CONECTORES

CONTRASTE

A. Hay distintas maneras de indicar contraste entre ideas. Las siguientes expresiones
generalmente introducen oraciones que indican contraste:

On the contrary Conversely

On the one hand, … on the other Opposite
hand
By contrast In comparison
By way of contrast

Indican oposición a lo dicho anteriormente.

TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES:

1. This is the most efficient existing cycle capable of converting a given amount of thermal
energy into work or, conversely, creating a temperature difference (e.g. for
refrigeration) by doing a given amount of work.
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2. By contrast, the new Mercedes-Benz S400 Hybrid, also the company's first hybrid,
went from an eight-cylinder to a six-cylinder engine compared with its base model.

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B. En algunos casos, estos conectores indican que la información que sigue reemplaza a
la anterior.

Ej:

Alternatively Rather

Instead An/the alternative is…

But It might be better if …

Then whereas
 TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES:

1. No physical prototype is required until the design nears completion, allowing

hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few.

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2. Continuum mechanics is a method of applying mechanics that assumes that

objects are continuous rather than discrete.
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C. Los siguientes conectores indican que lo dicho anteriormente se concede como

correcto, pero lo que sigue también, en contraste, es cierto y correcto.

But In spite of

However Despite that

Nevertheless On the other hand

Nonetheless Even if

Although Even though

Though Even so

Yet

TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES

1. Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a
part does not operate as intended.
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2. Having one cylinder is typical of most lawn mowers, but most cars have more than one
cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are common).

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 3. The fluid can be of any composition; gas is by far the most common, although even
single-phase liquid is sometimes used

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CAUSA Y EFECTO

Cuando se leen textos en inglés, es importante comprender las diferentes formas en las que se
puede expresar la relación entre causas y efectos de una acción. Si un razonamiento comienza
con efectos o resultados, las causas son las razones que conducen de una manera lógica a
esos resultados. Esta relación de causa-efecto se utiliza generalmente en textos académicos.

A. En algunos casos, son los verbos los que indican esta relación de causa-efecto. Ej:

Result Be caused by

Cause Be produced by

Produce Result in

Allow Result from

Prevent Bring about

Enable

TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES

1. Compression is the stress state caused by an applied load that acts to reduce the length
of the material (compression member) in the axis of the applied load.

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2. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces
motion and usable work.

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 B. Los siguientes conectores se utilizan para expresar causa:

Due to As the/a result of

As a consequence Since

Because as

TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES

1. This efficiency makes sense for a heat engine, since it is the fraction of the heat energy
extracted from the hot reservoir and converted to mechanical work. characters.

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2. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on

the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation)
until the crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure.

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C. Los siguientes conectores se usan para expresar resultado:

With the result that So that

Thus Therefore

Consequently Hence

For this reason

TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES

1. The piston and cylinder are assumed to be thermally insulated, thus they neither
gain nor lose heat.

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 2. The pace of economic development of a country is preceded by its industrialization
rate, hence, industrialization is considered inevitable in a developing economy.
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D. Otra forma de expresar esta relación de causa-efecto es el uso de oraciones

condicionales, introducidas por IF. En este caso, en ambas partes de la oración - causa
y efecto – los verbos están en presente.

TRADUZCA LA SIGUIENTE ORACIÓN

1. Maximum efficiency is achieved if and only if no new entropy is created in the cycle.

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