Genetics Vocabulary - 1
Term Definition
Heredity The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
Cross-pollination Sperm (in pollen) from one plant fertilizes the eggs (in an ovule) of a different plant
Self-pollination When the sperm from one plant fertilizes the eggs of the same plant.
Allele One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as a hair color
Dominant Allele The trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits bred
(Trait)
Recessive Allele A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits
(Trait) are bred.
Probability The likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event.
Genetics Vocabulary - 2
Term Definition
Codominance A form of dominance in which the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby
resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
● Stigma – Sticky surface at the pistil’s top, where the pollen germinates
● Style – Holds up the stigma
● Ovary – Contains the ovules
● Ovules – Become the seed after fertilization by pollen
Parts of the Flower - 2
Other Parts of the Flower
● Petals – Usually bright, to attract pollinators
● Sepals – Protect the flower bud when it is developing
● Receptacle – Portion of the stalk with the flower structure
● Peduncle (Pedicel) – Flower stalk
Comparison of Self-pollination and Cross-pollination
Describe the similarities and differences between self-pollination and cross-pollination in the space below:
In self pollination the wind blows pollen from the stamen in a flower and the pollen is blown onto the
same flowers stigma, while in cross pollination the pollen from one flower is blown onto the stigma of
another flower ,or a pollinator carrying pollen grains lands on the flower looking for nectar and transfers
the pollen grains onto the stigma . Both Self-pollination and Cross-pollination produce offspring.
Prediction
If you cross a black squirrel with a white squirrel, what color will the offspring be? Explain.
I think it will be black. I think it will be black because the darker hair gene is more dominant than the lighter
hair gene.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel - A Brief Biography
Gregor Mendel is known today the father of genetics. He was born in 1822 in present
day Czech republic. He was smart as a child and was sent to a good school. In his
teens his father was crippled by a farming accident. Mendel went to a monastery to
become augustinian monk and worked there eventually he became interested in the
plants in the garden he was interested in mutations in people and how they happened,
as well as how traits get passed down in plants and people. In the 1850’s he began
teach science in the church, he had to teach ideas about biology he thought weren’t
correct, even his students saw flaws in the ideas. He was certain math could help
unlock the mysteries of physics and biology and he need a observable living thing, so
he began running tests on peas. With the help of the Manchester university biology
department he began running tests on peas by pollinating peas and crossbreeding the
wrinkly with the smooth to help unlock how traits were passed down. All the peas were
smooth and he bred them together when they were full grown, this produced some
wrinkled peas and some smooth to help find out why, he counted the wrinkly to the
smooth peas. He found out that the smooth trait dominated the wrinkled trait., but his
results were dismissed. Mendel became a sad old man, but still believed that his work
was good and would change the world of biology; this happened, but 16 year after his
death.
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 1A
Scientists at Bikini Bottoms have been investigating the genetic makeup of the organisms in this community. Use the
information provided and your knowledge of genetics to answer each question.
1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho)
TT Bb DD Ff tt dd Dd ff Tt bb BB FF
ho he ho he ho ho he ho he ho ho ho
2. Determine the phenotype for each genotype using the information provided about SpongeBob.
4. SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSusie Roundpants at a dance. SpongeBob is heterozygous for his
square shape, but SpongeSusie is round. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if
SpongeBob and SpongeSusie had children. HINT: Read question #2!
s s
What shape might their children have? Round or Square
s ss ss
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 1D
5. Patrick met Patti at the dance. Both of them are heterozygous for their pink body color, which is dominant over a
yellow body color. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Patrick and Patti had children.
HINT: Read question #3!
P p
What color might their children be? Pink or Yellow
P PP Pp
What are the chances of a child with a pink body? 75%
6. Everyone in Squidward’s family has light blue skin, which is the dominant trait for body color in his hometown of Squid
Valley. His family brags that they are a “purebred” line. He recently married a nice girl who has light green skin, which is
a recessive trait. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Squidward and his new bride had
children. Use B to represent the dominant gene and b to represent the recessive gene.
b b
What color skin might their children have? Light blue
B Bb Bb
What are the chances of a child with light blue skin? 100%
7. Assume that one of Squidward’s sons, who is heterozygous for light blue body color, married a girl that was also
heterozygous. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if they had children.
B b
What color skin might their children have? Light green or Light blue
B BB Bb
What are the chances of a child with light blue skin? 75%
What are the chances of a child with light green skin? 25%
b Bb bb
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 1G
8. Mr. Krabbs and his wife recently had a Lil’ Krabby, but it has not been a happy occasion for them. Mrs. Krabbs has
been upset since she first saw her new baby who had short eyeballs. She claims that the hospital goofed and mixed up
her baby with someone else’s baby. Mr. Krabbs is homozygous for his tall eyeballs, while his wife is heterozygous for her
tall eyeballs. Some members of her family have short eyes, which is the recessive trait. Create a Punnett square using T
for the dominant gene and t for the recessive one.
Did the hospital make a mistake? Explain your answer. Yes their lil’
T TT Tt Krabby can only have tall eyes.
T TT Tt
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2A
1. Use the information for SpongeBob’s traits to write the phenotype for each genotype.
LL long Rr Round
yy blue ll Stubby
Ss Squarepants ss Roundpants
RR Round Yy Yellow
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2B
2. Use the information above to write the genotype (or genotypes) for each trait below:
3. Determine the genotypes for each using the information in the chart.
4a. One of SpongeBob’s cousins, SpongeBillyBob, recently met a cute squarepants gal, SpongeGerdy, at a local dance
and fell in love. Use the chart on slide 10 and your knowledge of genetics to answer the questions below:
s s
If SpongeGerdy’s father is a heterozygous squarepants and her
mother is a roundpants, what is her genotype? Complete the Punnett
square to show the possible genotypes.
S Ss Ss
Based on your results, what would Gerdy’s genotype have to be? Ss
s ss ss
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2E
4b. One of SpongeBob’s cousins, SpongeBillyBob, recently met a cute squarepants gal, SpongeGerdy, at a local dance
and fell in love. Use the chart on slide 10 and your knowledge of genetics to answer the questions below:
S s
Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would
result if BillyBob and Gerdy had children. NOTE: SpongeBillyBob is
heterozygous for his squarepants shape.
S SS Ss
What is the probability of kids with squarepants? 75%
5. SpongeBob’s aunt and uncle, SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur, have the biggest round eyes in the family. Wilma is
believed to be heterozygous for her round eye shape, while Wilbur’s family brags that they are a pure line. Complete the
Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur had children.
c. What is the probability the kids would have round eyes? 100%
S SS Ss d. What is the probability that the kids would have oval eyes? 0%
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2G
6. SpongeBob’s mother is so proud of her son and his new wife, SpongeSusie, as they are expecting a little sponge. She
knows that they have a 50% chance of having a little roundpants, but is also hoping the new arrival will be blue (a
recessive trait) like SpongeSusie and many members of her family. If SpongeBob is heterozygous for his yellow body
color, what are the chances that the baby sponge will be blue? Use the Punnett square to help you answer this question.
y y
Answer: 50% chance to be blue.
Y Yy Yy
y yy yy
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2H
7. SpongeBob’s aunt is famous around town for her itty, bitty stubby nose! She recently met a cute squarepants fellow
who also has a stubby nose, which is a recessive trait. Would it be possible for them to have a child with a regular long
nose? Why or why not? Use the Punnett square to help you answer this question.
l l
Answer: No. their traits are recessive which means that they are
homozoigus for their stubby noses therefor there is a 0% chance of
l ll ll their child having a long nose.
l ll ll
Bikini Bottom Genetics - 2I
8. If SpongeBob’s aunt described in question #7 wanted children with long noses, what type of fellow would she need to
marry in order to give her the best chances? Use the Punnett square to help you answer this question.
l l
Answer: A man with a homozoigus long nose LL
L Ll Ll
L Ll Ll
GENETICS VOCABULARY
BB . . . Bb . . . bb . . .
? ? ?
MENDELIAN TRAITS FOR PEA PLANT
GENETICS PROBLEMS (A)
1. Cross a hybrid purple flowered male with 2. Cross a pure breeding purple flowered 3. Cross two hybrids for seed color. What is 4. Cross a homozygous axial flowered 5. Cross a homozygous tall female with a
a pure breeding purple flowered female. male with a hybrid purple flowered female. the percent chance of having offspring with female with a terminal flowered male. What heterozygous male. What is the percent
What is the percent chance of having purple What is the percent chance of having white green seeds? is the percent chance of having offspring with chance of having dwarf offspring?
flowered offspring? flowered offspring? terminal flowers?
P P P p Y y A A T T
P PP PP P PP Pp Y YY Yy a Aa Aa T TT TT
p Pp Pp P PP Pp y Yy yy a Aa Aa t Tt Tt
6. If two heterozygous pea plants are 7. A female pea plant with green pods is 8. Can yellow seeded offspring be produced 9. Can green seeded offspring be produced 10. An offspring pea plant with white
crossed, what are the chances of having crossed with a male pea plant with yellow by two green seeded parent plants? by two yellow seeded parent plants? flowers was produced by two parent pea
offspring with wrinkled pods? pods. Both are true breeding for this trait. plants, both with purple flowers. What are
What are the chances of their offspring the genotypes of both parent pea plants?
having green pods? What is the phenotype of the recessive
offspring?
S s G G Y y y y P p
S SS Ss g Gg Gg Y YY Yy y yy yy P PP Pp
s Ss ss g Gg Gg y Yy yy y yy yy p Pp pp
chromosome
pair # 9
X
Y tongue rolling gene from dad
Your genes determine your traits, and they are found on your chromosomes. Each trait, such as tongue rolling, depends on
the two genes you received for that trait. One gene came from your mom, the other came from your dad. You have 23 pairs
of chromosomes. For each pair, one chromosome came from your mother’s egg cell, while the other came from your father’s
sperm cell. Since your chromosomes come in pairs, so do your genes for any particular trait.
* Each of these traits is not truly
FIFTEEN DIFFERENT HUMAN TRAITS * Mendelian, but for simplicity,
we will treat them as such.
GENETICS PROBLEMS (B)
1. Cross a hybrid straight thumbed male with 2. Cross a homozygous dark eyed female 3. A true-breeding woman with attached ear 4. A curly haired man and a curly haired 5. Jane and Jim both have red hair.
a purebred straight thumbed female. What is with a blue eyed male. What is the percent lobes marries a true-breeding man with free woman are both heterozygous for hair If Jane is homozygous and Jim is
the percent chance they will have a chance they will have a blue eyed child? earlobes. What is the percent chance they texture. When they have a child, what is the heterozygous, what is the percent
hitchhiker thumbed child? will have a child with free earlobes? percent chance that it also will have curly chance they can have a red haired
hair? child?
S S D D f f C c R R
S SS SS d Dd Dd F Ff Ff C CC Cc R RR RR
s Ss Ss d Dd Dd F Ff Ff c Cc cc r Rr Rr
6. Light-haired Maria has dark haired 7. Polly, her dad, and all twelve of her 8. Fernando has a straight thumb. His mom 9. A man with widow's peak has a daughter 10. A man with long eyelashes and a
parents. What is genotype of both her siblings can all roll their tongues. Polly's and dad have the same phenotype as with straight hairline and a wife with straight woman with long eyelashes have a baby
parents? mom cannot roll her tongue. What is the Fernando, but his sister Juanita has a hairline. What is the man's genotype? with short eyelashes. What is the
likely genotype of Polly's dad? hitchhiker thumb. What is the genotype of genotype of the man and woman?
Fernando's mom?
D d r r S s w w L l
D DD Dd R Rr Rr S SS Ss W Ww Ww L LL Ll
d Dd dd R Rr Rr s Ss ss w ww ww l Ll ll
s s b b c c R r C c
S Ss Ss B Bb Bb C Cc Cc r Rr rr C CC Cc
s ss ss b bb bb c cc cc r Rr rr C CC Cc
6. A boy has a straight hairline, but his 7. Jeff breeds true for dark eyes. He has 8. Is it possible for a hitchhiker thumbed 9. A heterozygous dark haired woman and a 10. All four of Bill's grandparents have
sister, dad, and mom all have widow's peak. three children. What is the phenotype of man and a hitchhiker thumbed woman to heterozygous dark haired man have nine straight hair. What is Bill's phenotype?
What is the genotype of the boy's father? each child? produce a child with straight thumbs? children in a row, all with dark hair. What is
the percent chance that their tenth child will
have light hair?
W w D d s s D d c c
W WW Ww D DD Dd s ss ss D DD Dd c cc cc
w Ww ww D DD Dd s ss ss d Dd dd c cc cc
ANSWER: Ww ANSWER: Dark eye ANSWER: no ANSWER: 25% ANSWERS: straight hair
GENETICS PROBLEMS (D)
1. John has dark hair. His son has light hair 2. Jack and Jill's phenotype for eye color is 3. Pablo and Penny want to have a baby 4. Jim and Jane are both hybrid for eye 5. Barney is purebred for hair texture, and
and his daughter has dark hair. If John's son dark. Their baby, Jane, has blue eyes. Is Jill with hitchhiker thumbs. They both breed true color. Their first three children have dark his wife is hybrid. If Barney has wavy hair,
had a 25% chance of having light hair, what homozygous or heterozygous for eye color? for thumb shape. Pablo is dominant and eyes. What are their chances of the fourth what is the percent chance they will have a
is the genotype of John's wife? Penny is recessive. What are their chances child being born with dark eyes? straight-hair baby?
of having the baby they want?
D d D d s s D d C c
D DD Dd D DD Dd S Ss Ss D DD Dd C CC Cc
d Dd dd d Dd dd S Ss Ss d Dd dd C CC Cc
6. Six red haired children were born to 7. A short 2nd toe man marries a long 2nd 8. A hybrid bent pinkie woman and a 9. Two brothers can roll their tongue, and 10. A child with dark eyes has
redheads Greg and Grace. One of their toe woman. They have two long 2nd toe purebred straight pinkie man have a bent their two sisters can't. Both parents can. heterozygous parents for this trait. What is
children doesn't have red hair. What is children. What is the genotype of the father? pinkie child. What is the phenotype of the What is the genotype of both parents? the % chance he is purebred?
genotype of the parents? woman?
R r s s B b R r D d
R RR Rr S Ss Ss b Bb bb R RR Rr D DD Dd
r Rr rr s ss ss b bb bb r Rr rr d Dd dd