We see
(i) tanh 0 = 0
(ii) tanh x always lies between y = 1 and y = 1.
(iii) tanh (x) = tanh x
(iv) It has horizontal asymptotes y 1.
1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Some of the hyperbolic identities follow exactly the trig.
identities; others have a difference in sign.
cosech 1
sinh
coth 1
tanh
cosh2 sinh 2 1
1 tanh 2 sech2
coth 2 1 cosech2
b) Show that
Note:
The graph of inverse function is reflections about the line
y = x.
1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions are periodic hence they are not
one-to one. However, if we restrict the domain to a chosen
interval, then the restricted function is one-to-one and
invertible.
2
4
-1 1
2 2
4
2
f x sin 1 x
f x arcsin x
(ii) Inverse Cosine Function
Definition:
The inverse cosine function is defined as
1
y cos x x = cos y
where 0 y and 1 x 1.
The graph of y cos1 x is shown below
2
-1 1
2 2
f x cos 1 x
f x arccos x
y tan 1 x x = tan y
where y and x .
2 2
2
-1 1
2 2
2
f x tan 1 x
f x arctan x
(iv) Inverse Cotangent Function
Domain: ,
Range: 0,
Functions Domain
Range
y sin 1 x [1, 1] ,
2 2
y cos
1
x [1, 1] [0, ]
y tan
1
x ( , )
,
2 2
y csc
1
x x 1
,0 0,
2 2
y sec
1
x x 1
0, ,
2 2
y cot 1 x ( , ) (0, )
for 1 x 1
sin (sin 1 x) x
tan 1 (tan y) y y
2 2
1 1 for 0 x 1
sin x cos x
2
1 1 for x 1
tan x cot x
2
sec1 x csc1 x
for 0 x 1
2
Negative Argument Formulas
1 1 1 1
sin ( x) sin x sec ( x) sec x
1 1 1 1
tan ( x) tan x csc ( x) csc x
1 1 1 1
cos ( x ) cos x cot ( x ) cot x
Reciprocal Identities
1
csc1 x sin1 for x 1
x
1
sec1 x cos1 for x 1
x
for x 1
Examples 1.2:
1
(i) sin (sin 0.5) (ii) sin (sin1 2)
1
(i) arcsec(2) (ii) csc ( 2)
1
(iii) cot
1
3
1
y cosh x x cosh y for x 1 and y 0
1
y tanh x x tanh y for 1 x 1, y
(iii) y tanh 1 x
Domain: [1,1] Range: (, )
1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine (Proof)
If we let then
Hence,
On rearrangement,
Since
)
Proof for
(multiply with )
Since
1
1) sinh (0.5)
1
2) cosh (0.5)
1
3) tanh (0.6)