Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.

Hello
How are you?
Welcome to Ring
one
two
three

61.6 Using $ and @ in the start of the variable name

You can use any unicode character in the variable name also we can use $ and @ in the name.
This feature may help, for example we can start global variables with $ and the object attributes with @.
In other languages like Ruby this is the rule, In the Ring language this is just an option without any force from the
Compiler.
example:
$global_variable = 5

new test { hello() }

class test

@instance_variable = 10

func hello

local_variable = 15

see "Global : " + $global_variable + nl +

"Instance : " + @instance_variable + nl +
"Local : " + local_variable + nl

Output:
Global : 5
Instance : 10
Local : 15

61.7 Using the ‘elseif’ keyword as ‘but’ in if statement

if you don’t like the ‘but’ keyword in if statement Then you can use the ‘elseif’ keyword.
Example:
give x
if x = 1 see "one"
elseif x=2 see "two"
elseif x=3 see "three"
elseif x=4 see "four"
else see "other"
ok
see nl

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61.8 Using the ‘else’ keyword as ‘other’ in switch statement

if you don’t like the ‘other’ keyword in switch statement Then you can use the ‘else’ keyword.
Also you can replace ‘else’ with ‘other’ in if statement.
i.e. ‘other’ keyword is the same as ‘else’ keyword.
Example:
x = 1
switch x
on 10
see "10" + nl
else
see "not 10" + nl
end

Output:
not 10

61.9 Using the ‘end’ keyword in different control structures

We can use the ‘end’ keyword to close different control structures

• If statement
• For loop
• Switch
• While
• Try-Catch
Example:
see "if statement.." + nl
x = 1
if x = 1
see "one" + nl
elseif x=2
see "two" + nl
elseif x=3
see "three" + nl
end
see "for loop.." + nl
for t = 1 to 10
see t
end
see nl
see "switch..." + nl
x = 1

switch x
on 1 see "one" + nl
on 2 see "two" + nl
end

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see "try catch..." + nl

try
x = 1 / 0
catch
see "catching error" + nl
end

Output:
if statement..
one
for loop..
12345678910
switch...
one
try catch...
catching error

61.10 Using braces to start and end different control structures

We can use braces { } to start and end different control structures

• If statement
• For loop
• Switch
• While
• Try-Catch
Example:
see "if statement.." + nl
x = 1
if x = 1 {
see "one" + nl
elseif x=2
see "two" + nl
elseif x=3
see "three" + nl
}
see "for loop.." + nl
for t = 1 to 10 {
see t
}
see nl
see "switch..." + nl
x = 1

switch x {
on 1 see "one" + nl
on 2 see "two" + nl
}

see "try catch..." + nl

try {

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x = 1 / 0
catch
see "catching error" + nl
}

Output:
if statement..
one
for loop..
12345678910
switch...
one
try catch...
catching error

61.11 Using ‘put’ and ‘get’ as ‘see’ and ‘give’

We can replace the ‘see’ keyword with the ‘put’ keyword.

Also we can replacew the ‘give’ keyword with the ‘get’ keyword.
Example:
put "Hello World" + nl
put "Enter Your Name ? " Get Name
Put "Hello " + Name

61.12 Using ‘case’ as ‘on’ in switch statements

We can replace the ‘on’ keyword with ‘case’ keyword in the switch statement.
Example (1) :
for x=1 to 10
switch x
case 1 put "one" + nl
case 2 put "two" + nl
case 3 put "thre" + nl
else put "else" + nl
end
end

Example (2) :
for x=1 to 10 {
switch x {
case 1 put "one" + nl
case 2 put "two" + nl
case 3 put "thre" + nl
else put "else" + nl
}
}

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61.13 Using ‘def’ as ‘func’ in functions/methods definition

We can use the ‘def’ keyword as the ‘func’ keyword to define functions and methods.
Example:
one() two()

def one put "one" + nl

def two put "two" + nl

61.14 Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions

Example:
load "stdlib.ring"

import mypackage

new myclass {
myfunc()
}

package mypackage
{
class myclass
{
func myfunc
{
print("Hello, World!\n")
}
}
}

61.15 Using ‘end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions

Example:
import mypackage

new myclass {
myfunc()
}

package mypackage
class myclass
def myfunc
put "Hello, World!"
end
end
end

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61.16 Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Pack-

ages/Classes/Functions

Example:
import mypackage

new myclass { myfunc() }

package mypackage
class myclass
func myfunc
see "welcome" + nl
endfunc
endclass
endpackage

61.16. Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions 690

 CHAPTER

SIXTYTWO

INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPE HINTS LIBRARY

In this chapter we will learn about the Type Hints Library

62.1 Why Type Hints?

Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like
• Code Editors
• Static-Analysis

Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler.

62.2 Example

The next example will use the Type Hints library

load "typehints.ring"

see sum(3,4) + nl ;
see sayHello("Mahmoud");

int func sum(int x,int y) {

return x+y ;
}

string func sayHello(string name) {

return "Hello " + name ;
}

62.3 User Types

The Type Hints library is very powerful and will support user types (Classes) automatically
Example:
load "typehints.ring"

import mypackage

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test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }

myclass func test() {

see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}

package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}

62.4 Using Types inside Code

Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
load "typehints.ring"

int sum = sum(3,4)

string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")

see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl

int func sum(int x,int y) {

return x+y ;
}

string func sayHello(string name) {

return "Hello " + name ;
}

62.5 Rules

• To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
The next types are defined by the library
# Low Level Types
char
unsigned
signed
int
short
long
float

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double
void

# High Level Types

string
list
number
object

# Other
public
static
abstract
protected
override

62.5. Rules 693

 CHAPTER

SIXTYTHREE

DISTRIBUTING RING APPLICATIONS

In this chapter we will learn about distributing Ring applications.

63.1 Distributing Applications for Microsoft Windows

Step 1:
Copy c:\ring\bin folder to be for example c:\myapp

Step 2:
Rename c:\myapp\ring.exe to c:\myapp\myapp.exe

Step 3:
Create a file c:\myapp\ring.ring

And write
Load "myapp.ring"

When you run myapp.exe the file ring.ring will be executed automatically
So your file myapp.ring will be called and executed
Or just rename myapp.ring to ring.ring
It’s a fast way to distribute applications.

63.2 Protecting the Source Code

Step 1:
Execute the next command
ring myapp.ring -go

This will generate one object file (myapp.ringo) from the project files (*.ring)
Step 2:
Rename myapp.ringo to ring.ringo

When you run the executable file (ring.exe) or (myapp.exe) the file ring.ringo will be executed.

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