CIA-1

COMPONENT 1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PULKIT KAURA
4BBA-B
1620226

BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES OF RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
 DATA
Information is particular snippets of data, as a rule arranged extraordinarily. All product is isolated into
two general classifications: information and projects. Projects are accumulations of guidelines for
controlling information.
Information can exist in an assortment of structures — as numbers or content on bits of paper, as bits and
bytes put away in electronic memory, or as actualities put away in a man's brain.

ABSTRACT
A unique is a concise outline of an exploration article, postulation, audit, meeting continuing, or any top
to bottom examination of a specific subject and is frequently used to help the peruser rapidly find out the
paper's purpose. When utilized, a theoretical dependably shows up toward the start of an original copy or
typescript, going about as the purpose of-passage for any given scholastic paper or patent application. An
abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.

VARIABLE
Variable, to put in layman statement is something that can change and or can have more than one value.
''A variable, as the name implies, is1” something that varies”. It may be weight, height,anxiety levels,
income, body temperature and soon. Each of these properties varies from one person
to another and also has different values along a continuum. It could be demographic, physical or social
and include religion, income, occupation,temperature, humidity, language, food, fashion,etc. Some
variables can be quite concrete and clear, such as gender, birth order, types of blood group etc while
others can be considerably more abstract and vague.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

The independent variable is the antecedent while the dependent variable is the consequent. If the
independent variable is an active variable then we manipulate the values of the variable to study its
affect on another variable. In the above example, we alter anxiety level to see if responsiveness to
pain reduction medication is enhanced. Anxiety level is the active independent variable.

Dependent variable is the variable that is affected by the independent variable. Responsiveness to
pain reduction medication is the dependent variable in the above example. The dependent
variable is dependent on the independent variable .

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
It happens sometimes that after completion of the study we wonder that the actual result is not what
we expected. In spite of taking all the possible measures the outcome is unexpected. It is because
of extraneous variables. Variables that may affect research outcomes but have not been adequately
considered in the study are termed as extraneous variables. Extraneous variables exist in all studies
and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationship among these variables.
“Extraneous variables that are not recognized until the study is in process, or are recognized before the
study is initiated but cannot be controlled, are referred to as confounding variables .

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE
Demographic variables are characteristics or attributes of subjects that are collected to
describe the sample”. They are also called sample characteristics. It means these variables describe
study sample and determine if samples are representative of the population of interest.
Although demographic variables cannot be manipulated, researchers can explain
relationships between demographic variables and dependent variable. Some common
demographic variables are age, gender, occupation, marital status, income etc.

HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis,
the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on
previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even
though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not
the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for
further research

NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Null hypothesis
The invalid speculation expresses that a populace parameter is equivalent to an esteem. The invalid
speculation is regularly an underlying case that specialists indicate utilizing past research or information.
Alternative hypothesis
The option theory expresses that the populace parameter is not quite the same as the estimation of the
populace parameter in the invalid speculation. The option speculation is the thing that you may accept to
be valid or plan to demonstrate genuine.

LITERATURE REVIEW
A review can be only a straightforward outline of the sources, however it as a rule has an authoritative
example and consolidates both rundown and union. A synopsis is a recap of the vital data of the source,
however a combination is a re-association, or a reshuffling, of that data. It may give another elucidation of
old material or join new with old understandings.
Or, on the other hand it may follow the scholarly movement of the field, including significant open
deliberations. What's more, contingent upon the circumstance, the writing audit may assess the sources
and prompt the peruser on the most applicable or important.

MANIPULATED VARIABLE
An autonomous variable that is controlled to accomplish a specific impact or tried to decide whether it is
the reason for the impact.
For instance, to see whether your weight relies upon the measure of calories you expend, you could bring
down your caloric admission (calories is the controlled variable) for a timeframe and perceive how your
weight changes accordingly.
A manipulated variable is the independent variable in an experiment. It’s called “manipulated” because
it’s the one you can change. In other words, you can decide ahead of time to increase it or decrease it. In
an experiment you should only have one manipulated variable at a time.

POPULATION
A population is the entire set of cases in which a study is interested. It is the full set of individual or of
objects having some common characteristics. In this study the population was all Geriatric people (60 -
80years). Population is distinguishing as target and accessible population.

TARGET POPULATION
The target population is the aggregate of cases about which the researcher
would like to generalize. The target population for this study was the Geriatric populations living in M.P

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
The aggregate of cases that conform to eligibility criteria and that are accessible as subjects for the study.
The accessible population for this study was the Geriatric populations living in the selected geographical
areas of Indore city.
 RESEARCH APPROACH
In the quantitative research design, researcher has to consider many things, including various practical,
ethical and theoretical challenges. It is based on EBNP. The investigator is using quantitative research
approach when he/she is interested to observe the cause and effect of relationship between
characteristics.

RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is a comprehensive plan to obtain the question being evaluated and to manage some of
the trouble found during research process. The research design helps the researcher in the selection of the
problem, manipulation of the experimental variables, procedure of data collection and the type of
statistical analysis to be used to interpret the data.

In the present study non-experimental survey research design was used. Data is gathered through door-to-
door survey. In that demographic information will be gathered from the randomly selected samples with a
structured interview schedule. A rating scale to determine the stage of self-integrity in the age group 60 -
80 years within the family will be applied after their consent.

SAMPLE
Sample is a subset of population. An element is the most fundamental unit from which data is collected.
In nursing research subjects are usually humans. In this study the samples are male and female geriatric
people who were fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. a specimen is a subset of a populace that is
utilized to speak to the whole gathering all in all.
While doing research, it is frequently unrealistic to review each individual from a specific populace on the
grounds that the sheer number of individuals is just too huge. To make surmising about attributes of a
populace, scientists can utilize an irregular specimen.

PILOT STUDY
A pilot study, pilot project or pilot experiment is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to
evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and effect size (statistical variability) in an attempt to
predict an appropriate sample size and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale
research project. Pilot studies, therefore, may not be appropriate for case studies.