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Architectural concrete
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Composites (/wiki/Composites).
Concrete (/wiki/Concrete).
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Contents
MÊTRO/SP -
1 Introduction COMPANHIA DO M
2 Composite slabs
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3 Composite beams
3.1 Downstand beam CEAGESP -
3.2 Shallow floors COMPANHIA DE EN
4 Composite columns R$130.80
5 Standards
6 Find out more
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Introduction
Structural members that are made up of two or more different materials (/wiki/Materials) are
known as composite elements. The main benefit of composite elements is that the properties
of each material can be combined to form a single unit that performs better overall than its
separate constituent parts. The most common form of composite element in construction is a
steel (/wiki/Steel)-concrete (/wiki/Concrete) composite, however, other types of composites
(/wiki/Composites) include; steel (/wiki/Steel)-timber (/wiki/Timber), timber (/wiki/Timber)-
(https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/adserver/www/delivery/ck.php?
concrete (/wiki/Concrete), plastic-concrete (/wiki/Concrete), and so on. oaparams=2__bannerid=40__zoneid=1__cb=1f68a59bf1__oadest=https%
As a material, concrete (/wiki/Concrete) works well in compression, but it has less resistance in
tension. Steel (/wiki/Steel), however, is very strong in tension, even when used only in relatively
Featured articles and news
small amounts. Steel (/wiki/Steel)-concrete (/wiki/Concrete) composite elements use concrete
(/wiki/Concrete)'s compressive strength alongside steel (/wiki/Steel)'s resistance to tension,
Strip foundations (/wiki/Strip_foundation)
and when tied together this results in a highly efficient and lightweight unit that is commonly
used for structures (/wiki/Structure) such as multi-storey buildings (/wiki/Multi-storey_building)
and bridges (/wiki/Bridges).
Slab depths range from 130 mm upwards. Slabs are most commonly made of concrete Management of time in major projects
(/wiki/Concrete) because of its mass and stiffness which can be used to reduce the floor (/wiki/Guide_to_good_practice_in_the_manageme
(/wiki/Floor)'s deflections and vibrations (/wiki/Vibrations), and achieve the necessary fire
(/wiki/Fire) protection and thermal storage (/wiki/Thermal_storage). Steel (/wiki/Steel) is often
used as the supporting system underneath the slab due to its superior strength-weight and
stiffness-weight ratio and ease of handling.
Galvanised steel (/wiki/Galvanised_steel) is used for the decking and is usually around 1 mm
thick. To avoid local buckling, stiffeners may be used to stiffen the upper flange (/wiki/Flange)
and support hangers for relatively lightweight items to be suspended from the soffit
(/wiki/Soffit). Dimples known as embossments are rolled onto the decking profile which trap the (/wiki/Guide_to_good_practice_in_the_manageme
concrete (/wiki/Concrete) around the re-entrant parts of the profile and allow for interlocking.
Management of time is critical for big project
Where openings are required in composite slabs (/wiki/Composite_slab) these are best formed success, reveals the CIOB in new good practice
at the construction stage as opposed to having to cut out sections of concrete (/wiki/Concrete). guide.
Up to 300 sq. mm openings do not need additional provisions, but up to 700 sq. mm require
additional local reinforcement (/wiki/Reinforcement) around the opening. If openings are in
excess of 700 sq. mm, trimming steel (/wiki/Steel) can be used as support. Inspiring future engineers
(/wiki/Inspiring_young_civil_engineers)
Shallow floors (/wiki/Shallow_floor) are where the main part of the steel (/wiki/Steel) section is
within the concrete (/wiki/Concrete) slab depth, and can be used for a span range of around 4- Minimum energy efficiency standard
9 m. As opposed to downstand beams (/wiki/Downstand_beam), the slab sits on the upper (/wiki/Minimum_energy_efficiency_standard_(MEE
surface of the bottom flange (/wiki/Flange) instead of the upper surface of the top flange
(/wiki/Flange), with a key consideration being the torsion that is applied to the beam
(/wiki/Beam). The slab may be either in situ concrete (/wiki/Concrete) on deep steel
(/wiki/Steel) decking, usually around 225 mm, or precast concrete (/wiki/Precast_concrete).
The benefits of shallow floors (/wiki/Shallow_floor) are that since the slabs and beams
(/wiki/Beam) are placed within the same zone, there are none of the interruptions found with
downstand beams (/wiki/Downstand_beam), and there is often no need for additional fire
(/wiki/Fire) protection.
(/wiki/Minimum_energy_efficiency_standard_(MEE
Composite columns (/wiki/Composite_column)
The government's proposed cap on landlords'
financial contribution is flawed, according to
Composite columns (/wiki/Composite_column) can have high strength for a relatively small
sustainability expert.
cross-sectional area, meaning that useable floor (/wiki/Floor) space can be maximised. There
are several different types of composite column (/wiki/Composite_column); the most common
being a hollow section steel (/wiki/Steel) tube which is filled with concrete (/wiki/Concrete); or Carillion (/wiki/Carillion#Jobs)
an open steel (/wiki/Steel) section encased in concrete (/wiki/Concrete). The concrete
(/wiki/Concrete) infill adds to the compression resistance of the steel (/wiki/Steel) section,
preventing the steel (/wiki/Steel) from buckling. Its fire (/wiki/Fire) resistant properties can
permit the column (/wiki/Column) to be left unprotected or only lightly protected.
Rectangular and circular hollow sections are most commonly used, although rectangular
sections are beneficial for being having flat faces suitable for end plate beam (/wiki/Beam)-to-
column (/wiki/Column) connections. However, fin plates can be used for rectangular and
circular shapes. (/wiki/Carillion#Jobs)
External sources
'Building Construction Handbook' (6th ed.), CHUDLEY, R., GREENO, R., Butterworth-
Heinemann (2007)
Steelconstruction (/wiki/Steel) - Composite construction
(http://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction)
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