Right Triangles General Triangles Basic Trigonometric Identities

tan x = sin x/cos x sin(-x) = -sin x

csc x = 1/sin x cos(-x) = cos x
sec x = 1/cos x tan(-x) = -tan x
cot x = 1/tan x

Area = ½ * A * B sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

Law of Sines:
Pythagorean Theorem: A2 + B2 = C2 sin α/A = sin β/B = sin γ/C
sin(2*x) = 2*cos x*sin x
Law of Cosines:
sin θ = A/C cos(2*x) = 2*cos2 x – 1
A2 = B2 + C2 – 2*B*C*cos α
cos θ = B/C B2 = A2 + C2 – 2*A*C*cos β
tan θ = A/B sin(a + b) = sin a*cos b + cos a*sin b
C2 = A2 + B2 – 2*A*B*cos γ
cos(a + b) = cos a*cos b – sin a*sin b

Laws of Exponents and Pi: π = 3.14159265359… Functions

Logarithms
Euler’s Constant: e = 2.71828182846… y = f(x) Domain → Range
xa + b = xa * xb
xa – b = xa / xb f(x) is a function of x. The set that x is
Natural Logarithm: Log to base e
(xa)b = xa * b valued is called the domain. The set
ln x = log x/log e that f(x) is valued is called the range.
log(a * b) = log a + log b
log(a/b) = log a – log b
Angles: 180° = π radians Each input (x) gives one unique output
log(ab) = b * log a (f(x)) but different inputs can give the
Rect. → Polar: r = √(x2 + y2), θ = tan-1(y/x) same output.
logn a = log a/log n Polar → Rect.: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

Conic Sections (at center (0,0)) Absolute Value

ϵ = eccentricity For all x, the absolute value of x,

notated |x| is non-negative.
Circle (ϵ = 0) x2 + y2 = 1
For the equation |x| = p, solving the
Ellipse (0 < ϵ < 1) x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 equation for x leads to the two
solutions x = p and x = -p.
Parabola (ϵ = 1) y2 = 4*p*x, x2 =
4*p*y

Hyperbola (ϵ > 1) x2/a2 – y2/b2 = 1

Complex Numbers #1 Complex Numbers # 2 Two- Dimensional Vectors

Parts of a Complex Number x + yi:
x is the real part
y is the imaginary part
√-1 = i
Arithmetic with Complex Numbers:
(a +bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + i*(b + d)
(a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + i*(b – d)
(a + bi)*(c + di) =
(a*c – b*d) + i*(a*d – b*c)
(a + bi)/(c + di) =
((a+bi)*(c-di))/(c2+d2)
Rect → Polar: r = √(x2 + y2), θ = tan-1(y/x)
Polar → Rect: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
De Movie’s Theorem:
(x + yi)n = rn * (cos(n*θ) + sin(n*θ))
(convert Rect. to Polar, then convert back at
the end)
Conjugate of x + yi: x – yi
Absolute Value of x + yi: √(x2 + y2)
Let the two vectors be defined by:
V = < v1, v2> and W = <w1, w2>
Addition and Subtraction:
V ± W = <v1 ± w1, v2 ± w2>
Dot Product:
V ∘ W = v1*w1 + v2*w2
Norm: ||V|| = √(v1^2 + v2^2)
Unit Vector of V: V/||V||
Angle: cos θ = (V ∘ W)/(||V||*||W||)