’. Determine the
distance of centroid from the base.

Let us consider an elemental strip of width ‘b1’ and thickness ‘dy’.

AEF ABC
b hy
 
1
b h     
 h y 
b b
1  

h 
       y  
b b 1
1  
h
Area of element EF (dA) = b1×dy
       
 
b1 y dy
 h


y.dA

yA 
c
 
h
yb 
.1 y
  dy

0 h

0
1 b.h

2 
y y
2 3
b  


23h 

1 b.h
2
h h
2 3
2  
 
 
h  2 3  36
 2h 2
   
h 6
h
3

Therefore, yc is at a distance of h/3 from base.

 Problem 2: Consider a semi-circle of radius R. Determine its distance from diametral
axis.

Due to symmetry, centroid ‘yc’ must lie on Y-axis.

Consider an element at a distance ‘r’ from centre ‘o’ of the semicircle with radial width
dr.

Area of element = (r.dθ)×dr

Moment of area about x = y.dA

R
       
     r . d  . dr  r .sin 
0

0
R

   r2 sin .dr.d

0 0
R
  .sin.d
r .dr
2

0 0
   3  R
     
r
 .sin . d 
0   
30
R3
3
.sin.d
R0 3 
  0
3
R3


37
  cos 
 

1 1
Moment of area
yc
Total area

3
2 3
R
3
 2 R3
3
,'. R 2
2

,'.
4R
3

4R
Therefore, the centroid of the semicircle is at a distance of from the diametric
3,'.
axis.

Centroids of different figures

Shape Figure x y Area

Rectangle b d bd
2 2

Triangle 0 h bh
3 2

2
Semicircle 0 4R
,'.r
3,'. 2

2
Quarter circle 4R 4R
,'.r
3,'. 3,'. 4

38
Problem 3: Find the centroid of the T-section as shown in figure from the bottom.

2
 Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
2000 0 110 10,000 22,0000
2000 0 50 10,000 10,0000
4000 20,000 32,0000

_______ A y A +y A y1 1
ii 32,0000 80
y= =
22
_____ =
c
A A 4000
+A
i 1
2
Due to symmetry, the centroid lies on Y-axis and it is at distance of 80 mm from the
bottom.

Problem 4: Locate the centroid of the I-section.

As the figure is symmetric, centroid lies on y-axis. Therefore, x = 0

Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
2000 0 140 0 280000
2000 0 80 0 160000
4500 0 15 0 67500
A y A y A y A y
ii + 1 1+ 22 33
y= = ______________ = 59.71 mm
c
A A+A+A
i 1 2 3
Thus, the centroid is on the symmetric axis at a distance 59.71 mm from the bottom.

Problem 5: Determine the centroid of the composite figure about x-y coordinate. Take
x = 40 mm.

A1 = Area of rectangle = 12x.14x=168x2

A2 = Area of rectangle to be subtracted = 4x.4x = 16 x2

39
A3 = Area of semicircle to be subtracted = 2
4 x  R
2
  25.13 x2
2 2
A4 = Area of quatercircle to be subtracted = 2
2 2
 R  4 x  12.56x 
4 4
2
A 5 = Area of triangle = 1 6 4 12
  x   x   x 
2
Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
A1 = 268800 7x = 280 6x =240 75264000 64512000
A2 = 25600 2x = 80 10x=400 2048000 10240000
A3 = 40208 6x =240 44x=67.906 9649920 2730364.448

3  
4 4x
A4 = 20096  10x 4 x 



8x 4x 4 4x
 
9889040.64
 
8281420.926
 3  3
492.09 412.093

A5 = 19200 14x6x16x 12288000 1023936

4x 53.33
3 3
= 640

x A1x1 A2x2A3x3A4x4A5x5
c
326.404mm
A A A A A
1 2 3 4 5

A
y1 1  A y2 2   A 3y3   A 4 y4   A5 5y219.124mm
yc A A A A A
1 2 3 4 5

Problem 6: Determine the centroid of the following figure.

d R
2 2
A2 = Area of semicircle = 2513.274 m 2
8 2
 D
A3 = Area of semicircle = 1256.64 m 2
2 2

40
A1 = Area of triangle = 2 1 8080 3200m2
 Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
3200 2×(80/3)=53.33 80/3 = 26.67 170656 85344
2513.274 40 4 40  16.97 100530.96 -42650.259
3
1256.64 40 0 50265.6 0

A x A x A x
x  11 22 3 349.57mm
c
1
A A A
2 3
A1 y1   A2 2 y____
A3 3y
y  9.58 mm
c
A A A
1 2 3

Problem 7: Determine the centroid of the following figure.

A1 = Area of the rectangle

A2 = Area of triangle
A3 = Area of circle

Area (Ai) xi yi Ai xi Ai yi
30,000 100 75 3000000 2250000
3750 100+200/3 75+150/3 625012.5 468750
= 166.67 =125
7853.98 100 75 785398 589048.5
 A x A 1 x1 A 2 x2  A 
x 
ii 3 3  86.4mm
A1   A   A 2 3

  6
4.8mm

x  y c Ai A1A 2A
c    A i

 A y A y  A y A y 
ii 11 2 2 ____ 3 3

41
Numerical Problems (Assignment)

1. An isosceles triangle ADE is to cut from a square ABCD of dimension ‘a’. Find
the altitude ‘y’ of the triangle so that vertex E will be centroid of remaining
shaded area.

2. Find the centroid of the following figure.

3. Locate the centroid C of the shaded area obtained by cutting a semi-circle of

diameter ‘a’ from the quadrant of a circle of radius ‘a’.

4. Locate the centroid of the composite figure.

Module –I
Truss/ Frame: A pin jointed frame is a structure made of slender (cross-sectional
dimensions quite small compared to length) members pin connected at ends and capable
of taking load at joints.

Such frames are used as roof trusses to support sloping roofs and as bridge trusses to
support deck.

Plane frame: A frame in which all members lie in a single plane is called plane frame.
They are designed to resist the forces acting in the plane of frame. Roof trusses and
bridge trusses are the example of plane frames.

Space frame: If all the members of frame do not lie in a single plane, they are called as
space frame. Tripod, transmission towers are the examples of space frames.

Perfect frame: A pin jointed frame which has got just sufficient number of members to
resist the loads without undergoing appreciable deformation in shape is called a perfect
frame. Triangular frame is the simplest perfect frame and it has 03 joints and 03
members.

It may be observed that to increase one joint in a perfect frame, two more members are
required. Hence, the following expression may be written as the relationship between
number of joint j, and the number of members m in a perfect frame.

m = 2j – 3

(a) When LHS = RHS, Perfect frame.

(b) When LHS<RHS, Deficient frame.
(c) When LHS>RHS, Redundant frame.

Assumptions

The following assumptions are made in the analysis of pin jointed trusses:

1. The ends of the members are pin jointed (hinged).

2. The loads act only at the joints.
3. Self weight of the members is negligible.

Methods of analysis

1. Method of joint
2. Method of section

43
Problems on method of joints

Problem 1: Find the forces in all the members of the truss shown in figure.

tan 0=1
= 0= 45 

Joint C

S1 = S2 cos45
= S1 = 40KN (Compression)
S2 sin 45=40
= S2 = 56.56KN (Tension)

Joint D

S3 = 40KN (Tension)
S1 = S4 = 40KN (Compression)

Joint B

Resolving vertically,
V=0
S =S+S
5 sin 45 3 2 sin 45

44
 S5 =113.137KN (Compression)
Resolving horizontally,
z H 0
S = S cos 45 + S2 cos 45
6 5

S6 113.137cos45+56.56cos45
= S6 = 120KN (Tension)

Problem 2: Determine the forces in all the members of the truss shown in figure and
indicate the magnitude and nature of the forces on the diagram of the truss. All inclined
members are at 60˚ to horizontal and length of each member is 2m.

Taking moment at point A,

zM A 0
Rd x 4 = 40x1+60x 2+50x 3
R =77.5KN
d

zR VR 0
Now resolving all the forces in vertical direction,
=
+
a d 40+ 60+ 50
R = 72.5KN
a

Joint A

zV 0
=S
R sin 60 Ra
a 1

S1 =
83.72KN(Compression)

zH 0
2
S = S1 cos60

45
 S1 = 41.86KN (Tension)
Joint D

EV=0
S7 sin 60 = 77.5
S7 = 89.5KN (Compression)

EH = 0
S6 = S7 cos60
S6 = 44.75KN (Tension)

Joint B

E V=0
S = +
1 sin 60 S 3 cos60 40
S3 = 37.532KN (Tension)

EH 0
S = S cos60 + S3 cos60
4 1

S 4 37.532cos60 + 83.72cos60
= S = 60.626KN
4
(Compression)

Joint C
E V=0
S5 sin 60+ 50 = S7 sin 60
S5 = 31.76KN
(Tension)

46
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