Part 1 Dr. Ahmed Kamel 505

MINING STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER (MSRC)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – CAIRO UNIVERSITY

NATURAL GAS ENINEERING DIPLOMA
Instrumentation
&
Control
NG505
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Text Book
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, by

Curtis D. Johnson, Prentice Hall, 7th edition,
2003
2 MSRC - Natural Gas Engineering Diploma - Instrumentation and control NG505 – Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Kamel – Professor – Electrical Power Engineering
Basic Concepts
 System Modeling
 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems
 Systems’ Analysis (Stability, Time Response, and Steady State
Error)
 Process Control Block Diagram
 Functions of Control Systems
 Control Systems Objectives and Evaluation
 Analog and Digital Control
1.System Modeling
 System Modeling means getting the mathematical equations

that govern the system variable
 Mathematical equations may be algebraic (Static Systems) or
differential (Dynamic system)
 The relation between the voltage across and the current
through a resistance is static
 V = I * R For a spring F = K * X
1.System Modeling
1.System Modeling
 Linear system obeys the principle of super position, its

analysis is easy, its controller design is easy
 Nonlinear system does not obey the principle of super
position, requires special analytical methods for analysis and
controller design
 A nonlinear system may be considered as a linear system for
small changes around certain operating point
2.1. Open Loop System
Position Control Schematic Diagram
Position Control Block Diagram
Level Control
H G(S) h
 The output is not measured
 The required value of the output can not be guaranteed
 Can not deal with disturbances
 IMPRACTICAL
2.2. Closed Loop System
Position Control Schematic Diagram
Position Control Block Diagram
Level Control
H h
?1 ?2
?3
 The output is measured

 Positive feedback leads to unstable system
 The required value of the output can be guaranteed to
certain extend using negative feedback
 Can deal with disturbances
 PRACTICAL
3. Systems’ Analysis
3.1. Stability
Bounded Input System Bounded Output
3.2. Time Response
3.2.1. Damped Response
All First order systems

Small values of the system gain
• The important parameters
of the response are the
duration, tD, of the
excursion for the Set
point;
• tD is defined from 10% to
90% of the change
following a set point
change
3.2. Time Response
3.2.1. Damped Response
3.2. Time Response
3.2.2. Cyclic Response
Large values of the system gain

• Controlled variable oscillates
about the set point.
• Parameters of interest are
the maximum error, emax, and
the duration, tD, also called
the settling time.
• tD is measured from the time
when the allowable error is
first exceeded to the time
when it falls within the
allowable error and stays.
3.2. Time Response
3.2.2. Cyclic Response
3.3. Steady State Error
• The Steady State error is adversely proportional to

the system gain
4. Process Control Block Diagram
r = Reference
or Set point Output signal
E = Error signal from
Controller
Determines action to be taken

- Electronic signal processing
- Pneumatic signal processing
- Computer signal processing
Provides required
changes in the controlled
variable to bring it to the
set point
Output signal to control
process
Complex assembly of
phenomena that relate to
some manufacturing
sequence
c = Controlled variable
Ex: Level of liquid in the tank
Temperature, Pressure
Measured representation of
(Sensor)
the controlled variable
bc
Example
Control Element
Measurement
Process
In Block Diagram
5. Functions of Control Systems
 Regulation
To regulate is to maintain the controlled variable value
at some desired value (reference/set point) regardless
of external influence
 Servomechanism
Servomechanism forces the controlled variable value
to follow variations of the reference value
 Discrete-State (Sequential)
Controls a sequence of events rather than regulation
or variation of individual variables.
Servo Versus Regulatory Control
Example
The manufacture of paint might involve setting of many
variables, such as mixing temperature, flow rate of liquids into
mixing tanks, speed of mixing, and so on.
Each of these might be expected to be regulated by process-

control loops
There is also a sequence of events: mixture needs to be heated

with a regulated temperature for a certain length of time and
then perhaps pumped into a different tank and stirred for
another period.
6.1. Control System Objectives
Three requirements must be satisfied

1. The system should be stable
2. The system should provide the best possible

steady-state regulation
3. The system should provide the best possible

transient response
6.2. Control System Evaluation
6.2.1. Evaluation Criteria For Damped Response

One of the measurements of the system performance is how the system
responds to changes of set point or
transient disturbance
6.2 Control System Evaluation
6.2.2. Evaluation Criteria For cyclic Response
Maximum error Minimum area criteria
Duration of excursion
(settling time)
Quarter amplitude criteria

7. Analog and Digital Control
7.1. Analog Control
7.2. Digital Control
Supervisory Control
7.2. Digital Control
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
7.3. Programmable Logic Controllers
7.4. Networked Control Systems

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Part 1 Dr. Ahmed Kamel 505

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MINING STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER (MSRC)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – CAIRO UNIVERSITY

Process Control Instrumentation Technology, by

 System Modeling means getting the mathematical equations

 Linear system obeys the principle of super position, its

Position Control Schematic Diagram

 The output is not measured

 The required value of the output can not be guaranteed

 Can not deal with disturbances

Position Control Schematic Diagram

 The output is measured

All First order systems

Large values of the system gain

• The Steady State error is adversely proportional to

Determines action to be taken

Each of these might be expected to be regulated by process-

There is also a sequence of events: mixture needs to be heated

Three requirements must be satisfied

2. The system should provide the best possible

3. The system should provide the best possible

6.2.1. Evaluation Criteria For Damped Response

Maximum error Minimum area criteria

Quarter amplitude criteria

7.1. Analog Control

7.3. Programmable Logic Controllers

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