Gate Academy - Steps To Success - 7

General Aptitude.
Q.1 to Q.5 carry one mark each

Q.1 Which of the following is CORRECT with respect to grammar and usage?
Mount Everest is ____________.
(A) the highest peak in the world (B) highest peak in the world
(C) one of highest peak in the world (D) one of the highest peak in the world
Ans. (A)
Sol. Before superlative article ‘the’ has to be used. ‘one of ’ the expression should take plural noun and so
option ‘C’ and ‘D’ can’t be the answer.
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Q.2 The policeman asked the victim of a theft, “What did you ____________ ?”
(A) loose (B) lose (C) loss (D) louse
Ans. (B)
Sol. “lose” is verb.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Q.3 Despite the new medicine’s ______________ in treating diabetes, it is not ______________widely.
(A) effectiveness --- prescribed (B) availability --- used
(C) prescription --- available (D) acceptance --- proscribed
Ans. (A)
Sol. ‘effectiveness’ is noun and ‘pre scribed’ is verb. These words are apt and befitting with the word
‘medicine.’
Q.4 In a huge pile of apples and oranges, both ripe and unripe mixed together, 15% are unripe fruits.
Of the unripe fruits, 45% are apples. Of the ripe ones, 66% are oranges. If the pile contains a
total of 5692000 fruits, how many of them are apples?
(A) 2029198 (B) 2467482 (C) 2789080 (D) 3577422
Ans. (A)
Sol. According to the question, following tree diagram can be made.
GATE 2016 [EC] Set - 1 2
Total number of apples = Ripe apples + Unripe apples

= (0.85 × 0.45 + 0.15 × 0.34) 569200
= 2029198
Q.5 Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away from
where I live. Arun is farther away than Ahmed but closer than Susan from where I live. From the
information provided here, what is one possible distance (in km) at which I live from Arun's place?
(A) 3.00 (B) 4.99 (C) 6.02 (D) 7.01
Ans. (C)
Sol. Following line with respective distances can be drawn
Arun can reside anywhere between Ahmed and Susan i.e. between 5 km and 7 km from I.
5 < 6.02 < 7
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Q.6 to Q.10 carry two marks each
Q.6 A person moving through a tuberculosis prone zone has a 50% probability of becoming infected.
However, only 30% of infected people develop the disease. What percentage of people moving through
a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected but does not show symptoms of disease?
(A) 15 (B) 33 (C) 35 (D) 37
Ans. (C)
Sol. According to the question, following information can is obtained.
3 GATE 2016 [EC] Set - 1
Hence, percentage of people moving through a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected but does not
70 50 35
show symptoms of disease is     35%
100 100 100
Q.7 In a world filled with uncertainty, he was glad to have many good friends. He had always assisted them
in times of need and was confident that they would reciprocate. However, the events of the last week
proved him wrong.
Which of the following inference(s) is/are logically valid and can be inferred from the above passage?
(i) His friends were always asking him to help them.
(ii) He felt that when in need of help, his friends would let him down.
(iii) He was sure that his friends would help him when in need.
(iv) His friends did not help him last week.
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (iii) and (iv) (C) (iii) only (D) (iv) only
Ans. (B)
Sol. The words ‘was confident that they would reciprocate’ and ‘las t week proved him wrong’ lead to
statements iii and iv as logically valid inferences.
Q.8 Leela is older than her cousin Pavithra. Pavithra's brother Shiva is older than Leela. When Pavithra and
Shiva are visiting Leela, all three like to play chess. Pavithra wins more often than Leela does.
Which one of the following statements must be TRUE based on the above?
(A) When Shiva plays chess with Leela and Pavithra, he often loses.
(B) Leela is the oldest of the three.
(C) Shiva is a better chess player than Pavithra.
(D) Pavithra is the youngest of the three
Ans. (D)
Sol. From the given data, following relations are possible.
L > P (Leela is older thean Pavithra)
S > L (Shiv is older than Leela)
So Pavithra is youngest
Hence, the correct option is (D).
1 1 1
Q.9 If q  a  and r  b  and s  c  , the value of abc is __________.
r s q
(A) (rqs) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) r  q  s
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : q a  r , r b  s, s c  q
Taking log on both sides
a  log q  log r , b  log r  log s, c  log s  log q
GATE 2016 [EC] Set - 1 4
log r log s log q
Hence, a , b , c
log q log r log s
log r log s log q
So, abc    1
log q log r log s
Q.10 P, Q, R and S are working on a project. Q can finish the task in 25 days, working alone for 12 hours a
day. R can finish the task in 50 days, working alone for 12 hours per day. Q worked 12 hours a day but
took sick leave in the beginning for two days. R worked 18 hours a day on all days. What is the ratio of
work done by Q and R after 7 days from the start of the project?
(A) 10 : 11 (B) 11 : 10 (C) 20 : 21 (D) 21 : 20
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Q can do work in 25 × 12 = 300 hrs
R can do work in 50 × 12 = 600 hrs
So we can say Q is twice efficient as R
Now Q worked only for 5 days at a rate of 12 hrs/day. So for 60 units of his work (Total work for Q i.e.
1  60 1 
300 hrs) he will do only of work   .
5  300 5 
While R worked for all 7 days at a rate of 18 hrs/day
So he will do 18 × 7 = 126 of his work (Total work for 600 hrs)
 126 
He will do   0.21  of his work
 300 
 1 126 
So required ratio  :   120 :126
 5 600 
20 : 21

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1
General Aptitude.

Q.1 Which of the following is CORRECT with respect to grammar and usage?
Mount Everest is ____________.
(A) the highest peak in the world (B) highest peak in the world
(C) one of highest peak in the world (D) one of the highest peak in the world
Ans. (A)
Sol. Before superlative article ‘the’ has to be used. ‘one of ’ the expression should take plural noun and so
option ‘C’ and ‘D’ can’t be the answer.
Q.2 The policeman asked the victim of a theft, “What did you ____________ ?”
(A) loose (B) lose (C) loss (D) louse
Ans. (B)
Sol. “lose” is verb.
Q.3 Despite the new medicine’s ______________ in treating diabetes, it is not ______________widely.
(A) effectiveness --- prescribed (B) availability --- used
(C) prescription --- available (D) acceptance --- proscribed
Ans. (A)
Sol. ‘effectiveness’ is noun and ‘pre scribed’ is verb. These words are apt and befitting with the word
‘medicine.’
Q.4 In a huge pile of apples and oranges, both ripe and unripe mixed together, 15% are unripe fruits. Of the
unripe fruits, 45% are apples. Of the ripe ones, 66% are oranges. If the pile contains a total of 5692000
fruits, how many of them are apples?
(A) 2029198 (B) 2467482 (C) 2789080 (D) 3577422
Ans. (A)
Sol. According to the question, following tree diagram can be made.
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2
Total number of apples = Ripe apples + Unripe apples

= (0.85 × 0.45 + 0.15 × 0.34) 569200
= 2029198
Q.5 Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away from
where I live. Arun is farther away than Ahmed but closer than Susan from where I live. From the
information provided here, what is one possible distance (in km) at which I live from Arun's place?
(A) 3.00 (B) 4.99 (C) 6.02 (D) 7.01
Ans. (C)
Sol. Following line with respective distances can be drawn
Arun can reside anywhere between Ahmed and Susan i.e. between 5 km and 7 km from I.
5 < 6.02 < 7
Q.6 A person moving through a tuberculosis prone zone has a 50% probability of becoming infected.
However, only 30% of infected people develop the disease. What percentage of people moving through
a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected but does not show symptoms of disease?
(A) 15 (B) 33 (C) 35 (D) 37
Ans. (C)
Sol. According to the question, following information can is obtained.
PAGE
3
Hence, percentage of people moving through a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected but does not
70 50 35
show symptoms of disease is     35%
100 100 100
Q.7 In a world filled with uncertainty, he was glad to have many good friends. He had always assisted them
in times of need and was confident that they would reciprocate. However, the events of the last week
proved him wrong.
Which of the following inference(s) is/are logically valid and can be inferred from the above passage?
(i) His friends were always asking him to help them.
(ii) He felt that when in need of help, his friends would let him down.
(iii) He was sure that his friends would help him when in need.
(iv) His friends did not help him last week.
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (iii) and (iv) (C) (iii) only (D) (iv) only
Ans. (B)
Sol. The words ‘was confident that they would reciprocate’ and ‘las t week proved him wrong’ lead to
statements iii and iv as logically valid inferences.
Q.8 Leela is older than her cousin Pavithra. Pavithra's brother Shiva is older than Leela. When Pavithra and
Shiva are visiting Leela, all three like to play chess. Pavithra wins more often than Leela does.
Which one of the following statements must be TRUE based on the above?
(A) When Shiva plays chess with Leela and Pavithra, he often loses.
(B) Leela is the oldest of the three.
(C) Shiva is a better chess player than Pavithra.
(D) Pavithra is the youngest of the three
Ans. (D)
Sol. From the given data, following relations are possible.
L > P (Leela is older thean Pavithra)
S > L (Shiv is older than Leela)
So Pavithra is youngest
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4
1 1 1
Q.9 If q  a  and r  b  and s  c  , the value of abc is __________.
r s q
(A) (rqs) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) r  q  s
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : q a  r , r b  s, s c  q
Taking log on both sides
a  log q  log r , b  log r  log s, c  log s  log q
log r log s log q
Hence, a , b , c
log q log r log s
log r log s log q
So, abc    1
log q log r log s
Q.10 P, Q, R and S are working on a project. Q can finish the task in 25 days, working alone for 12 hours a
day. R can finish the task in 50 days, working alone for 12 hours per day. Q worked 12 hours a day but
took sick leave in the beginning for two days. R worked 18 hours a day on all days. What is the ratio of
work done by Q and R after 7 days from the start of the project?
(A) 10 : 11 (B) 11 : 10 (C) 20 : 21 (D) 21 : 20
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Q can do work in 25 × 12 = 300 hrs
R can do work in 50 × 12 = 600 hrs
So we can say Q is twice efficient as R
Now Q worked only for 5 days at a rate of 12 hrs/day. So for 60 units of his work (Total work for Q i.e.
1  60 1 
300 hrs) he will do only of work   .
5  300 5 
While R worked for all 7 days at a rate of 18 hrs/day
So he will do 18 × 7 = 126 of his work (Total work for 600 hrs)
 126 
He will do   0.21  of his work
 300 
 1 126 
So required ratio  :   120 :126
 5 600 
20 : 21

PAGE
1
.General Aptitude.

Q.1 An apple costs Rs. 10. An onion costs Rs. 8.
Select the most suitable sentence with respect to grammar and usage.
(A) The price of an apple is greater than an onion.
(B) The price of an apple is more than onion.
(C) The price of an apple is greater than that of an onion.
(D) Apples are more costlier than onions.
Ans. (C)
Sol. Based on the given sentences option ‘C’ is the correct sentence which is in the comparative degree.
Option ‘A’ and ‘B’ convey the wrong comparison and ‘D’ has double comparative and so they are
wrong.
Q.2 The Buddha said, “Holding on to anger is like grasping a hot coal with the intent of throwing it at
someone else; you are the one who gets burnt.”
Select the word below which is closest in meaning to the word underlined above.
(A) burning (B) igniting (C) clutching (D) flinging
Ans. (C)
Sol. The underlined word ‘grasping’ means clutching or holding something tightly.
Q.3 M has a son Q and a daughter R. He has no other children. E is the mother of P and daughter-in-law of
M. How is P related to M?
(A) P is the son-in-law of M. (B) P is the grandchild of M.
(C) P is the daughter-in law of M. (D) P is the grandfather of M.
Ans. (B)
Sol. Q and R are the son and Daughter of M, E is the mother of P and daughter-in-law of M means Q and E
are married couples in the family
 P is the grandchild of M.
Q.4 The number that least fits this set: (324, 441, 97 and 64) is ________.
(A) 324 (B) 441 (C) 97 (D) 64
Ans. (C)
Sol. In the given set of numbers, all are perfect squares but 97 is not
324 is square of 18  (18)2 = 324
441 is square of 21  (21)2 = 441
64 is square of 8  (8)2 = 64
97 is not the square of any number
 The number that least fits in given set is 97.
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2
Q.5 It takes 10 s and 15 s, respectively, for two trains travelling at different constant speeds to completely
pass a telegraph post. The length of the first train is 120 m and that of the second train is 150 m. The
magnitude of the difference in the speeds of the two trains (in m/s) is ____________.
(A) 2.0 (B) 10.0 (C) 12.0 (D) 22.0
Ans. (A)
length of the train (LT)  Distance (D)
Sol. Speed of the train (ST) 
Time (T)
LT  D
(ST) 
T
D = Distance (or) length of the plat form = 0
120
 Speed of the first train (ST1)  = 12 m/s
10
150
Speed of the second train (ST2)  = 10 m/s
15
 The magnitude of the difference in the speeds of the two trains (m/s) = 12 – 10 = 2
Q.6 The velocity V of a vehicle along a straight line is measured in m/s and plotted as shown with respect to
time in seconds. At the end of the 7 seconds, how much will the odometer reading increase by (in m)?
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

Ans. (D)
Sol. The odometer reading increases from starting point to end point
Magnitude of area of the given diagram = Odometer reading
Magnitude of area of the velocity and time graph per second
1 1
1st sec  triangle   1 1 
2 2
2nd sec  square = 1 × 1 = 1
1 1
3rd sec  square + triangle  1  1  11  1
2 2
PAGE
3
1
4th sec  triangle   1 2  1
2
5th sec  straight line = 0
1 1
6th sec  triangle   1 1 
2 2
1 1
7th sec  triangle   1 1 
2 2
1 1
Total Odometer reading at 7 seconds  11 1 0  5
2 2
Q.7 The overwhelming number of people infected with rabies in India has been flagged by the World Health
Organization as a source of concern. It is estimated that inoculating 70% of pets and stray dogs against
rabies can lead to a significant reduction in the number of people infected with rabies.
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the above sentences?
(A) The number of people in India infected with rabies is high.
(B) The number of people in other parts of the world who are infected with rabies is low.
(C) Rabies can be eradicated in India by vaccinating 70% of stray dogs.
(D) Stray dogs are the main source of rabies worldwide.
Ans. (A)
Sol. Only option ‘A’ can be logically inferred from the information provided in the argument.
Q.8 A flat is shared by four year undergraduate students. They agreed to allow the oldest of them to enjoy
some extra space in the flat. Manu is two older than Sravan, who is three months younger than Trideep.
Pavan is one older than Sravan. Who should occupy the extra space in the flat?
(A) Manu (B) Sravan (C) Trideep (D) Pavan
Ans. (C)
Sol. Manu’s age = Sravan’s age + 2 months
Manu’s age = Trideep’s age – 3 months
Pavan’s age = Sravan’s age + 1 month
From this Trideep’s age > Manu > Pavan > Sravan
 Trideep can occupy the extra spane in the flat.
Q.9 Find the area bounded by the lines 3x  2 y  14, 2 x  3 y  5 in the first quadrant.
(A) 14.95 (B) 15.25 (C) 15.70 (D) 20.35
Ans. (B)
PAGE
4
Sol. When we draw lines in first quadrant then we get following diagram.
Required area = Area of ABC  Area of trapezoid BCDO

1 1
  4  6   (4  2.5)  1
2 2
 12  3.5  15.25 sq. units
Q.10 A straight line is fit to a data set (ln x, y). This line intercepts the abscissa at ln x = 0.1 and has a slope of
−0.02. What is the value of y at x = 5 from the fit?
(A) −0.030 (B) −0.014 (C) 0.014 (D) 0.030
Ans. (A)
Sol. Straight line equation y = mx + c
m = slope = – 0.02
(ln x, y)
If ln x = X, then set (x, y)
 
0.1 0
y = mX + C
0 = – 0.02 × 0.1 + C
C = 0.002
y = mX + C
y = – 0.02 × logx + C
at x = 5, y = – 0.02 × log 5 + 0.002 = – 0.030
PAGE
5
.Technical Part.

Q.1 Consider a 2 × 2 square matrix
 x 
A 
  
Where x is unknown. If the eigenvalues of the matrix A are (  j ) and (  j ) , then x is equal to
(A)  j (B)  j (C)   (D)  
Ans. (D)
 x 
Sol. Given : A 
  
1    j  2    j
For any matrix, following relation is valid.
Trace of the matrix = sum of Eigen values
    (  j)  (  j) (Satisfied)
And A  product of Eigen values
2  x  (  j) (  j)   2  2
By comparison, we get
x  2
x  
sin( z )
Q.2 For f ( z )  , the residue of the pole at z  0 is ________.
z2
Ans. 1
sin( z )
Sol. Given : f ( z) 
z2
Method 1 :
Residue of order n is given by,
1 d n 1
 f ( z ) z a
(n  1)! dz n 1
Here n  2, a  0 and f ( z )  sin z
1 d
Hence residue  (sin z )  cos z z 0
(2  1)! dz z 0
 cos 00  1
Hence, the correct answer is 1.
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6
Method 2 :
sin z 1 sin z
Residue of 2
 coefficient of in expansion of 2
z z z
 z 3
z 5

 z    ...... 
   1  z  z  ...... 
3
sin z  3! 5!
  
z2 z2  z 3! 5! 
1
Coefficient of 1
z
Q.3 The probability of getting a “head” in a single toss of a biased coin is 0.3. The coin is tossed repeatedly
till a “head” is obtained. If the tosses are independent, then the probability of getting “head” for the first
time in the fifth toss is __________.
Ans. 0.072
Sol. Given : P ( H )  0.3
Hence P (T )  0.7
Since, all tosses are independent.
So, probability of getting head for the first time in 5th toss is
 P(T ) P(T ) P(T ) P(T ) P( H )
 0.7  0.7  0.7  0.7  0.3  0.072
Hence, the correct answer is 0.072.
1
dx
Q.4 The integral 
0 (1  x)
is equal to _______.
Ans. 2
Sol. Method 1 :
1
dx
Given : I 
0 (1  x)
Let x  sin 2 
dx  2sin  cos d 
When x  0, sin 2   0
  00
When x  1, sin 2   1
  / 2
 /2  /2
2sin  cos  d  2sin  cos  d 
 I 
0 (1  sin )
2
 
0
cos 
 /2
 2sin  d   2  cos 
 /2
I 0
0
I 2
PAGE
7
Method 2 :
1
1
I  dx
0 (1  x)
Let (1  x)  t
 dx  dt
When x  0, t 1
and x  1, t 0
 dt
0 1
dt
I  
1 t 0 t
1
 11 
1
 t2 
I   t 1/2 dt  
1 
0    1
 2 0
1
I  2  t   2
0

Q.5 Consider the first order initial value problem
y '  y  2 x  x 2 , y(0)  1, (0  x  )
With exact solution y ( x)  x 2  e x . For x  0.1 , the percentage difference between the exact solution
and the solution obtained using a single iteration of the second-order Runge-Kutta method with step-size
h  0 is ______.
Ans. 0.044
Sol. Given : y '  y  2x  x2
Exact solution is given by y ( x)  x 2  e x
y (0.1)  (0.1)2  e0.1  1.115
dy
 y  2x  x2
dx
y (0)  1, h  0.1
f ( x, y)  y  2x  x2 , y0  1, x0  0
(i) k1  h f ( x0 , y0 )  h( y0  2x0  x02 )
k1  0.1(1  0  0)  0.1
(ii) k2  h  f ( x0  h, y0  k1 )
k2  h  y0  k1  2( x0  h)  ( x0  h)2 
k2  0.1(1  0.1  2(0  0.1)  (0  0.1)2 )
k2  0.1(1  0.1  0.2  0.01)  0.129
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8
k1  k2 0.1  0.129
(iii) k   0.1145
2 2
(iv) y1  y0  k  1  0.1145  1.1145
x1  x0  h  0  0.1  0.1
Error = exact value – approximate value
= 1.115 – 1.1145 = 0.0005
The percentage difference
0.0005
 100  0.044%
1.115
Q.6 Consider the signal x(t )  cos(6t )  sin(8t ) , where t is in seconds. The Nyquist sampling rate (in
samples/second) for the signal y (t )  x(2t  5) is
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 32
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x(t )  cos(6t )  sin(8t )
and y (t )  x(2t  5)
y(t )  cos 6(2t  5)  sin 8(2t  5) 
y(t )  cos 12t  30  sin 16t  40
f m1  6 Hz and f m 2  8 Hz ,
Nyquist sampling rate
f s  2 f max  2  8  16 Hz
sin(t ) sin(t )
Q.7 If the signal x(t )   with * denoting the convolution operation, then x (t ) is equal to
t t
2
sin(t ) sin(2t ) 2sin(2t )  sin(t ) 
(A) (B) (C) (D)  
t 2t t  t 
Ans. (A)
Sol. We know that,
sin at
x(t )  

t
sin t
 x1 (t )  

t
PAGE
9
x(t )  x1 (t )* x1 (t )
 X ()  X 1 ()  X 2 ()
 X ()  X1 ()
sin t
And x(t ) 
t
Q.8 A discrete-time signal x [n]   [n  3]  2 [ n  5] has z-transform X ( z ) . If Y ( z )  X (  z ) is the z-
transform of another signal y ( n) , then
(A) y ( n)  x(n) (B) y (n)  x(n) (C) y (n)   x(n) (D) y (n)   x(n)
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x  n    n  3  2  n  5
Taking Z-transform on both sides
X ( z )  z 3  2 z 5
X ( z )  ( z ) 3  2( z ) 5
X ( z )   z 3  2 z 5
According to the question
Y ( z )  X ( z )   z 3  2 z 5    z 3  2 z 5 
Taking inverse Z-transform on both sides, we get
y  n   x  n
Q.9 In the RLC circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage is given by
vi (t )  2cos (200t )  4sin (500t ) .
The output voltage v0 (t ) is
PAGE
10
(A) cos (200t )  2sin (500t ) (B) 2 cos (200t )  4sin (500t )
(C) sin (200t )  2 cos (500t ) (D) 2sin (200t )  4 cos (500t )
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : vi (t )  2cos(200t )  4sin(500t )
As different frequency are operating hence we have to use superposition theorem.
For   200 rad/sec ,
X L  L  (200) (0.25)  50 
1 1
XC    50 
C 200 100 106
Hence, v0 (t )  vi (t )
For   500 rad/sec ,
X L  L  500  0.4  200 
1 1
XC    200 
C 500  10  106
Hence, v0 (t )  vi (t )
Therefore, v0 (t )  2cos(200t )  4sin(500t )
Q.10 The I-V characteristics of three types of diodes at the room temperature, made of semiconductors X, Y
and Z, are shown in the figure. Assume that the diodes are uniformly doped and identical in all respects
except their materials. If EgX , EgY and E gZ are the band gaps of X, Y and Z, respectively, then
PAGE
11
(A) EgX  EgY  EgZ (B) EgX  EgY  EgZ

(C) E gX  E gY  E gZ (D) No relationship among these band gaps exists
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given diagram :
From given characteristics, we can take example of 3 different diodes.

X Ge diode EG  0.2 V
Y Si diode EG  0.7 V
Z GaAs diode (or) LED EG  1.3V
Hence, E gX  E gY  E gZ
Q.11 The figure shows the band diagram of a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS). The surface region of this
MOS is in
(A) inversion (B) accumulation (C) depletion (D) flat band

Ans. (A)
PAGE
12
Sol.
Conclusion from energy band diagram :

1. B  EFS  EFi  Fermi Potential
2. EFS is close to EC i.e. n-type substrate i.e. PMOS transistor.
3. Band bending is in upward direction i.e.
Direction of electric field is upward i.e. towards gate terminal which is possible if –ve value of gate
voltage is applied.
4. –ve value of gate voltage
5. s (surface potential)  2B (2  fermi potential)

 MOS capacitor is in inversion region.
Q.12 The figure shows the I-V characteristics of a solar cell illuminated uniformly with solar light of power
100 mW/cm 2 . The solar cell has an area of 3 cm2 and a fill factor of 0.7.
The maximum efficiency (in %) of the device is __________.

Ans. 21
Sol. Given : Fill factor = 0.7, Area (A) = 3 cm 2 , solar light power = 100mW/cm 2
maximum obtained power
Fill factor 
VOC  I SC
maximum obtained power
0.7 
0.5  180 103
 Maximum obtained power Pm  0.063 W
P
Efficiency   m
G.A
PAGE
13
Where G  input light in W/cm 2 , and A = Area of solar cell.

0.063 100
%   21%
100  103  3
Q.13 The diodes D1 and D2 in the figure are ideal and the capacitors are identical. The product RC is very
large compared to the time period of the ac voltage. Assuming that the diodes do not breakdown in the
reverse bias, the output voltage V0 (in volt) at the steady state is ____________.
Ans. 0
T
Sol. During first positive quarter cycle both diode D1 and D2 conducts and at t  both will be off.
4
Both the capacitors will charge to 10 V as shown in above figure and V0  0 in steady state.
Q.14 Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Assuming VBE1  VEB 2  0.7 volt, the value of the dc voltage
VC 2 (in volt) is __________.
Ans. 0.5
PAGE
14
Sol. Given : VBE1  VEB 2  0.7 and 1  100, 2  50
For Q1 : VB  VC
Hence VCE1  VBE1  0.7 V
Apply KVL in loop shown,
 2.5  VCE1  0.7  I B 2  (10 k)  1  0
2.5  1.4  1
IB2   0.01 mA
10 k
IC 2  I B 2  0.5 mA
VC 2  IC 2 1 k  0.5 103 1103
VC 2  0.5 V
Q.15 In the astable multivibrator circuit shown in the figure, the frequency of oscillation (in kHz) at the output
pin 3 is ___________.
PAGE
15
Ans. 5.6818
Sol. Frequency of oscillation for astable multivibrator is given by
1 1
f  
0.69 ( RA  2 RB )  C 0.69(2.2 10  2  4.7 103 )  0.022 10 6
3
f  5.6818 kHz
Q.16 In an 8085 microprocessor, the contents of the accumulator and the carry flag are A7 (in hex) and 0,
respectively. If the instruction RLC is executed, then the contents of the accumulator (in hex) and the
carry flag, respectively, will be
(A) 4E and 0 (B) 4E and 1 (C) 4F and 0 (D) 4F and 1
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : CY  0 and  A  A7H
RLC  Rotate accumulator content 1 bit left without carry.
0100 1111
Hence A   4F
4 F
And CY = 1
Q.17 The logic functionality realized by the circuit shown below is
(A) OR (B) XOR (C) NAND (D) AND

Ans. (D)
Sol. Given :
PAGE
16
The output Y will be logic 1, when

A = 1, B = 1 and B  0
Hence Y  A  B B  A  B
which is AND operation.
Q.18 The minimum number of 2-input NAND gates required to implement a 2-input XOR gate is
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Ans. (A)
Sol. 2-input XOR gate can be implemented using four, 2-input NAND gates as shown below.

Q.19 The block diagram of a feedback control system is shown in the figure. The overall closed-loop gain G
of the system is
G1G2 G1G2
(A) G  (B) G 
1  G1 H1 1  G1G2  G1 H1
G1G2 G1G2
(C) G  (D) G 
1  G1G2 H1 1  G1G2  G1G2 H1
Ans. (B)
Sol. Block diagram can be reduced as follows
PAGE
17
Transfer function is given by,

G1G2
Y (s) 1  G1 H1 G1G2
 
X ( s ) 1  G1G2 1  G1G2  G1 H1
1  G1 H1
Q.20 For the unity feedback control system shown in the figure, the open-loop transfer function G ( s ) is given
2
as G ( s)  . The steady state error ess due to a unit step input is
s( s  1)
(A) 0 (B) 0.5 (C) 1.0 (D) 

Ans. (A)
1 2
Sol. Given : R( s)  , G ( s)  and H ( s )  1
s s ( s  1)
R( s )
We know that, E ( s) 
1  G( s) H ( s)
1
s ( s  1)
 E (s)  
1
2 ( s  s  2)
2
s( s  1)
 Steady state error is given by,
s( s  1)
ess  lim sE ( s )  lim
s 0 s 0 ( s 2  s  2)
ess  0
Q.21 For a superheterodyne receiver, the intermediate frequency is 15 MHz and the local oscillator frequency
is 3.5 GHz. If the frequency of the received signal is greater than the local oscillator frequency, then the
image frequency (in MHz) is ________.
Ans. 3485
Sol. Given : IF  15 MHz and fl  3.5 GHz
The image frequency is given by,
f si  fl  IF  3500  15
f si  3485 MHz
PAGE
18
Q.22 An analog baseband signal, band limited to 100 Hz, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The samples are
quantized into four message symbols that occur with probabilities P1  P4  0.125 and P2  P3 . The
information rate (bits/sec) of the message source is _________.
Ans. 362.2
Sol. Given : f m  100 Hz
And f s  2 f m  200 sample/sec
1
P1  P4 
8
P1  P2  P3  P4  0
1 3
2 P1  2 P3  1  
4 4
3
 P2  P3 
8
Entropy is given by
N
1
H   Pi log 2
i 1 Pi
1 1 3 8 3 8
H  log 2 8  log 2 8  log 2  log 2
8 8 8 3 8 3
H  1.811 bits/sample
 Information rate is given by,
 bits   sample 
RH  r  
 sample   sec 
R  1.811 200  362.2 bits/sec
Q.23 A binary baseband digital communication system employs the signal
 1
 0  t  TS
p (t )   TS
 0, otherwise

For transmission of bits. The graphical representation of the matched filter output y(t) for this signal will
be
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
PAGE
19
Ans. (C)
 1
 0  t  Ts
Sol. Given : p (t )   Ts
 0
 otherwise
Impulse response of matched filer h(t )  p(Ts  t )
Output of matched filter y (t )  p(t ) * h(t )

Convolution of two rectangular signal of same duration results in triangular signal

Q.24 If a right-handed circularly polarized wave is incident normally on plane perfect conductor, then the
reflected wave will be
(A) right-handed circularly polarized (B) left-handed circularly polarized
0
(C) elliptically polarized with a tilt angle of 45 (D) horizontally polarized
Ans. (B)
Sol. Left handed circularly polarized because :
1. 180 0 phase difference between reflected and incident wave.
2. direction change after reflection from conductor.
Q.25 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is mathematically described by which one of the following
equations?
B D
(A)   B  0 (B)  D  V (C)  E   (D)  H  E 
t t
Ans. (C)
PAGE
20
Sol. Rate of change of magnetic field results in induced voltage,

B
 E  
t

Q.26 The particular solution of the initial value problem given below is
d2y dy dy
2
 12  36 y  0 with y (0)  3 and  36
dx dx dx x 0
(A) (3  18 x)e6 x (B) (3  25 x)e6 x (C) (3  20 x)e6 x (D) (3  12 x)e6 x

Ans. (A)
d2y dy
Sol. Given : 2
 12  36 y  0
dx dx
( D 2  12 D  36)  0
( D  6)2  0
D   6,  6
Hence y  (C1  C2 x )e  6 x
Given y (0)  3, 3  C1  0, C1  3
And y '(0)   36
 y '   6C1e6 x  C2e6 x  6C2 xe6 x
y '   36
 36   6C1  C2
36  18  C2
C2  18
 y  3e6 x  18 xe6 x
y  (3  18 x)e6 x
Q.27 If the vectors e1  (1, 0, 2), e2  (0, 1, 0) and e3  (2, 0, 1) from an orthogonal basis of the three
dimensional real space R 3 , then the vector u  (4, 3,  3)  R3 can be expressed as
2 11 2 11
(A) u   e1  3e2  e3 (B) u   e1  3e2  e3
5 5 5 5
2 11 2 11
(C) u   e1  3e2  e3 (D) u   e1  3e2  e3
5 5 5 5
Ans. (D)
PAGE
21
Sol. Given : e1  (1, 0, 2), e2  (0, 1, 0) and e3  (2, 0, 1)

Vector u  (4, 3,  3) can be written as
4 1  0  2 
 3   a  0   b 1   c  0 
       
 3  2   0   1 
a  2c  4
b3
2a  c  3
Solving , we get
2 11
a , b  3, c 
5 5
2 11
Hence, u e1  3e2  e3
5 5
Q.28 A triangle in the xy-plane is bounded by the straight lines 2 x  3 y, y  0 and x  3 . The volume above
the triangle and under the plane x  y  z  6 is __________.
Ans. 10
Sol. Given : The straight lines are 2 x  3 y, y  0 and x  3
According to question
Volume V is given by,

2
x
3 3 6 x  y
V     dx dy dz     dz dy dx
x 0 y 0 z 0
2 2
x x
3 3
 3
y  2 3
V    (6  x  y ) dy dx    6 y  xy   dx
0
0 0
2 0
3
3
 8 2  x 2 8 x3 
V    4 x  x  dx   4   
0
9   2 9 3 0
3
 2 8  x3  
V  2 x     18  8  10
 9  3 
0

PAGE
22
1 ez
Q.29 The values of the integral
2j 
c
z2
dz along a closed contour c in anti-clockwise direction for
(i) The point z0  2 inside the contour c, and

(ii) The point z0  2 outside the contour c,
respectively, are
(A) (i) 2.72, (ii) 0 (B) (i) 7.39, (ii) 0 (C) (i) 0, (ii) 2.72 (D) (i) 0, (ii) 7.39
Ans. (B)
1 ez
Sol. Given : I
2j 
c
z2
dz
(i) When z0  2 is inside the contour
ez
Res f ( z )  lim( z  2)  e2  7.39
z 2 ( z  2)
1 ez 1

2j c ( z  2)
dz  2j 
2j
(7.39)
= 7.39
(ii) When z = 2 is outside the contour
Res f ( z )  0
1 ez 1

2j c ( z  2)
dz  2j 
2j
(0)  0
 2 
Q.30 A signal 2 cos  t   cos( t ) is the input to an LTI system with transfer function
 3 
H ( s)  eS  e S
If C K denotes the k th coefficient in the exponential Fourier series of the output signal, then C3 is equal
to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : H (s)  es  e s
H (e j )  e j  e j  2cos 
PAGE
23
 2 
If x1 (t )  2 cos  t 
 3 
2
0 
3
 2   1
H (e j0 )  2 cos    2     1
 3   2
 2 
Hence y1 (t )  2 cos  t  1800 
 3 
If x2 (t )  cos t
0  
H (e j0 )  2cos()   2
Hence y (t )  2 cos(t  1800 )
 y (t )  y12 (t )  y2 (t )
 2 
y (t )  2 cos  t     2 cos ( t  )
 3 
2
1  2  
3
T1  3 T2  2
 T0  LCM TT
1 2   LCM  2,3

T0  6  0 
3
 y (t )  2cos(20t  )  2cos(30t  )
y (t )  e j (20t )  e j (20t  )  e j (30t  )  e j (30t )
y (t )  e j (20t )  e j (20t )  e j (30t )  e j (30t )

Hence C3  1
PAGE
24
Q.31 The ROC (region of convergence) of the z-transform of a discrete-time signal is represented by the
shaded region in in the z-plane. If the signal x[n]  (2.0) n ,    n   , then the ROC of its z-
transform is represented by
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Ans. (D)
x  n   (2.0)   n  
n
Sol. Given :
x  n  2n u  n  2 n u  n  1
n
1
x  n  2 u  n    u  n  1
n
2
1
ROC : z  2 ROC : z 
2
No common ROC.
 ROC does not exist.
PAGE
25
Q.32 Assume that the circuit in the figure has reached the steady state before time t  0 . When the 3 
resistor suddenly burns out, resulting in an open circuit. The current i(t) (in ampere) at t  0 is
________.
Ans. –1
Sol. At t  0 , circuit will be in steady state, hence capacitor will be open circuited.
12
I 2 A
2  3 1
Hence V  2  5  10 Volt
Applying voltage division rule,
2
V3 F  10  4 Volt
5
3
V2 F  10  6 Volt
5
At t  0 , capacitor will acts as a voltage source
Given : When 3  resistor suddenly burns out, resulting in an open circuit.
4
i (0 )   1 A
22
Hence, the correct answer is –1.
PAGE
26
Q.33 In the figure shown, the current i (in ampere) is __________.
Ans. –1
Sol.
Using KCL at V1 ,
V1 V1 V1  8 V1  8
   0
1 1 1 1
4V1  16
V1  4 Volt
84
Hence, i1  4 A
1
V1
i3  4 A
1
Apply KCL at node a,
i2  1 A  i1
i2  1 A  4 A  5 A
Apply KCL at node b,
i3  i  i2
i  i3  i2  (4  5) A
i  1 A
PAGE
27
Z Z12 
Q.34 The z-parameter matrix  11
Z 22 
for the two-port network shown is
 Z 21
 2 2  2 2  9 3  9 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2 2  2 2 6 9  6 9 
Ans. (A)
Sol. Redraw the circuit
V1
Z11   3 || 6  2 
I1 I 2 0
6
V2  3  I 3   3  I1   2 I1
9
V2
Z 21   2
I1
V2
And Z 22   3 || 6  2 
I2 I1  0
PAGE
28
3
V1   6  I 6    6  I 2    2
9
 2 2 
Z    
 2 2 
Q.35 A continuous-time speech signal xa (t ) is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz and the samples are subsequently
grouped in blocks, each of size N. The DFT of each block is to be computed in real time using the radix-
2 decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm. If the processor performs all operations sequentially, and
takes 20 μs for computing each complex multiplication (including multiplications by 1 and −1) and the
time required for addition/subtraction is negligible, then the maximum value of N is _________.
Ans. 4096
Sol. Given : f s  8000 samples/sec
1 1
Ts   sec
f s 8000
Time for each multiplication  Tm  20 sec

1
Suppose block is of size N, then time taken to generate each block  N  Ts  N  .
8000
N  Ts
No. of multiplications that can be performed by processor in the time taken for each block  .
Tm
No. of multiplications required to compute DFT by Radix – 2 FFT algorithm
N
 log 2 N
2
No. of multiplication required by FFT  No. of multiplications that can be performed by the processor
in the time taken in each block.
[Reason : real time]
N N  Ts
log 2 N 
2 Tm
1
2
log 2 N  8000  12.5
20 106
N  212.5
N  212  4096
PAGE
29
Q.36 The direct form structure of an FIR (finite impulse response) filter is shown in the figure.
The filter can be used to approximate a

(A) low-pass filter (B) high-pass filter
(C) band-pass filter (D) band-stop filter
Ans. (C)
Sol. From given block diagram,
y  n  5  x  n  x  n  2
Taking Z-transform, we get
Y ( z )  5  X ( z )  z 2 X ( z) 
Y ( z )  5(1  z 2 ) X ( z )
Y ( z)
H ( z)   5(1  z 2 )
X ( z)
Put z  e j , H (e j )  5(1  e j 2 )
For   0, H (e j  )  0

For   , H (e j )  10
2
For   , H (e j  )  0
This is a bandpass filter.

PAGE
30
Q.37 The injected excess electron concentration profile in the base region of an npn BJT, biased in the active
region, is linear, as shown in the figure. If the area of the emitter-base junction is 0.001 cm2,  n = 800
cm2/(V-s) in the base region and depletion layer widths are negligible, then the collector current I C (in
mA) at room temperature is __________.
(Given : thermal voltage VT  26 mV at room temperature, electronic charge q  1.6 1019 C )
Ans. 6.656
Sol. Given : The area of the emitter-base junction = 0.001 cm2,  n = 800 cm2/(V-s),
VT  26 mV and q  1.6 1019 C
At the room temperature, collector current I C will be diffusion current only
dn
 I C  AqDn where Dn  nVT
dx
 1014 
I C  0.0011.6 1019  800  26 103  4 
 0.5 10 
IC  66.56 10 4 A  6.656 mA
Q.38 Figures 1 and 2 show two MOS capacitors of unit area. The capacitor in fig. 1 has insulator materials X
(of thickness t1 = 1 nm and dielectric constant ε1 = 4) and Y (of thickness t2 = 3 nm and dielectric
constant ε2 = 20). The capacitor in fig. 2 has only insulator material X of thickness t Eq .
If the capacitors are of equal capacitance, then the value of t Eq (in nm) is __________.
PAGE
31
Ans. 1.6
Sol. Given : Thickness t1 = 1 nm and dielectric constant ε1 = 4
Thickness t2 = 3 nm and dielectric constant ε2 = 20
From the figure (1),
Both the capacitors C1 and C2 are in series
 Total capacitance
A1 A 2

C1C2 t1 t2
C 
C1  C2 A1  A 2
t1 t2
A  4 A  20
9

C 10 3 109  2.5 109  A
A  4 A  20

109 3 109
From figure (2),
A
C
teq
Both the capacitance are equal
A 4
So, 2.5 109  A 
teq
teq  1.6 nm
Q.39 The I-V characteristics of the zener diodes D1 and D2 are shown in fig. 1. These diodes are used in the
circuit given in fig. 2. If the supply voltage is varied from 0 to 100 V, then breakdown occurs in
(A) D1 only (B) D2 only

(C) both D1 and D2 (D) None of D1 and D2
Ans. (D)
Sol. From the given characteristics
Zener diode D1 has VBr  80 V
Zener diode D2 has VBr  70 V
PAGE
32
In series connection, VBr are added.

Hence, total VBr  70  80  150 V
But applied voltage is in range 0 – 100 V. Hence, none of the Zener diode will enter into breakdown.
Q.40 For the circuit shown in the figure, R1  R2  R3  1 , L 1H and C  1H . If the input
Vin  cos(106 t ) , then the overall voltage gain ( Vout / Vin ) of the circuit is __________.
Ans. –1
Sol.
V01 R 1
Let H1 ( s )   1  1  1  6
Vin Ls 10 s
Vout  R3  R3Cs
And H 2 ( s)   
V01 R  1 1  sR2C
2
Cs
Cs 106 s
H 2 ( s)  
1  Cs 1  106 s
H ( s)  H1 ( s)  H 2 ( s)
 1    s 106 
H ( s )  1  6   6 
 1
 s 10   1  s 10 
PAGE
33
Q.41 In the circuit shown in the figure, the channel length modulation of all transistors is non-zero (λ ≠ 0).
Also, all transistors operate in saturation and have negligible body effect. The ac small signal voltage
gain (V0 /Vin ) of the circuit is
(A)  gm1 (r01 r02 r03 )
 1 
(B)  g m1  r01 r 
 g m3
03
 
  1  
(C)  g m1  r01   02 03 
r r
  g m 2  
  1  
(D)  g m1  r01   r03 r02 
  g m3  
Ans. (C)
Sol.
PAGE
34
From figure, Vin  Vgs1
V0  Vgs 2
Node equation at P1 :
V0 V0 V
g m1Vgs1    g m 2Vgs 2  g m 3Vgs 3  0  0
r01 r02 r03
 1 1 1 
V0    g m 2     g m1Vin  Vgs 3  0
 r01 r02 r03 
V0   1  
AV    g m1  r01 ||  r02 ||  || r03 
Vin   gm2  
Q.42 In the circuit shown in the figure, transistor M1 is in saturation and has transconductance g m = 0.01
siemens. Ignoring internal parasitic capacitances and assuming the channel length modulation λ to be
zero, the small signal input pole frequency (in kHz) is __________.
Ans. 57.85
PAGE
35
Sol. With respect to A.C.
Taking miller’s equivalent and assume r0  
AV   gm RD   0.01103  10
Small signal input pole frequency
1
  57.85 kHz
2 5 10  50 1012 (1  10)
3

Q.43 Following is the K-map of a Boolean function of five variables P, Q, R, S and X. The minimum sum-of-
product (SOP) expression for the function is
(A) P Q S X  P Q S X  Q R S X  Q R S X (B) Q S X  Q S X
(C) Q S X  Q S X (D) Q S  Q S
Ans. (B)
Sol. K-map for 5 variable is shown below.
PAGE
36
 Minimum sum of product expression of the function is

 QSX  QSX
Q.44 For the circuit shown in the figure, the delays of NOR gates, multiplexers and inverters are 2 ns, 1.5 ns
and 1 ns, respectively. If all the inputs P, Q, R, S and T are applied at the same time instant, the
maximum propagation delay (in ns) of the circuit is __________.
Ans. 6
Sol. When T = logic 0, the path followed by the circuit would be,
NOR gate  MUX 1  MUX 2
2 ns  1.5 ns  1.5 ns
 TD1  2 ns  1.5 ns  1.5 ns  5 ns
When T = logic 1, the path followed by the circuit would be,
NOR gate  MUX 1  NOR gate  MUX 2
TD 2  1 ns + 1.5 ns + 2 ns + 1.5 ns = 6 ns
 Maximum propagation delay is 6 ns.
Q.45 For the circuit shown in the figure, the delay of the bubbled NAND gate is 2 ns and that of the counter is
assumed to be zero.
If the clock (Clk) frequency is 1 GHz, then the counter behaves as a

(A) mod-5 counter (B) mod-6 counter (C) mod-7 counter (D) mod-8 counter
Ans. (D)
PAGE
37
Sol. Given : Clock frequency = 1 GHz

 Clock time period = 1 ns
If the propagation delay of the NAND gate were 0 ns, the circuit would have behaved as MOD 6
counter.
However, the delay of NAND gate is 2 ns. During this time, two more clock pulses would reach the
counter, and therefore it would count two more states. Hence, it acts as MOD 8 counter.
Q.46 The first two rows in the Routh table for the characteristic equation of a certain closed-loop control
system are given as
s3 1 (2K + 3)
s2 2K 4
The range of K for which the system is stable is

(A) 2.0  K  0.5 (B) 0  K  0.5 (C) 0  K   (D) 0.5  K  
Ans. (D)
Sol. From the Routh table, Routh array can be written as,
s3 1 (2K + 3)
s2 2K 4
1 4K 2  6K  4
s 0
2K
s0 4
For stability, K >0

4K 2  6K  4
And 0
2K
2 K 2  3K  2  0
(2 K  1) ( K  2)  0
1
K or K   2
2
Hence, 0.5  K  
Q.47 A second-order linear time-invariant system is described by the following state equations
d
x1 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3u (t )
dt
d
x2 (t )  x2 (t )  u (t )
dt
PAGE
38
Where x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are the two state variables and u (t ) denotes the input. If the output c(t )  x1 (t ) ,
then the system is
(A) controllable but not observable (B) observable but not controllable
(C) both controllable and observable (D) neither controllable nor observable
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x1 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3u (t )
And x2 (t )  x2 (t )  u (t )
 x1 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3u (t )
x2 (t )   x2 (t )  u (t )
 x1   2 0   x1  3
 x    0 1  x   1 u
 2   2  
x 
c(t )  x1 (t )  1 0  1 
 x2 
 2 0   3
 A  , B    , C  1 0
 0 1 1
For controllability,
3 6 
QC   B AB    
1 1
QC  0
Hence system is controllable.
For observability,
 C   1 0
Q0      
CA  2 0 
Q0  0
Hence system is not observable.
Q.48 The forward-path transfer function and the feedback-path transfer function of a single loop negative
feedback control system are given as
K ( s  2)
G (s)  2 and H ( s )  1 ,
s  2s  2
respectively. If the variable parameter K is real positive, then the location of the breakaway point on the
root locus diagram of the system is __________.
Ans. – 3.41
K ( s  2)
Sol. Given : G (s)  2 and H ( s )  1
s  2s  2
Characteristics equation is given by,
1  G( s) H ( s)  0
PAGE
39
K ( s  2)
1 0
s 2  2s  2
 ( s 2  2s  2)
K
( s  2)
dK  (2s  2) ( s  2)  ( s 2  2s  2) 

ds  ( s  2) 2 

dK
For break away points 0
ds
(2s  2) ( s  2)  ( s 2  2s  2)  0
2s 2  6s  4  s 2  2s  2  0
s 2  4s  2  0
 4  16  8  4  2 2
s   2  2
2 2
s   0.58, s   3.41
s   3.41 lies on root locus
Hence, s   3.41 is the location of breakaway point.
Hence, the correct answer is – 3.41.
Q.49 A wide sense stationary random process X (t ) passes through the LTI system shown in the figure. If the
autocorrelation function of X (t ) is RX () , then the autocorrelation function RY () of the output Y (t ) is
equal to
(A) 2 RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 ) (B) 2 RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 )

(C) 2 RX ()  2 RX (  2T0 ) (D) 2 RX ()  2 RX (  2T0 )
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given diagram :
PAGE
40
From the given block diagram

Y (t )  X (t )  X (t  T0 )
Auto correlation function R y ( ) is defined as
RY ()  E Y () Y (t  )

Where Y ()  X ()  X (  T0 )
Y (t  )  X (t  )  X (t    T0 )
 RY ()  E  X ()  X (  T0 )  X (t  )  X (t    T0 )
RY ()  E  X () X (t  )  X () X (t    T0 )  X (  T0 ) X (t  )  X (  T0 ) X (t    T0 ) 

RY ()  E  X () X (t  )  E  X () X (t    T0 )   E  X (  T0 ) X (t  ) 
 E  X (  T0 ) X (t    T0 )
RY ()  RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 )  RX ()
RY ()  2 RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 )
Q.50 A voice-grade AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) telephone channel has a bandwidth of 4.0 kHz

and two-sided noise power spectral density  2.5  105 Watt per Hz. If information at the rate of 52
2
kbps is to be transmitted over this channel with arbitrarily small bit error rate, then the minimum bit-
energy Eb (in mJ/bit) necessary is __________.
Ans. 31.5

Sol. Given : Power spectral density  2.5  105 and information rate = 52 kbps
2
Capacity of the channel is given by
 S
C  B log 2  1  
 N
Where S = signal power, N = Noise power, B = Bandwidth.
S  Eb  Rb
Where Eb  bit energy and Rb  information rate bits/sec.
 ER 
C  B log 2 1  b b 
 N0 B 
For distortionless transmission, C should be atleast equal to Rb  C  Rb
 ER 
 Rb  B log 2 1  b b 
 N0 B 
PAGE
41
Rb  ER 
 log 2 1  b b 
B  N0 B 
 524  5
 2  1  2  2.5 10  4
 Rb
N B
Eb   2 B  1 0   
  b
R 52
Eb  31.504 mj/bit
Q.51 The bit error probability of a memoryless binary symmetric channel is 10−5. If 105 bits are sent over this
channel, then the probability that not more than one bit will be in error is __________.
Ans. 0.7357
Sol. Given : Bit error probability, p  105
Number of bits transmitted,   105
If n-bits are transmitted then probability of getting error in ‘r’ bits is given by
pe  nCr pr (1  p)nr
The probability that not more than one bit will be in error is
 nC0 p0 (1  p)n0  nC1 p1 (1  p)n1  (1  p)n  np(1  p)n1
 (1  105 )10  105 105 (1  105 )10 1  0.7357
5 5

Q.52 Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. At 10
GHz operating frequency, the value of the propagation constant (per meter) of the corresponding
propagating mode is __________.
Ans. 158
Sol. Given : Operating frequency = 10 GHz
c
Cutoff frequency for TE10 , f c 
2a
3 108
fc   6.57 GHz
2  2.286 102
Next mode TE20 has f c  13 GHz
10 GHz operates only in dominant mode
 m   (2f ) 2
2 2
    2
    
 a   a  (3 10 )
8 2
  2 10 10 
2

9
1
  2 
  
 2.286 10   3 10 
8
  j158 (m 1 )
PAGE
42
Q.53 Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. The
increasing order of the cut-off frequencies for different modes is
(A) TE01 < TE10 < TE11 < TE20 (B) TE20 < TE11 < TE10 < TE01
(C) TE10 < TE20 < TE01 < TE11 (D) TE10 < TE11 < TE20 < TE01
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : a  2.286 cm, b  1.016 cm
c c
f cTE10  f cTE01 
2a 2b
2 2
c c 1 1
f cTE20  f cTE11     
a 2 a b
As a  2b
Then fcTE10  fcTE20  fcTE01  fcTE11
Q.54 A radar operating at 5 GHz uses a common antenna for transmission and reception. The antenna has a
gain of 150 and is aligned for maximum directional radiation and reception to a target 1 km away having
radar cross-section of 3 m2. If it transmits 100 kW, then the received power (in μW) is __________.
Ans. 0.012
Sol. Given : f  5 GHz, G  150, R  1 km
Pt  100 kW,   3 m2
From
2
 3 108 
 150   3
(G) 2    5 109 
Pr   Pt  105
(4)3 R 4 (4)3 1012
81 3 105
Pr   1.224 108
(4) 10
3 12
Pr  0.012 W
Q.55 Consider the charge profile shown in the figure. The resultant potential distribution is best described by
PAGE
43
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Ans. (C)
Sol. From given graph,  is constant. Hence, E is a linear function of x.
We know, V   E dx
V = Non linear function increasing with x.
Due to different charge on either side, the voltage has a discontinuity in option (C).


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Gate Academy - Steps To Success - 7

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General Aptitude.

Q.1 to Q.5 carry one mark each

Total number of apples = Ripe apples + Unripe apples

Q.1 to Q.5 carry one mark each

Total number of apples = Ripe apples + Unripe apples

Q.1 to Q.5 carry one mark each

(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

Required area = Area of ABC  Area of trapezoid BCDO

Q.1 to Q.25 carry one mark each

Hence, the correct answer is 2.

(A) EgX  EgY  EgZ (B) EgX  EgY  EgZ

From given characteristics, we can take example of 3 different diodes.

(A) inversion (B) accumulation (C) depletion (D) flat band

Conclusion from energy band diagram :

5. s (surface potential)  2B (2  fermi potential)

The maximum efficiency (in %) of the device is __________.

Where G  input light in W/cm 2 , and A = Area of solar cell.

Sol. Given : VBE1  VEB 2  0.7 and 1  100, 2  50

(A) OR (B) XOR (C) NAND (D) AND

The output Y will be logic 1, when

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Transfer function is given by,

(A) 0 (B) 0.5 (C) 1.0 (D) 

Impulse response of matched filer h(t )  p(Ts  t )

Output of matched filter y (t )  p(t ) * h(t )

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Sol. Rate of change of magnetic field results in induced voltage,

Q.26 to Q.55 carry two marks each

(A) (3  18 x)e6 x (B) (3  25 x)e6 x (C) (3  20 x)e6 x (D) (3  12 x)e6 x

Sol. Given : e1  (1, 0, 2), e2  (0, 1, 0) and e3  (2, 0, 1)

Volume V is given by,

Hence, the correct answer is 10.

(i) The point z0  2 inside the contour c, and

(i) When z0  2 is inside the contour

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Hence y (t )  2 cos(t  1800 )

y (t )  e j (20t )  e j (20t  )  e j (30t  )  e j (30t )

y (t )  e j (20t )  e j (20t )  e j (30t )  e j (30t )

Q.33 In the figure shown, the current i (in ampere) is __________.

Time for each multiplication  Tm  20 sec

The filter can be used to approximate a

Taking Z-transform, we get

This is a bandpass filter.

(A) D1 only (B) D2 only

In series connection, VBr are added.

(A)  gm1 (r01 r02 r03 )

From figure, Vin  Vgs1

Sol. With respect to A.C.

Taking miller’s equivalent and assume r0  

Hence, the correct answer is 57.85.

 Minimum sum of product expression of the function is

If the clock (Clk) frequency is 1 GHz, then the counter behaves as a

Sol. Given : Clock frequency = 1 GHz

The range of K for which the system is stable is

For stability, K >0

(A) 2 RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 ) (B) 2 RX ()  RX (  T0 )  RX (  T0 )

From the given block diagram

RY ()  E Y () Y (t  )

 RY ()  E  X ()  X (  T0 )  X (t  )  X (t    T0 )

RY ()  E  X () X (t  )  X () X (t    T0 )  X (  T0 ) X (t  )  X (  T0 ) X (t    T0 ) 

Hence, the correct answer is 0.7357.

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