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Dr.

Ramadan Mohamed Ahmed


(First year)

Skeletal Muscle physiology


1) Define the following terms: striated, voluntary, sarcomere, muscle fiber, cross-
bridge, motor unit, neuromuscular (myoneural) junction, sliding-filament theory,
excitation-coupling, motor end plate, end-plate potential, chemically-gated
channels, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-Tubules, motor unit recruitment, fatigue,
muscle twitch, cholinergic receptors, oxygen deficit.
2) Describe the organization of a skeletal muscle.
3) Describe and diagram the structure of a sarcomere.
4) Describe the structure of a thick filament including the structure of myosin.
5) Describe the structure of a thin filament including the structure of actin,
tropomyosin and troponin.
6) Explain why skeletal muscle appears striated.
7) Describe the binding sites present on actin and myosin and relate them to their
functions
8) Explain the role of myosin ATP-ase activity in muscle contraction.
9) Explain cross-bridge formation and the "sliding filament" theory of muscle
contraction.
10) Explain the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction.
11) List and explain the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.
12) Identify the neurotransmitter released at the skeletal muscle neuromuscular
junction.
13) List possible ways to block skeletal neuromuscular transmission and an example
of an agent that could cause this blockage.
14) Identify the type of receptors located on the motor end plate.
15) Understand how the end plate potential differs from an EPSP on a post-synaptic
cell.
16) Explain how an action potential is generated and propagated in a skeletal muscle
cell.
17) Explain the process of excitation-contraction coupling.
18) Explain how ATP is used during muscle contraction and relaxation and relate
this to rigor mortis.
19) Identify the ways that ATP necessary for muscle contraction is obtained.
20) Explain the role of acetylcholinesterase.
21) Explain how relaxation of skeletal muscle occurs.
22) Be able to draw, identify and label the different phases of a muscle twitch, and be
able to explain each phase at a chemical level.
23) Explain what a motor unit is, and describe motor unit recruitment.
24) Explain and be able to diagram, incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus.
25) Explain the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions.
26) Describe the relationship between muscle length and muscle tension.
27) Be able to describe how motor unit recruitment and temporal summation
accomplish gradation of muscle contraction.
28) Be able to describe the basic differences between the three different types of
skeletal muscle fibers.
29) Explain how muscle fibers adapt to the demands that are placed on them, i.e.
exercise.
30) Distinguish or characterize the differences between endplate potentials and
action potentials in skeletal muscle.
31) Distinguish between a muscle twitch and tetanus.
32) Draw and explain a force – velocity curve
33) List the energy sources to power muscle contraction and rank these sources
based on their relative speed and capacity to supply ATP for contractions.
34) Define muscle fatigue and its physiological role. List the specific factors, and the
mechanisms, that cause fatigue.
35) List the distinguishing characteristics of different muscle fiber types, including
slow twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch glycolytic.
36) Define a motor unit and how contractile force is regulated in a single motor unit.
37) Explain the mechanisms behind the following skeletal muscle disorders: a)
38) McArdle’s disease, b) muscle atrophy, c) myopathies. d) muscle contracture.
Cardiovascular system

1) Define systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, mean arteriole


pressure.
2) Describe how the above pressures are affected by changes in a) stroke volume,
b) heart rate, c) arteriole compliance, and d) total peripheral resistance.
3) Describe the components of the baroreceptor reflex system.
4) Describe the mechanism employed by the baroreceptor system and the
physiological responses invoked to changes in blood pressure.
5) Discuss what is meant by CNS ischemic response and explain its clinical
application.
6) Describe role of peripheral chemoreceptor in blood pressure regulation.
7) Define capillary fluid shift and stress relaxation mechanisms.
8) Describe long term regulation of blood pressure.
9) List the components of vasomotor centre.
10) Discuss different factors affecting heart rate.
11) Describe the characteristics of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
12) Contrast between hypotension and hypertension and list different causes.
13) List the chemical mediators that influence arteriole resistance.
14) Describe the mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system regulates
15) myogenic tone. Contrast the receptors and response of tissue specific regions of
16) Vascular smooth muscle to epinephrine vs norepinephrine.
17) Define and contrast between acute and chronic haemorrhage..
18) Describe the compensatory mechanism of acute haemorrhage.
19) Define the different kinds and causes of “shock”.
20) Describe different courses of shock.
21) Discuss factors affecting blood flow to the tissue.
22) Describe the process of angiogenesis, including the stimulus that initiates new
vessel growth.
23) Define syncope and describe its different causes.

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