Ramirezcapitaineoscar 1 D 2

UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA
FACULTAD DE INSTRUMENTACIÓN
ELECTRÓNICA Y CIENCIAS ATMOSFÉRICAS
“CIRCUITO PARA TOMA DE LECTURAS Y CONTROL

DE MOTOR TRIFÁSICO MEDIANTE UN PANEL DE
CONTROL”
TESIS
QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE:
INGENIERO EN INSTRUMENTACIÓN
ELECTRÓNICA
PRESENTA:
OSCAR RAMÍREZ CAPITAINE
DIRECTOR DE TESIS:
M. EN I. SERGIO FRANCISCO HERNÁNDEZ MACHUCA
DIRECTOR DE TESIS:
DR. ANDRÉS LÓPEZ VELÁZQUEZ
XALAPA-ENRÍQUEZ, VER. NOVIEMBRE 2013

Dedicatorias
Quiero dedicar el presente trabajo principalmente a mi familia, ya que, sin ellos no hubiese
sido posible su realización, en primer lugar a mi mamá y mi hermana por su cariño y su
apoyo incondicional, así como, a mis abuelos, tías y tíos por brindarme su afecto y ayuda
cuando la necesitaba, además a todos mis primos y primas, por ofrecerme su amistad.
A mis amigos quienes siempre han estado ahí por mí y yo por ellos, y que sé, que
siempre puedo contar con su valiosa amistad y a quienes me apoyaron durante la
realización de mi carrera.
También quiero dedicar la presente a los profesores que he tenido a lo largo de mi

vida, por formarme en el ámbito estudiantil y por haber compartido sus conocimientos, ya
que gracias a ellos he podido lograr la realización de mi carrera y en especial a mis
directores de tesis.
Atentamente…
Oscar Ramírez Capitaine.
2
Índice
INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 8
CAPÍTULO 1 CONTROL DE MOTOR TRIFÁSICO

1.1 CIRCUITO DE COMUNICACIÓN ENTRE MICROCONTROLADOR Y
VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA ................................................................................ 10
1.1.1 Motor trifásico ........................................................................................ 13
1.1.2 Variador de frecuencia .......................................................................... 14
1.1.3 Registro de corrimiento ......................................................................... 15
1.1.4 Conversor digital análogo ..................................................................... 16
1.1.5 Amplificador operacional ....................................................................... 16
1.1.6 Transistor .............................................................................................. 17
1.1.7 Relevador .............................................................................................. 18
1.1.8 PIC 18F452 ........................................................................................... 19
CAPÍTULO 2 COMUNICACIÓN CON EL USUARIO

2.1 INTERFAZ.......................................................................................................... 20
2.2 PANEL DE CONTROL ....................................................................................... 20
2.2.1 LCD ....................................................................................................... 21
2.2.2 Push button ........................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Buzzer ................................................................................................... 22
2.2.4 PIC18F452 ............................................................................................ 23
2.3 OPERACIÓN...................................................................................................... 24
CAPÍTULO 3 DISEÑO ELECTRÓNICO ANALÓGICO

3.1 FUENTE DE ALIMENTACIÓN ........................................................................... 28
3.1.3 Reguladores de voltaje ......................................................................... 29
3.2 LECTURA DE VARIABLES ............................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Temperatura del motor .......................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Temperatura del variador de frecuencia ............................................... 31
3
CAPÍTULO 4 DISEÑO ELECTRÓNICO DIGITAL
4.1 HARDWARE ...................................................................................................... 32
4.1.1 Revoluciones por minuto ....................................................................... 32
4.1.2 Tiempo .................................................................................................. 33
4.2 SOFTWARE ....................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1 Tiempo .................................................................................................. 34
4.2.2 Revoluciones por minuto ....................................................................... 36
4.2.3 Envío de velocidad ................................................................................ 39
4.2.4 Lecturas................................................................................................. 40
4.2.5 Panel de control .................................................................................... 40
4.2.6 Programa principal ................................................................................ 41
CAPÍTULO 5. PROTOCOLOS DE PRUEBA.

5.1 PROTOCOLOS DE PRUEBA ............................................................................ 42
CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 46
APÉNDICE 1 ............................................................................................................ 47
APÉNDICE 2 ............................................................................................................ 52
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................ 80
4
Índice de: figuras, tablas y ecuaciones
CAPÍTULO 1
Figura 1.1 Motor y reductor de velocidad ................................................................ 10
Figura 1.2 Variador de frecuencia WEG modelo CFW10 ....................................... 11
Figura 1.3 Diagrama a bloques del circuito de comunicación entre el

microcontrolador y variador de frecuencia ............................................................... 12
Tabla 1.1 Palabra de control ................................................................................... 12
Ecuación (1.1) Frecuencia en función de la velocidad ........................................... 13
Figura 1.4 Conexiones para el modo remoto del variador de frecuencia ............... 14
Tabla 1.2 Tabla de verdad 74HC595 ...................................................................... 15
Figura 1.5 Esquemático de la etapa de amplificación............................................. 17
Figura 1.6 Esquemático de la conexión del microcontrolador al relevador ............ 18
Figura 1.7 Conexión variador de frecuencia-relevador ........................................... 18
Figura 1.8 Esquemático del circuito de comunicación

entre el microcontrolador y el variador de frecuencia .............................................. 19
CAPÍTULO 2
Figura 2.1 Diagrama a bloques de la interfaz ......................................................... 20
Figura 2.2 Panel de control ..................................................................................... 21
Figura 2.3 Configuración en pull-up y pull-down ..................................................... 22
Figura 2.4 Buzzer .................................................................................................... 23
Figura 2.5 Esquemático del panel de control .......................................................... 24
Figura 2.6 Descripción del menú ............................................................................ 25
5
Figura 2.7 (a) Cursor en la posición inicial; (b) Cursor en el campo “Tiempo”;
(c) Cursor en la segunda columna, listo para modificar el tiempo del proceso ....... 25
Figura 2.8 (a) Cursor en el campo “Tiempo”; (b) Cursor moviendo la ventana
hacia abajo; (c) Cursor situado en la parte más baja del Menú .............................. 26
Figura 2.9 (a) Cursor en el campo “Iniciar”; (b) Proceso iniciado; (c) Proceso
pausado ................................................................................................................... 26
Figura 2.10 (a) Proceso pausado; (b) Circuito en espera de instrucciones ............ 27
Figura 2.11 (a) Ventana bajando y visualizando las temperaturas; (b) Ventana
subiendo y visualizando los parámetros de “Tiempo” y “Velocidad” ....................... 27
CAPÍTULO 3
Figura 3.1 Diagrama a bloques de la fuente de alimentación ................................. 28
Figura 3.2 Esquemático de la fuente de alimentación ............................................ 29
Figura 3.3 Esquemático del acondicionamiento de señales ................................... 30
Figura 3.4 Colocación del sensor en el motor......................................................... 31
Figura 3.5 Colocación del sensor en el variador de frecuencia .............................. 31
CAPÍTULO 4
Figura 4.1 Tacómetro .............................................................................................. 33
Figura 4.2 Esquemático del tacómetro ................................................................... 33
Figura 4.3 Conexión del crystal ............................................................................... 34
Ecuación (4.1) Frecuencia de interrupción ............................................................. 38
Ecuación (4.2) Ciclos por segundo ......................................................................... 37
Ecuación (4.3) Tiempo por ciclo ............................................................................. 37
6
Ecuación (4.4) Factor de distancia del obstáculo ................................................... 38
Ecuación (4.5) Revoluciones por minuto en función de los ciclos consumidos ..... 38
CAPÍTULO 5
Figura 5.1 Reporte prueba 1 ................................................................................... 43
Tabla 5.1 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 1 ......................................................... 43
7
INTRODUCCIÓN
El hombre desde su origen siempre ha tratado de experimentar y resolver las necesidades

o problemáticas a las cuales se enfrenta, uno de los principales apoyos que ha tenido es el
uso de la electrónica. A pesar de que éste es un campo relativamente nuevo, se ha visto
un avance considerable en los últimos años de nuestra historia.
El 23 de diciembre de 1947 fue el día en el que se desarrolló el primer transistor [1]

y dio paso a la nueva era de la electrónica, que dejaría obsoleta la producción de bulbos o
tubos de vacío e iniciara la manufactura de dispositivos electrónicos de estado sólido. Hoy
en día, el desarrollo de la electrónica avanza a pasos agigantados debido a la
miniaturización, que hace posible que sistemas completos entren en una pieza de silicio
del tamaño de una lenteja y donde las dimensiones de los chips son determinados por el
tamaño que se requiere para ser manipulados. También, conforme avanza el tiempo, se
desarrollan nuevas técnicas de diseño para estos dispositivos, haciendo que entren más y
más transistores en los circuitos integrados.
Este tema de tesis: “Circuito para toma de lecturas y control de motor trifásico
mediante un panel de control”, es desarrollado para el Laboratorio de Tribología FIME
Xalapa UV en su proyecto: “Desarrollo de tecnología tribológica y de nuevos materiales,
que reduzcan el desgaste en piezas mecánicas y la contaminación ambiental”, con clave
VER-2009-CO3-127966, que fue aprobado por el FOMIX CONACYT-Gobierno del
Estado de Veracruz.
Un tribómetro, es un dispositivo diseñado para evaluar el desgaste que ocurre entre

2 probetas, que son sometidas a fricción a una determinada velocidad y fuerza de
contacto, en un tiempo determinado. Estos equipos se encargan de simular estos
fenómenos. Existen diferentes tipos de tribómetros, por ejemplo: pin-disco, de cuatro
bolas, cilindros cruzados, cilindros frontales.
Ya que, este laboratorio se encarga de desarrollar sus propios tribómetros, la

electrónica tiene un papel fundamental, debido a que ésta es una herramienta muy útil en
los campos que necesiten algún grado de innovación tecnológica. Este circuito fue
diseñado para operar un tribómetro pin-disco, pero dadas sus características, puede ser
utilizado en cualquier otro tribómetro y ser operados de una forma eficiente y económica,
por incluirle las características necesarias que requieren estos sistemas.
8
Los objetivos del circuito electrónico son:
a) Tiempo programable de encendido de un minuto a tres horas.

b) Controlar la velocidad de un motor trifásico de 3/4 HP.
c) Funcionar con un suministro de energía 110 Volts a 60 Hertz.
d) Velocidad programable de 200 RPM a 600 RPM.
e) Sensado de las RPM para detectar variaciones.
f) Sensado de temperaturas del motor y del variador de frecuencia.
g) Una interfaz mediante un panel de control, donde puedan ser ajustados los
parámetros, como la velocidad y el tiempo, así también como permitir la
visualización de las variables durante el experimento.
9
CAPÍTULO 1
Control De Motor Trifásico
En este primer capítulo se describen los componentes utilizados, y la interconexión de los
mismos para poder controlar la velocidad de un motor trifásico.
1.1 CIRCUITO DE COMUNICACIÓN ENTRE

MICROCONTROLADOR Y VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA
Este proyecto requiere de un motor trifásico de 3/4 HP, al cual, se le ensambla un reductor
de velocidad de flechas perpendiculares, es decir, que la flecha de salida se encuentra a
90° con respecto a la de entrada, con una relación de reducción de 3.1:1, esto significa,
que por cada 3.1 revoluciones en la flecha de entrada, entregará una vuelta completa en la
flecha de salida (Figura 1.1).
Flecha de Entrada
Flecha de Salida
Reductor de
Velocidad
Figura 1.1 Motor y reductor de velocidad.
Para poder controlar el motor se utiliza un variador de frecuencia CFW10 (Figura

1.2), encargado de generar las características de alimentación que el motor necesita,
como son: las 3 señales sinusoidales, amplitud, desfasamiento entre las mismas y
frecuencia. El variador de frecuencia en este proyecto se opera en modo remoto, en este
modo el usuario puede operarlo mediante el envío de una señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts
y 2 más de 0 Volts hacia el conector XC1 de la figura 1.2, el método de conexión será
descrito en el apartado 1.1.2. Para configurar y programar este dispositivo [2] se requiere
el uso de la HMI mostrado en la figura 1.2 y las tablas del apéndice 1.
10
HMI
Control XC1
Potencia
Figura 1.2 Variador de frecuencia WEG modelo CFW10.
Para el envío de la señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts desde el microcontrolador

PIC18F452, es necesario colocar algunos componentes (Figura 1.3), donde primero se
envía un byte (Tabla 1.1) de forma serial hacia un registro de corrimiento, que transmite el
byte en forma paralela a un conversor digital análogo y éste a su vez, transfiere una señal
hacia un amplificador operacional.
Con lo anterior, al enviar un valor decimal de 255 al registro de corrimiento, en la

salida del amplificador obtenemos aproximadamente 10 Volts y por otro lado, si se envía
un valor de 0 en decimal, obtendremos aproximadamente 0 Volts, esta señal se transfiere
a la terminal del variador de frecuencia que regula la velocidad del motor mediante voltaje.
Hay que tener en cuenta que, para que esto funcione, es necesario unir las tierras del
circuito y del variador.
Aunque se pudo evitar la colocación del registro de corrimiento enviando los datos
paralelamente del PIC al conversor digital-análogo, se conectó de esta manera para
ahorrar 5 pines del microcontrolador, ya que por la cantidad de componentes conectados
al microcontrolador es necesario optimizar los pines del mismo.
11
Registro de Corrimiento Conversor D/A OPAMP
Variador
Microcontrolador de
frecuencia
Transistor Relevador
Figura 1.3 Diagrama a bloques del circuito de comunicación entre microcontrolador y

variador de frecuencia.
RPM Palabra de control

200 01010010
250 01100111
300 01111011
350 10010000
400 10100100
450 10111001
500 11001101
550 11100010
600 11110110
Tabla 1.1 Palabra de control.
Para encender y apagar el motor, el microcontrolador polariza un transistor que

energiza un relevador y a su vez, éste puentea el borne de arranque del conector XC1
hacia tierra, provocando que el variador de frecuencia alimente al motor con las
características eléctricas deseadas. Para detener el motor el microcontrolador despolariza
al transistor, ocasionando que se desenergice el relevador dejando que el borne de
arranque del conector XC1 quede al aire, con esto, el variador de frecuencia comienza a
detener el motor.
La otra señal de 0 Volts que se mencionó se deja puenteada en el conector XC1 del
variador, para dejar activado el modo remoto.
12
1.1.1 Motor trifásico
El motor utilizado es un motor trifásico de la marca WEG modelo W22 de 0.75 caballos de
fuerza mostrado en la figura 1.1. Para su funcionamiento, requiere de una alimentación de
3 señales sinusoidales de 110 Volts de amplitud, separadas 120° entre ellas y utilizando
una frecuencia de 60 Hz. Con esta alimentación el motor alcanza una velocidad de 1760
RPM.
Para esta aplicación, es necesario controlar un rango de velocidad de 200 RPM a

600 RPM en la flecha de salida del reductor de velocidad. Ya que el reductor de velocidad
tiene una relación de reducción de 3.1:1, como se muestra en la ecuación (1.1), para
obtener 200 RPM en la flecha de salida, es necesario ajustar la frecuencia del variador a
20.1 Hz y para situar la velocidad a 600 RPM se ajusta la frecuencia a 60.4 Hz. Aunque la
frecuencia de alimentación del variador de frecuencia es de 60 Hz, éste es capaz de
entregar hasta 68 Hz para alimentar el motor.
(1.1)
Donde:
F = Frecuencia
η = Reducción
Vo = Velocidad de salida
Fn = Frecuencia nominal
Vn = Velocidad nominal
Sustituyendo la velocidad mínima:
Se obtiene la frecuencia mínima que se necesita:
Sustituyendo la velocidad máxima:
Se obtiene la frecuencia máxima que se necesita:
13
1.1.2 Variador de frecuencia
El variador de frecuencia que se eligió es el CFW10 de la marca WEG mostrado en la

figura 1.2, debido a que, con una alimentación de 110 Volts de corriente alterna a 60 Hz,
es capaz de generar 3 señales sinusoidales de 110 Volts y con esta función se logra uno
de los objetivos del proyecto, que es, el controlar la velocidad del motor trifásico
conectándose a una red de alimentación monofásica de 110 Volts. Para regular la
velocidad del motor se modifica la frecuencia de las 3 fases.
Las conexiones en el conector XC1 para operar en modo remoto (Figura 1.4),
requieren que se conecte el pin 1 DI1 al pin 5 GND, con esto se habilita este modo, para
regular la velocidad se envía una señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts en el pin 8 AI1, señal
que el variador interpreta como velocidad, para encender el motor se puentea el pin 4 DI4
con el pin 5 GND y para apagar el motor se desconectan estos 2 pines.
Figura 1.4 Conexiones para el modo remoto del variador de frecuencia.
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1.1.3 Registro de corrimiento
El registro de corrimiento es un dispositivo electrónico que guarda datos temporalmente

para su envío posterior, se encuentran compuestos por un arreglo de flip flops, existen
diversos tipos de registros de corrimiento según su función:
- PISO Entrada de datos en forma paralela con salida de datos serial.

- SIPO Entrada de datos en forma serial con salida paralela.
- SISO Entrada de datos en forma serial con salida serial.
- PIPO Entrada de datos en forma paralela con salida paralela.
El registro de corrimiento utilizado es el 74HC595 [3], el cual es del tipo SIPO serial
input parallel output, para la operación de este dispositivo es necesario colocar unos y
ceros lógicos en los 4 pines de control: RCK, SCK, SCLR y G (Tabla 1.2); y enviar los
datos en forma serial en el pin SER.
El reloj es el pin SCK, y cada vez que hay un bit disponible en el pin SER se envía
una transición de estado de bajo a alto, haciendo que el registro tome el dato y al hacer
esto 8 veces ya se tiene el byte completo, entonces se procede a accionar el pin RCK con
una transición de bajo a alto, provocando que los bits que entraron serialmente salgan en
forma paralela hacia el bus de datos, en este caso hacia el conversor digital-análogo, el
pin G se conecta a tierra, ya que no es necesario desocupar el bus de datos, y el pin
SCLR se deja conectado a Vcc, este pin sirve para limpiar el registro y no es necesario
para esta aplicación.
RCK SCK SCLR G Función

X X X A Desconecta el bus de datos
X X B B Limpia el registro de corrimiento
X ↑ A B Toma el nuevo bit
↑ X A B Transfiere el contenido al bus de datos
X = No Importa
A = Pulso alto
B = Pulso bajo
↑ = Transición de bajo a alto
Tabla 1.2 Tabla de verdad 74HC595.
15
1.1.4 Conversor digital-análogo
Un conversor digital-análogo convierte un valor digital a un voltaje o a una corriente

analógica, en este caso es una corriente, el valor digital es representado por 8 bits que
llegan en forma paralela al conversor análogo-digital AD7523JN [4], la señal analógica que
entrega este conversor son 2 corrientes iOUT1 e iOUT2, la corriente iOUT2 se envía a
tierra y la corriente iOUT1 se hace circular por una resistencia de 1 kΩ conectada a tierra,
esta resistencia es relativamente baja en comparación con las resistencias que se
utilizarán en la etapa de amplificación, esto se hace para que la mayor parte de la
corriente drene a tierra y genere un voltaje que será amplificado en la siguiente etapa
utilizando un amplificador operacional.
El otro pin que se conecta de este dispositivo es el Rfeedback que lleva conectada
una resistencia de retroalimentación, en lugar de la resistencia se coloca un preset de 100
kΩ que va a la salida del amplificador y a la entrada del variador de frecuencia. El
esquemático se esta etapa será mostrado en el apartado 1.1.8.
1.1.5 Amplificador operacional
En la etapa de amplificación para el control del motor se requiere de un amplificador

operacional, se utiliza un LM324 [5], en esta etapa se acondiciona la señal proveniente del
conversor digital-análogo, ya que este conversor entrega corriente se coloca una
resistencia a tierra, que genera una diferencia de potencial al circularle la corriente
proveniente del DAC, para medir esta señal se utiliza un amplificador diferencial o restador
(Figura 1.5), que es capaz de restar señales y amplificarlas, esta configuración es útil para
esta aplicación, ya que, en la salida del opamp se requieren 0 Volts cuando la salida del
DAC sea la mínima y con esta configuración se puede restar ese offset introduciéndole
una señal en la entrada inversora con un divisor de voltaje.
Para la conexión de este amplificador, se coloca en la terminal no Inversora un

preset de 1 MΩ conectado a tierra, con el que se regula la ganancia, de esta manera,
cuando la salida del DAC sea la máxima se puede ajustar la salida a 10 Volts, a esta
terminal también se le coloca una resistencia de 100 KΩ, se propusieron estos valores
para que la resistencia de 1 KΩ que se encuentra en la salida del DAC, pueda drenar la
mayor parte de la corriente hacia tierra.
16
Figura 1.5 Esquemático de la etapa de amplificación.
1.1.6 Transistor
Se utiliza el transistor para accionar el relevador que puentea el borne de encendido del
conector XC1 del variador de frecuencia a tierra, ya que, el pin de salida del
microcontrolador se quemaría si activase directamente al relevador, debido al consumo de
corriente que se necesita para energizar el solenoide.
En esta parte del circuito se conecta un transistor TIP120, éste es un transistor de

potencia tipo npn, que al saturarse, se ocasiona el estado de conducción del colector al
emisor, al colocar el transistor, el PIC puede accionar el relevador sin dañarse (Figura 1.6).
Aunque también es necesario proteger al transistor, ya que, cuando el relevador es

desconectado se genera un campo magnético al dejar de circular corriente en la bobina,
esta caída repentina del campo induce una corriente que genera un pico de voltaje que
podría dañar al transistor, para protegerlo, se conecta un diodo en sentido opuesto de la
corriente en las terminales del solenoide, que obliga a la corriente inducida circular por el
diodo y la bobina.
17
Figura 1.6 Esquemático de la conexión del microcontrolador al relevador.
1.1.7 Relevador
Ya que el variador de frecuencia necesita un switch entre los pines 4 y 5 para encender y
detener el motor, se coloca un relevador de 5 Volts que se conecta a un transistor y a un
pin de salida del PIC, ya con esto el microcontrolador puede controlar cuando se enciende
y apaga el motor (Figura 1.7).
Figura 1.7 Conexión variador de frecuencia-relevador
18
1.1.8 PIC18F452
En la puesta en marcha del motor se utiliza un microcontrolador PIC18F452 [6], que

controla un variador de frecuencia CFW10. Para regular la velocidad del motor se envía
una señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts, se logra haciendo que el microcontrolador transmita
serialmente un dato de 8 bits por el pin RD1 hacia el pin SER del 74HC595; utilizando el
pin RD3 del PIC como reloj en el pin SCK del registro de corrimiento; y conectando el pin
RD2 del microcontrolador al pin RCK del 74HC595, para transferir los 8 bits recibidos a la
salida del mismo (Figura 1.8), y de esta forma se envía el byte completo en forma paralela
a un conversor digital-análogo AD7523, que a su vez transfiere una señal a un
amplificador operacional LM324, y así, dependiendo del byte enviado éste entregará una
señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts al variador de frecuencia, que interpretará esta señal como
velocidad.
Para encender el motor, el microcontrolador envía un pulso de 5 Volts en el pin RD0

que va conectado hacia un transistor TIP120, que polariza al relevador, que puentea el
borne de encendido del variador de frecuencia a tierra, y para detener el motor, el
microcontrolador PIC envía 0 Volts por el pin RD0.
Figura 1.8 Esquemático del circuito de comunicación entre el microcontrolador y el

variador de frecuencia.
19
CAPÍTULO 2
Comunicación Con El Usuario
En este capítulo se describen los componentes utilizados, y como se entrelazan entre ellos
para lograr hacer una interfaz, así como la operación del panel de control.
2.1 INTERFAZ
La interfaz es una de las partes primordiales de este proyecto, ya que sin ella el operador
no podría comunicarse con el circuito. Existen diferentes tipos de interfaz, pero todas
tienen la función de comunicarse con el usuario, pueden estar constituidas de diferentes
componentes, como lo son: una pantalla táctil, un teclado con un monitor, un panel
formado de botones o sensores, y con indicadores lumínicos, sonoros, vibratorios, o
cualquier otro dispositivo que nuestros sentidos sean capaz de percibir.
Una Interfaz consta de 2 partes, una de ellas son los dispositivos de entrada, que es
donde el usuario puede introducir ordenes o comandos a una máquina, y los dispositivos
de salida que le dicen al usuario el estado de la máquina, lecturas de los sensores, qué
función se encuentra desempeñando, o para retroalimentar los datos o parámetros que el
usuario introduce. La interfaz de este proyecto consta de: un LCD, 4 push button y un
buzzer (Figura 2.1).
Microcontrolador Buzzer
Botones Display
Figura 2.1 Diagrama a bloques de la interfaz.
2.2 PANEL DE CONTROL
Como se mencionó anteriormente, este panel tiene como dispositivos de salida un LCD y
un buzzer, y para los dispositivos de entrada 4 botones, con esto el usuario puede cambiar
los parámetros del proceso, como son las revoluciones por minuto, y el tiempo que durará
el mismo, también se pueden monitorear las variables, como la temperatura del motor y
20
del variador de frecuencia. Y durante el proceso se podrán visualizar: el tiempo restante,
monitorear las revoluciones por minuto, y las temperaturas; así como iniciar, pausar, o
cancelar el proceso. El panel está constituido por un display de cristal líquido, y cuatro
botones: arriba, abajo, enter y cancelar; con esto el usuario puede navegar en el menú, y
realizar las acciones antes descritas (Figura 2.2).
Subir Enter Cancelar
Bajar
Figura 2.2 Panel de control
2.2.1 LCD
El LCD por sus siglas en ingles liquid crystal display, se utiliza para poder visualizar los
parámetros y monitorear el estado de la máquina, aquí se eligió el JHD162A [7]. Este
display consta de 2 renglones con 40 caracteres cada uno, de esos 40 únicamente 16
caracteres son visibles, y el programador es el que elige cuáles se observarán, cada
carácter se encuentra formado por una matriz de 5x8 puntos, existen 240 precargados
aparte 8 más que el programador puede definirlos y dejarlos cargados.
Consta de 3 pines de control: el pin RS que indica si en el bus de datos hay

presente un carácter o una instrucción; el pin R/W que sirve para enviar datos al LCD o
para recibir los datos que hay en el bus de datos, este pin se deja conectado a tierra, ya
que solo necesitamos escribir datos; y el pin E que se utiliza para habilitar y deshabilitar el
este módulo; aparte tiene otro pin para ajustar el contraste del display. Para enviar los
datos normalmente hay que transmitirlos por un bus de 8 bits, pero este LCD puede
aceptar un bus de 4 bits, enviando primero los 4 bits más significativos y luego los menos
significativos. Como se menciono anteriormente se necesita optimizar los pines en el
microcontrolador, por esta razón se elige un bus de datos de 4 bits.
21
2.2.2 Push button
Estos push button o pulsadores se utilizan para que el usuario pueda decirle a la máquina
que hacer, esta interfaz consta de cuatro de ellos, “subir”, “bajar”, “enter”, y “cancelar”;
existen 2 tipos de push button: los normalmente abiertos, y los normalmente cerrados;
aquí se eligieron los normalmente abiertos, para un correcto funcionamiento necesitan una
resistencia de pull-up o pull-down según sea el diseño, esto sirve para lograr cambiar de
estado de una forma eficiente, y de esta forma el botón entregará 5 o 0 Volts que serán
interpretados como 1 y 0 lógicos (Figura 2.3), en este proyecto se suprimieron las
resistencias, ya que en los pines del microcontrolador donde fueron conectados tienen la
capacidad de activar estas resistencias internamente mediante programación.
Figura 2.3 Configuración en pull-up y pull-down.
2.2.3 Buzzer
El buzzer funciona como dispositivo de salida, éste es un indicador de apoyo, de esta
forma, el usuario al presionar un botón activa una señal sonora, y así el usuario sabe que
le llegó la orden al circuito, ya que indica que la pulsación del botón fue captada, también
sirve para dar aviso que el temporizador expiró. La conexión de este dispositivo es simple,
únicamente hay que conectar una de sus terminales a tierra, y la otra directo al pin de
salida del microcontrolador, sin la necesidad de una resistencia limitadora de corriente
debido al bajo consumo del buzzer (Figura 2.4).
22
Figura 2.4 Conexión del Buzzer.
2.2.4 PIC18F452
Para gestionar la entrada y salida de datos en el circuito se utiliza un microcontrolador

PIC18F452, que es el encargado de enviar los comandos y letreros en cada momento
hacia un LCD JHD162A, esto depende de los botones que se pulsen o de que esté
sucediendo con las variables que se manejan.
Para la conexión se utilizó el bus de datos de 4 bits, se conectó al PIC en los pines
RD4 : RD7, para los bits de control se utilizan los pines RC4 y RC5. El pin RC4 se conecta
al pin RS del LCD que sirve para que el display pueda entender la diferencia entre un dato
o una instrucción, si se coloca un 0 le dirá que está presente en el bus de datos una
instrucción, por el contrario, si se coloca un 1 le dirá que está presente un símbolo o un
carácter alfanumérico, el pin RC5 se conecta al pin E que habilita y deshabilita el LCD.
El panel de inicio rápido utiliza 4 botones con los que se controla el circuito, para
estos botones se eligen los pines más significativos del puerto B, que son los que tienen
asociada la interrupción por cambio de estado en el puerto B, otra de la ventaja de utilizar
este puerto es el poder activar mediante programación unas resistencias de pull-up y de
esta manera no es necesario colocarlas en el hardware, el botón de “subir” utiliza el pin
RB6, el botón de “bajar” utiliza el pin RB5, el botón de “enter” utiliza el pin RB7 y para el
botón de “cancelar” se utiliza el pin RB4 (Figura 2.5).
23
Figura 2.5 Esquemático del panel de control.
La Interfaz también cuenta con una alarma sonora que es activada por el pin RC3
del PIC, ésta se activa cuando se atiende la interrupción por cambio de estado, justo
cuando entra a cualquiera de las rutinas que atiende a cualquiera de los 4 botones, al
entrar a las rutinas el PIC envia un pulso de 5 Volts por el pin RC3 durante 40
milisegundos. También es activado cuando el temporizador que detiene el proceso llega a
cero, con la diferencia que aquí el pulso tarda 1 segundo.
2.3 OPERACIÓN
Como ya se mencionó para la entrada de información se utilizan únicamente 4 botones, al

pulsar los botones de “subir” y “bajar” el usuario puede moverse entre los 5 distintos
campos: “Iniciar”, “Tiempo”, “Velocidad”, “Temp Motor” y “Temp Control”; de los cuales,
“Temp Motor” y “Temp Control” son de sólo lectura e “Iniciar”, “Tiempo” y “Velocidad”, son
los que el usuario puede modificar. El cursor parpadeando indica el campo al que se esté
apuntando, nótese que este LCD únicamente puede mostrar 2 campos a la vez (Figura
2.6).
24
Blinking cursor Área visible en el LCD
Iniciar
Campos que el usuario
puede manipular
Tiempo 0h 1m
Velocidad 200RPM
Variables de Temp Motor 21C
sólo lectura Temp Control 21C
x
Menú
Figura 2.6 Descripción del menú.
Para ajustar algún parámetro, el usuario deberá apuntar al renglón deseado y

pulsar “enter”, suponiendo que el cursor se encuentra en el primer renglón (Figura 2.7a) y
el usuario desea cambiar el tiempo que durará encendido el motor, entonces, tendrá que
presionar el botón “bajar” una sola vez para situarse en el segundo renglón (Figura 2.7b),
una vez que el cursor se encuentre apuntando en el campo de “Tiempo”, se tendrá que
presionar “enter” para poder afectar el parámetro (Figura 2.7c), ahora que el cursor se
encuentra apuntando a la segunda columna, los botones de “subir” y “bajar” harán la
función de incrementar o decrementar al valor que se esté apuntando, en este caso el
parámetro a ser alterado es “Tiempo”. El tiempo podrá seleccionarse desde 1 minuto hasta
3 horas, una vez seleccionado el tiempo deseado el usuario podrá regresar a la primera
columna pulsando “enter” o “cancelar” (Figura 2.7b). Ahora si se desean cambiar las
revoluciones por minuto, se tienen que seguir prácticamente los mismos pasos, apuntar al
campo de “Velocidad”, una vez situado allí se presiona “enter” y el cursor apuntará a la
segunda columna, entonces al presionar “subir” o “bajar” el usuario podrá ajustar las
revoluciones por minuto, y para regresar a la primera columna tendrá que presionar “enter”
o “cancelar”, las RPM sólo pueden ser alteradas en un rango de 200 RPM a 600 RPM.
Iniciar Iniciar Iniciar

Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0h 1m
Velocidad 200RPM Velocidad 200RPM Velocidad 200RPM
Temp Motor 21C Temp Motor 21C Temp Motor 21C
Temp Control 21C Temp Control 21C Temp Control 21C
x x x
(a) (b) (c)
Figura 2.7 (a) Cursor en la posición inicial; (b) Cursor en el campo “Tiempo”;
(c) Cursor en la segunda columna, listo para modificar el tiempo del proceso.
25
Al desplazarse verticalmente entre los campos del menú la ventana seguirá al
cursor, ahora supongamos que se quiere monitorear la temperatura del variador de
frecuencia, para esto el usuario tiene que asegurarse de estar situado en la columna 1
(Figura 2.8a), entonces deberá de presionar el botón de “bajar” (Figura 2.8b), hasta llegar
a “Temp Control” (Figura 2.8c), la ventana del LCD seguirá al cursor, nótese que la
temperatura del motor y la temperatura del variador de frecuencia son de sólo lectura, así
que si el usuario presionase “enter” o “cancelar” en alguno de estos campos, no pasaría
nada, únicamente se escucharía la alarma de “botón presionado”, lo mismo pasaría si se
presiona “bajar”, ya estando situado en el campo de hasta abajo “Temp Control”, o en el
campo de hasta arriba “Iniciar” si se presionase “subir” (el cursor no se puede mover más
allá de los campos tope). En cualquiera de estos casos solo se escuchara el buzzer y el
usuario sabrá que si presiono el botón, y como el display no mostrará cambios el usuario
caerá en cuenta que determinadas acciones no son válidas.
Iniciar Iniciar Iniciar

Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0h 1m
x x x
(a) (b) (c)
Figura 2.8 (a) Cursor en el campo “Tiempo”; (b) Cursor moviendo la ventana hacia abajo;
(c) Cursor situado en la parte más baja del menú.
Al presionar “enter” en “Iniciar” (Figura 2.9a) se encenderá el motor con la velocidad

seleccionada durante el tiempo que se especificó y cambiara la leyenda “Iniciar” por
“Detener” (Figura 2.9b), en caso de presionar “enter” cuando se está apuntando a
“Detener” o presionando “cancelar” con el cursor apuntando a cualquier renglón, el
proceso se pausará, deteniendo el temporizador y el motor y la leyenda “Detener”
cambiará a “Continuar” (Figura 2.9c), al presionar “enter” en la leyenda “Continuar” el
proceso seguirá, entonces se encenderá el motor de nuevo, el temporizador seguirá su
marcha y el letrero cambiará de “Continuar” a “Detener”.
Iniciar Detener Continuar

Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0:00:59 Tiempo 0:00:59
x x x
(a) (b) (c)
Figura 2.9 (a) Cursor en el campo “Iniciar”; (b) Proceso iniciado;
(c) Proceso pausado.
26
Cuando la máquina se encuentra en estado de pausa en el primer renglón
aparecerá la leyenda “Continuar” (Figura 2.10a), si se llega a presionar el botón “Cancelar”
cuando el proceso esta pausado se reiniciará la prueba, restableciendo el temporizador y
esperando que el usuario decida cargar nuevos parámetros o iniciar el proceso de nuevo
(Figura 2.10b).
Continuar Iniciar
Tiempo 0:00:59 Tiempo 0h 1m
Velocidad 200RPM Velocidad 200RPM
Temp Motor 21C Temp Motor 21C
Temp Control 21C Temp Control 21C
x x
(a) (b)
Figura 2.10 (a) Proceso pausado; (b) Circuito en espera de instrucciones.
Para visualizar las variables cuando el proceso se encuentra en operación solo hay
que navegar en el menú con los botones “subir” o “bajar”, para ver las temperaturas tanto
del motor como la del variador de frecuencia hay que presionar “bajar”, hasta que se
visualice la parte de hasta abajo del menú (Figura 2.11a), ahora, si se quisiera ver el
tiempo restante y la velocidad, únicamente hay que presionar el botón “subir” 3 veces o
dejarlo presionado hasta que llegue al posición deseada (Figura 2.11b), cuando el proceso
ya inició o se encuentra pausado estos parámetros no podrán modificarse ya que se
convierten en parámetros de sólo lectura, para poder alterarlos el circuito debe de estar en
modo de espera, esto es cuando se logra ver el letrero “Iniciar”, si el usuario trata de
manipular los parámetros cuando no es válida su alteración sólo se escuchara la alarma
de “botón presionado”, esta alarma es un pulso de 40 milisegundos que se envía a un
buzzer cada vez que se presiona algún botón.
Detener Detener
Tiempo 0h 1m Tiempo 0h 1m
Velocidad 200RPM Velocidad 200RPM
Temp Motor 21C Temp Motor 21C
Temp Control 21C Temp Control 21C
x x
(a) (b)
Nota: Cuando el cursor sube o baja, éste arrastra la ventana (parte
visible del LCD), si se presiona “subir” en la imagen (a), la ventana
quedaría en el mismo lugar, únicamente el cursor subiría una posición,
lo mismo sucedería en la imagen (b) si se presiona el botón “bajar”, sólo
que en este caso el cursor bajaría.
Figura 2.11 (a) Ventana bajando y visualizando las temperaturas; (b) Ventana subiendo y
visualizando los parámetros de Tiempo y Velocidad.
27
CAPÍTULO 3
Diseño Electrónico Analógico
En este capítulo se detalla el proceso y funcionamiento del sistema electrónico analógico,
de: la fuente de voltaje y el acondicionamiento de señales.
3.1 FUENTE DE ALIMENTACIÓN

En esta parte del diseño electrónico se analizará la electrónica analógica, que a diferencia
de la digital, los niveles de voltaje y/o corriente pueden variar sin seguir valores
predeterminados o también pueden ser estáticos siempre y cuando no se les asigne algún
nivel lógico, este circuito utiliza varias etapas de este tipo de electrónica, como lo es, la
fuente de alimentación.
La fuente de alimentación consta de varias etapas, la primera es ajustar los niveles

de voltaje con un transformador, luego, con un puente de diodos se rectifica la señal, ya
teniendo la onda completa rectificada, se filtra el voltaje con un capacitor, al tener señal
con un rizo menor, se regula el voltaje y se elimina todavía más el rizo con un regulador de
voltaje, hecho esto la fuente ya es funcional, aunque se puede agregar otra etapa de
filtrado antes de la carga para tener una señal un poco más limpia (Figura 3.1). Esta fuente
suministra varios niveles de voltajes: 5V, 6.9V y -2V, estos voltajes son necesarios para
los distintos dispositivos del circuito. Los 5V se utilizan para alimentar el microcontrolador,
el LCD, el relevador, el transistor, el optointerruptor, y los sensores. Los voltajes de 6.9V y
-2V se utilizan para alimentar el amplificador operacional, utilizando estos niveles se logra
ampliar el umbral de no saturación, logrando obtener a la salida de del amplificador
voltajes de 0V hasta 5V.
Alimentación CI
Transformador Rectificador Filtro Carga
120 V AC Regulador
Figura 3.1 Diagrama a bloques de la fuente de alimentación.
28
3.1.3 Reguladores de voltaje
Los reguladores de voltaje son circuitos integrados que contienen: la referencia de la

fuente, comparadores, dispositivos de control, y protección para la sobrecarga, estos
circuitos integrados van colocados después de la etapa de filtrado, aunque se puede
colocar un capacitor a la salida para eliminar todavía más el rizo o por si llegase a existir
un pico en el consumo de energía, existen diversos tipos de reguladores:
-Reguladores de voltaje positivo fijo.

-Reguladores de voltaje negativo fijo.
-Reguladores de voltaje positivo variable.
-Reguladores de voltaje negativo variable.
En este proyecto se utilizan: 1 MC7805 [8] regulador de voltaje positivo fijo a 5

Volts, 1 LM337 [9] regulador de voltaje negativo variable, y 1 LM317 [10] regulador de
voltaje positivo variable, (Figura 3.2).
Figura 3.2 Esquemático de la fuente de alimentación.
29
3.2 LECTURA DE VARIABLES
La lectura de variables tiene una gran relevancia para el proyecto, ya que al estar
sensando la temperatura del motor y del variador de frecuencia nos indica que tanto se le
puede exigir a la máquina, para obtener la lectura de una variable es necesario conseguir
una señal proveniente de un sensor, posteriormente acondicionar esa señal para poder
enviarla PIC, en la etapa de acondicionamiento se preparan las señales para que entren al
conversor análogo-digital del microcontrolador, cuidando que no sobrepasen los 5 Volts, y
no bajen de 0 Volts (Figura 3.3).
Figura 3.3 Esquemático del acondicionamiento de señales.
3.2.1 Temperatura del motor
Es importante poder monitorear la temperatura del motor, ya que con esto se puede
proteger de un sobrecalentamiento y de esta manera alargar la vida útil de éste, esto se
hace colocando un LM35 [11] en la carcasa del motor para poder monitorear su
temperatura y verificar que no exceda los 45°C por sobre la temperatura ambiente [12]
(Figura 3.4).
30
Figura 3.4 Colocación del sensor en el motor.
3.2.2 Temperatura del variador de frecuencia
También es importante monitorear al variador para evitar que sufra algún daño por
sobrecalentamiento, esto se logra colocando un LM35 en el disipador de calor del mismo,
ya que es el dispositivo que suministra la potencia, cuidando que no exceda los 50°C [2]
por sobre la temperatura ambiente (Figura 3.5).
Figura 3.5 Colocación del sensor en el variador de frecuencia.
31
CAPÍTULO 4
Diseño Electrónico Digital
En este capítulo se verá a detalle la forma en que interactúan los componentes
electrónicos digitales entre sí, tanto de hardware y software.
4.1 HARDWARE
La parte del diseño electrónico digital consta de dos partes: el hardware y el software. En
esta sección se analizará el hardware, que es la parte tangible del sistema electrónico y
está constituido por distintos componentes como lo son, los circuitos integrados que
manejan niveles lógicos, en este caso voltajes TTL, en donde el cero lógico es de 0 Volts a
0.8 Volts y el uno lógico es de 4.75 Volts a 5.25 Volts. Al hardware también lo conforman
las pistas y cables donde circulan las corrientes eléctricas y los componentes que nos
ayudan a obtener, manipular y acoplar estos niveles de voltaje.
En este circuito se utiliza un microcontrolador, éste es el cerebro del circuito, ya

que, es el encargado de gestionar las tareas a realizar, para este proyecto se eligió
microcontrolador PIC18F452.
4.1.1 Revoluciones por minuto
Para poder medir las revoluciones por minuto que entrega la flecha de salida, es necesaria
la implementación de un tacómetro, para ello se utiliza un optointerruptor conectado al pin
INT0 que tiene asociada la Interrupción Externa 0, es necesario utilizar este pin ya que
cuando el optointerruptor detecte un obstáculo que interfiera entre el fototransistor y el
fotodiodo (Figura 4.1), éste activará la interrupción externa que se utilizará para salvar el
valor del TIMER0 y cuando este obstáculo deje de interrumpir el haz de luz, se salvará de
nuevo el contenido de este registro, con lo que se obtendrá el tiempo que tarda en pasar
dicho objeto y por consiguiente las RPM (Figura 4.2).
32
Optointerruptor
Obstáculo
Figura 4.1 Tacómetro.
Figura 4.2 Esquemático del tacómetro.
4.1.2 Tiempo
Éste se mide calculando el tiempo que dura una instrucción en el PIC, dependiendo del
crystal que se le coloque y bajo esta premisa se configura y precarga el TIMER0 para que
cuando ocurra la interrupción por desbordamiento se decremente en un segundo el
temporizador, mismo que se utiliza para apagar el motor en el tiempo programado (Figura
4.3).
33
Figura 4.3 Conexión del crystal.
4.2 SOFTWARE
Como ya se mencionó, la electrónica digital consta de 2 partes, en este apartado se

analizará el software o programación, esto es lo que nos ayuda a controlar el flujo de
información y la manipulación de las variables mediante condicionantes, de esta forma se
logra que el circuito cumpla con el propósito para el cual fue diseñado, el programa
utilizado es un compilador en C, que genera un archivo en hexadecimal que es cargado en
un microcontrolador PIC18F452 [13].
4.2.1 Tiempo
Para poder calcular el tiempo es necesario configurar un timer del microcontrolador, se
elige el Timer0 debido a que su preescalador puede ser configurado en 128, ahora, se
necesita que se genere la interrupción por desbordamiento del Timer0 cada segundo o
que su taza de desborde sea de 1 Hz. Sabiendo que se tiene un crystal de 20 MHz
conectado al microcontrolador, se puede calcular el valor con el que se precargará a los
registros TMR0L y TMR0H, así como su preescalador.
34
(4.1)
Donde:
FI = Frecuencia de interrupción
Fosc = Frecuencia del oscilador
Div = Divisor de entrada
PS = Preescalador
TCYS = Ciclos
Sustituyendo el número de ciclos que caben en un registro de 16 bits = 65536, un

crystal de 20 MHz, divisor de frecuencia a la entrada del oscilador = 4 y suponiendo un
preescalador de 128 se tiene la frecuencia de interrupción:
Como se muestra a continuación, el periodo o el tiempo que tarda en desbordarse

el Timer0 es 1.67 Segundos, entonces el preescalador, el tamaño del registro y crystal se
seleccionaron correctamente.
Para obtener el número de ciclos que se necesitan para una frecuencia de

desbordamiento del timer de 1 Hz, se agregan los ciclos sobrantes en la ecuación (4.1):
35
Donde:
PS = Preescalador
TCYS = Ciclos
TCY = Ciclos sobrantes
Sustituyendo:
Ahora, para que el Timer0 se desborde cada segundo, sólo hay que precargarlo
con los ciclos sobrantes cada vez que se genere la interrupción.
La sección de código necesaria para detectar cada segundo con el Timer0 es la

expuesta en el Apéndice 2.1, una vez que corre el programa el Timer0 se desbordará
cuando haya transcurrido un segundo, luego en la ISR del Timer0 se tendrá que volver a
precargar los registros TMR0L y TMR0H, entonces se decrementa el temporizador de la
prueba en 1 segundo, además de activar la bandera Ban_Timer, ésta le indica al programa
principal que acaba de desbordarse el Timer0 (Ver apéndice 2.2).
4.2.2 Revoluciones Por Minuto
Para la implementación del tacómetro se utiliza la interrupción externa INT0, para ello se
configura el flanco de la interrupción de alto-bajo (Ver apéndice 2.3), entonces, cuándo se
genera la interrupción es porque el obstáculo activó el optointerruptor, justo en ese
momento se atiende la ISR INT0, salvando los valores del TMR0L y TMR0H y
configurando el flanco de bajo-alto, para que, cuando el obstáculo deje de interrumpir el
haz de luz se atienda a la interrupción nuevamente y se salven los valores del TMR0L y
TMR0H, dejando el flanco de alto-bajo para que se pueda detectar el obstáculo cuando
vuelva a pasar (Ver apéndice 2.4). De esta manera se obtiene el número de ciclos que
tarda el obstáculo en cruzar por el optointerruptor.
36
Para obtener cuantos ciclos se consumen en un segundo:
(4.2)
Donde:
PS = Preescalador
TCYS = Ciclos
Sustituyendo:
Para determinar cuánto tiempo dura un ciclo:
(4.3)
Donde:
TCY = 1 Ciclo
TCYS = Ciclos en 1 segundo
Ya que se tiene cuánto dura un ciclo, se obtiene físicamente cuantos ciclos tarda el
obstáculo en pasar a una determinada velocidad:
37
Se necesita obtener cuanto tiempo tarda en dar una vuelta a 589 RPM, para ello se
aplica una regla de tres:
Para obtener el factor de distancia, se divide el tiempo que tarda en dar una vuelta
sobre el tiempo que tarda en pasar el obstáculo a la misma velocidad.
(4.4)
Donde:
FD =
Tv =
To =
Sustituyendo:
Ya que se obtuvo el factor de distancia del obstáculo, se elabora la ecuación para

determinar las revoluciones por minuto en función de los ciclos que tarda el obstáculo en
pasar por el optointerruptor.
(4.5)
Donde:
RPM = Revoluciones por minuto
TCYS = Ciclos
TCiclo = Tiempo por ciclo
FD = Factor de distancia
38
Para la comprobación de la formula se sustituyen los ciclos que se consumen a una
determinada velocidad, en este caso se sustituyen 382 Ciclos que equivalen a 589 RPM.
Para tener una lectura más fiable, se saca un promedio de 8 lecturas y el valor
obtenido se traduce en RPM, entonces es guardado en el registro RPM_Motor para
utilizarse cuando se refresque el LCD (Ver apéndice 2.5).
4.2.3 Envío de velocidad

Para enviar la velocidad al variador de frecuencia, es necesario transferir un byte
serialmente por el pin RD1. Para esto se coloca un cero lógico en el pin RD3 que es
conectado al reloj del registro de corrimiento y se procede a rotar el byte donde se guarda
la velocidad a enviar, colocando el bit que se rotó en el pin RD1, luego se coloca un uno
lógico en el pin RD3 para que el registro de corrimiento tome el dato, después se hace
esto 8 veces para enviar el byte completo, entonces se hace una transición de alto-bajo en
el pin RD2, para que el registro de corrimiento coloque el byte en forma paralela en el bus
de datos, entonces se coloca un uno lógico en el pin RD0 para dar la orden de encendido
al motor (Ver apéndice 2.6).
39
4.2.4 Lecturas
En la toma de lecturas se utiliza el conversor análogo-digital del microcontrolador, al que le
llegan las señales de 0 Volts a 5 Volts provenientes de los sensores, estas señales entran
en los canales AN0 y AN1 del conversor, para ello se necesita configurar el conversor
análogo-digital (Ver apéndice 2.7), la toma de lecturas se encuentra en una llamada, que
saca un total de 16 lecturas, 8 para cada canal, una vez obtenidas se promedian y
sobrescriben los registros Temp_Motor y Temp_Variador, que es donde se guardan las
temperaturas a las que se encuentran el motor y el variador de frecuencia (Ver apéndice
2.8).
4.2.5 Panel de control

Como ya se explicó anteriormente, el panel de control consta de 4 botones: “subir”, “bajar”,
“enter” y “cancelar”; el código que atiende a los botones “subir” y “bajar” es muy parecido,
ambos pueden funcionar para navegar en el menú subiendo o bajando el cursor y también
pueden incrementar o decrementar los parámetros dependiendo de en que columna se
encuentre el cursor, si se encuentra en la primera columna los botones subirán y bajaran
el cursor de renglón, si se encuentra en la segunda columna incrementarán o
decrementarán la velocidad del motor o el tiempo de encendido, según sea el caso (Ver
apéndice 2.9 y 2.10).
La función del botón “enter” es accionar, por ejemplo, si el cursor se encontrase

situado en los parámetros de “Velocidad” o de “Tiempo” y se presiona “enter”, el cursor se
movería a la columna 2 y al presionar los botones de “subir” y “bajar” automáticamente
afectarían el valor del parámetro al que se encuentre apuntando, si se vuelve a presionar
“enter” el cursor se moverá a la columna 1 y ahora los botones de “subir” y “bajar”
moverán el cursor en el menú.
Si el cursor se llegase a encontrar en los renglones de las variables de solo lectura,

como las temperaturas del motor y del variador de frecuencia, no se verá reflejado ningún
cambio en el panel, únicamente se escuchará la alarma de botón presionado.
Cuando el cursor se encuentra situado en el primer renglón y se presiona “enter”, o

sea, en el parámetro “Iniciar”, se desactivan las banderas Ban_StandBy, Ban_Detener y
Ban_RPM, entonces el letrero cambiará a “Detener”, en caso de que se presione “enter”
en el letrero “Detener” el letrero cambia a “Continuar”, activando la bandera Ban_Detener y
enviando 0 Volts en el pin RD0, lo que ocasionará que se pause la prueba y así
sucesivamente, funcionando como un botón de play y pause (Ver apéndice 2.11).
40
El botón “cancelar” sirve para regresar a la columna 1, también para pausar o
cancelar la prueba, no importando el renglón en donde se encuentre el cursor, si se pulsa
el botón “cancelar” durante la prueba, el letrero “Detener” cambia a “Continuar” y se activa
Ban_Detener, lo que ocasionará que el motor y el temporizador se detengan, ahora si se
presiona “enter” en el renglón “Continuar” la prueba seguirá, pero si se presiona
nuevamente el botón “cancelar” cuando la prueba se encuentra pausada, se activa
Ban_StandBy y se desactiva Ban_Detener, esto ocasiona que se reinicie la prueba (Ver
apéndice 2.12).
La rutina encargada de colocar los letreros en el LCD es Refrescado_LCD, esta

rutina, coloca los letreros dependiendo de las banderas que se encuentren activadas,
Ban_StandBy y Ban_Detener, la variable Posicion índica los renglones que se mostrarán,
de esta forma los letreros suben y bajan al presionar los botones “subir” y “bajar”, éstos
incrementan o decrementan la variable Posicion. Con el uso de las banderas se afecta el
letrero del primer renglón “Iniciar”, “Detener” y “Continuar”, así como, el formato del reloj y
las RPM, que cambian de modo de escritura a modo de sólo lectura. Antes de salir de esta
llamada se coloca el cursor en la posición donde se encontraba al iniciarse la llamada,
esto lo hace con las variables Columna, Posicion_Col, y Renglon_Bin (Ver apéndice 2.13).
4.2.6 Programa Principal

El programa principal es un bucle infinito, el cual reacciona con el estado de las banderas,
en la parte de configuración se activan y desactivan las banderas y le indican al programa
que debe de permanecer en stand by, conforme el usuario va manipulando el panel de
control se van activando o desactivando estas banderas provocando que:
 Se tomen y promedien las lecturas de las temperaturas.

 Las RPM se actualicen.
 Se encienda el motor a cierta velocidad o que se apague.
 El refrescado del LCD (Ver apéndice 2.14).
 Se pause o cancele la prueba.
41
CAPÍTULO 5
Protocolos De Prueba
Presentación de las pruebas realizadas, y de los resultados obtenidos.
5.1 PROTOCOLOS DE PRUEBA

Una vez que se completo la calibración y ajuste de los sensores con los que cuenta el
aparato, se procedió a realizar una serie de pruebas de funcionalidad, para ello se
establecieron los siguientes experimentos:
1. Se establecieron valores de tiempo y velocidad mínima, equivalentes a 3 Horas y

200 RPM y se operó el equipo, con el fin de verificar el comportamiento del equipo
bajo condiciones mínimas de operación.
2. Se establecieron valores de tiempo y velocidad moderada, equivalentes a 3 Horas y

bajo condición de velocidad moderada.
3. Se establecieron valores de tiempo y velocidad máxima, equivalentes a 3 Horas y

bajo condición de velocidad máxima.
42
Prueba 1: Velocidad: 200 RPM; tiempo: 3 Horas; temperatura ambiente: 26°C
Tabla 5.1 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 1.
°C
50
45
40
35
30
Motor
25
Variador
20
15
10
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 Minutos
Figura 5.1 Reporte prueba 1.
43
Tabla 5.2 Reporte de Funcionalidad Prueba 2.
°C
40
35
30
25
Motor
20
Variador
15
10
0 Minutos
0 50 100 150 200
Figura 5.2 Reporte Prueba 2.

44
Tabla 5.3 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 3.
°C
40
35
30
25
Motor
20
Variador
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 Minutos
Figura 5.3 Reporte prueba 3.
45
CONCLUSIONES
En este proyecto se alcanzaron todos los objetivos planteados, como lo fue el regular la
velocidad del motor trifásico y monitorear sus RPM, también se logró el correcto
funcionamiento del panel de control y el monitoreo de las temperaturas tanto del motor y
del variador de frecuencia. Así como el desarrollo del hardware y software descritos en
esta Tesis.
Este trabajo da la pauta para transferir toda la experiencia adquirida para continuar
su implementación en algún otro equipo de laboratorio o a nivel industrial, ya que se
cuenta con el hardware y software necesarios para la operación básica del equipo, dado
que la forma en que se realizó el proyecto, este es capaz de aceptar mejoras tanto en el
programa como en la circuitería.
Como este proyecto se encuentra en trámite de patente, no fue posible mostrar

ciertos aspectos innovadores, y debido a ello, se tuvo que cambiar el título del tema de
tesis para poder cumplir con los lineamientos establecidos por el CONACYT, así que,
únicamente fue posible mostrar las funciones básicas como: el control del motor trifásico,
las lecturas de las temperaturas del motor y el variador de frecuencia, el manejo y
funcionamiento del panel de control.
Esta es una herramienta cómoda, económica, confiable y práctica para el usuario

en el desarrollo de ensayos tribológicos. Se diseñó e implementó un sistema electrónico
de monitoreo y control para un motor eléctrico trifásico. Este sistema permite la flexibilidad
inmediata para cualquier otra aplicación que involucre el sensado de temperatura y control
de un motor eléctrico.
46
APÉNDICE 1
Parámetros del variador de frecuencia

Aquí se presentan los parámetros de sólo lectura, y los que se pueden modificar, para
programar el variador de frecuencia.
47
48
49
50
51
APÉNDICE 2
Diagramas de flujo
En este apéndice se muestran los diagramas de flujo, de las distintas secciones de código
del programa.
APÉNDICE 2.1
Configuración del Timer0
INICIO
TMR0_Preescalador = 128
TMR0_Reg = 26474
TMR0ON=1
TMR0IE = 1
GIE=1
FIN
52
APÉNDICE 2.2
Rutina de atención a la Interrupción del Timer0.
INICIO
TMR0_Reg = 26474
No
Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
No
Ban_Detener = 0
Si
Tiempo_Seg = Tiempo_Seg -1
Ban_Timer = 1
FIN
53
APÉNDICE 2.3
Configuración de la Interrupción Externa 0
INICIO
RBPU=0
INTEDG0 = 0
INT0IE = 1
GIE=1
FIN
54
APÉNDICE 2.4
Rutina de atención a la Interrupción Externa 0
INICIO
No
Ban_RPM = 0
Si
No
INTEDG0 = 0
RPM2 = TMR0
Si
RPM1 = TMR0 INTEDG0 = 0
INTEDG0 = 1 Ban_RPM = 1
FIN
55
APÉNDICE 2.5
Rutina para cálculo de las RPM
INICIO
No
Ban_RPM = 1
Si
No
RPM2 > RPM1
Si
RPM_Motor1 = RPM_Motor2
1 2 3
56
1 2 3
Ban_RPM = 0
FIN
57
APÉNDICE 2.6
Rutina Enciende_Motor
INICIO
Shift_Reg = (RPM)(0.41)
i=8
PIN_D3 = 0
Delay (20µSeg)
PIN_D1 = Shift_Right(&Shift_Reg,1,0)
Delay (20µSeg)
PIN_D3 = 1
Delay (20µSeg)
No
i=0
Si
58
1
PIN_D2 = 1
Delay (20µSeg)
PIN_D2 = 0
Delay (1000mSeg)
PIN_D0 = 1
FIN
59
APÉNDICE 2.7
Configuración del conversor analógico-digital
INICIO
adc = 10
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL)
setup_adc_ports(AN0_AN1)
FIN
60
APÉNDICE 2.8
Rutina para la toma de lecturas
INICIO
Temp_1 = 0
Temp_2 = 0
i=8
set_adc_chanel (0)
Delay (10µSeg)
Variable = read_adc ( )
Temp_1 = Temp_1 + Variable
set_adc_chanel (1)
Delay (10µSeg)
1 2
61
1 2
Variable = read_adc ( )
Temp_2 = Temp_2 + Variable
i = .i - 1
No
i=0
Si
FIN
62
APÉNDICE 2.9
Rutina del botón bajar
INICIO
PIN_C3 = 1
Delay 40mseg
PIN_C3 = 0
lcd_send_byte(0,0x0C)
Delay 2mseg
No
Columna = 1
Si
lcd_gotoxy (11,Renglon_Bin+1)
1 2
Renglon_Int
Tiempo = Tiempo -1 RPM = RPM -1
6 1 2 3
63
6 1 2 3
No No
Tiempo = 0 RPM = 199
Si Si
Horas = 0 printf(lcd_putc,"%lu",RPM)
Minutos = Tiempo lcd_putc("RPM")
Posicion_Col=13
No
Tiempo > 59
lcd_gotoxy (Posicion_Col,Renglon_Bin+1)
Si
Minutos = Minutos - 60
Horas=Horas+1
Si
Tiempo > 59
No
No
Tiempo < 10 printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas)
Si
printf(lcd_putc," %u",Horas)
printf(lcd_putc,"h %u",Minutos)
6 4 5 3
64
6 4 5 3
lcd_putc("m")
Posicion_Col = 15
No
Renglon_Int <> 6
Si
Renglon_Int = Renglon_Int + 1
No
Renglón_Bin = 1 Renglon_Bin = 1
Si
Posicion = Posicion + 1
Si
Delay 50mseg PIN_B5 = 0
No
lcd_send_byte(0,0x0D)
Delay 2mseg
FIN
65
APÉNDICE 2.10
Rutina del botón subir
INICIO
PIN_C3 = 1
Delay 40mseg
PIN_C3 = 0
lcd_send_byte(0,0x0C)
Delay 2mseg
No
Columna = 1
Si
1 2
Renglon_Int
Tiempo = Tiempo +1 RPM = RPM +1
6 1 2 3
66
6 1 2 3
No No
Si Si
Horas = 0 printf(lcd_putc,"%lu",RPM)
Minutos = Tiempo lcd_putc("RPM")
Posicion_Col=13
No
Tiempo > 59
Si
Horas=Horas+1
Si
Tiempo > 59
No
No
Tiempo < 10 printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas)
Si
6 4 5 3
67
6 4 5 3
lcd_putc("m")
Posicion_Col = 15
No
Renglon_Int <> 0
Si
Renglon_Int = Renglon_Int - 1
No
Renglón_Bin = 0 Renglon_Bin = 0
Si
Posicion = Posicion - 1
Si
Delay 50mseg PIN_B6 = 0
No
lcd_send_byte(0,0x0D)
Delay 2mseg
FIN
68
APÉNDICE 2.11
Rutina del botón enter
INICIO
PIN_C3 = 1
Delay 40mseg
PIN_C3 = 0
No
Ban_StandBy = 1
Si
Si
Renglon_Int = 0
No
1 3
Renglon_Int
Posicion_Col = 15 Posicion_Col = 13 Posicion_Col = 15
Ban_StandBy = 0
No
Columna = 0 Columna = 0
Ban_Detener = 0
Si lcd_gotoxy (1,Renglon_Bin+1)
Ban_RPM = 0 Columna = 1
2 1
69
2 1
No
Renglon_Int = 0
Si
No
Ban_Detener = 0 Ban_Detener = 0
Si
Ban_Detener = 1
PIN_D0 = 0
No
PIN_B7 = 1
Si
Call Refrescado_LCD
Delay 100mseg
Fin
70
APÉNDICE 2.12
Rutina del botón cancelar
INICIO
PIN_C3 = 1
Delay 40mseg
PIN_C3 = 0
No
Columna = 0 Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
No
Ban_Detener = 0 Ban_StandBy = 1
Si Ban_Detener = 0
Ban_Detener = 1
PIN_D0 = 0
Call Refrescado_LCD
Delay 100 mseg
Fin
71
APÉNDICE 2.13
Rutina Refrescado_LCD
INICIO
No
Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
RPM_Temp = RPM_Motor RPM_Temp = RPM
lcd_putc("\f")
lcd_gotoxy (1,1)
0 3
Posicion
1 2
No
Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
No
Ban_Detener = 1
Si
lcd_putc("Continuar")
lcd_putc("Iniciar") lcd_putc("Detener")
4 1 2 3
72
4 1 2 3
lcd_gotoxy (1,2)
lcd_putc("Tiempo")
No
Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
lcd_gotoxy (11,2) lcd_gotoxy (10,2)
Horas = 0 Horas=0
Minutos = Tiempo Minutos=0
Segundos = Tiempo_Seg
No
Minutos > 59
No
Si Segundos > 3599
Si
Horas = Horas + 1 Segundos = Segundos - 3600
Horas = Horas + 1
No
Minutos < 10
Si printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas)
5 6 1 2 3
73
5 6 1 2 3
No
Segundos > 59
lcd_putc("m")
Si
Segundos = Segundos - 60
Minutos = Minutos + 1
printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas)
printf(lcd_putc,":%02u",Minutos)
printf(lcd_putc,":%02lu",Segundos)
lcd_putc("Tiempo")
No
Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
lcd_gotoxy (11,2) lcd_gotoxy (10,2)
Horas = 0 Horas=0
Minutos = Tiempo Minutos=0
7 8 9 2 3
74
7 8 9 2 3
Segundos = Tiempo_Seg
No
Minutos > 59
No
Si Segundos > 3599
Si
Horas = Horas + 1 Segundos = Segundos - 3600
Horas = Horas + 1
No
Minutos < 10
Si printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas)
printf(lcd_putc,"h %u",Minutos) No
Segundos > 59
lcd_putc("m")
Si
Segundos = Segundos - 60
Minutos = Minutos + 1
printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Horas
printf(lcd_putc,":%02u",Minutos)
printf(lcd_putc,":%02lu",Segundos)
7 10 2 3
75
7 10 2 3
lcd_gotoxy (1,2)
lcd_putc("Velocidad")
lcd_putc("Velocidad")
lcd_gotoxy (11,2)
lcd_gotoxy (11,2)
printf(lcd_putc,"%lu",RPM_Temp)
printf(lcd_putc,"%lu",RPM_Temp)
lcd_putc("RPM")
lcd_putc("RPM")
lcd_gotoxy (1,2)
lcd_putc("Temp Motor")
lcd_gotoxy (14,2)
printf(lcd_putc,"%u",Temp1_I)
lcd_putc("C")
lcd_putc("Temp Motor")
lcd_gotoxy (14,1)
lcd_putc("C")
7 11
76
7 11
lcd_gotoxy (1,2)
lcd_putc("Temp Control")
lcd_gotoxy (14,2)
lcd_putc("C")
No
Columna = 1
Si
Fin
77
APÉNDICE 2.14
Programa Principal
INICIO
Ban_Timer = 0
Ban_RPM = 0
Ban_Detener = 0
Ban_StandBy = 1
No
Ban_Timer = 1
Si
No
Ban_RPM = 0 call RPMS
Si
call Lecturas
call Refrescado_LCD
2 1 3
78
2 1 3
No
Tiempo_Seg = (Tiempo)( 60) Ban_StandBy = 0
Si
No
PIN_D0 = 0
Si
No
Ban_Detener = 0
Si
call Enciende_Motor
FIN
79
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky. Electrónica: Teoría de circuitos y dispositivos
electrónicos, Pearson Educación de México S.A. De C.V (2003).
2. WEG CFW-10 User’s Guide.
3. MM74HC595 8-Bit Shift Register with Output Latches. Homepage, http://www.

fairchildsemi.com/ds/MM/MM74HC595.pdf
4. AD7523, AD7533 8-Bit, Multiplying D/A Converters. Homepage,

http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/66284/INTERSIL/AD7523LN.html
5. LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V, NCV2902 Single Supply Quad

Operational Amplifiers. Homepage, http://pdf1.alldatasheet.es/datasheet-pdf /view/
89586/ONSEMI/LM324.html
6. PIC18FXX2 Data Sheet, High-Performance, Enhanced Flash, Microcontrollers with

10-Bit A/D. Homepage, http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/39564c.
pdf
7. SPECIFICATION FOR LCD MODULE, Model No.: TM162ABA6. Homepage,

http://www.adelco.it/online/company/Tianma/Character%20Type%20MonoChrome
%20LCD%20Modules/DISPLAY%20ALFANUMERICI%2016X2%20CHARACTER%
20DISPLAY%2016X2/pdf/TM162A/TM162ABA6-2%20SPEC.pdf
8. Three-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulators MC7800, MC7800A, LM340, LM340A

Series. Homepage, http://html.alldatasheetde.com/html-pdf/4447/MOTOROLA/
MC7800/518/2/MC7800.html
9. LM137/LM337 3-Terminal Adjustable Negative Regulators. Homepage,

http://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/11667/ONSEMI/LM337/179/1/LM337.html
10. 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator LM117/LM317A/LM317. Homepage, http://www.

alldatasheet.es/datasheet-pdf/pdf/517627/TI1/LM317T.html
11. LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors. Homepage, http://www.

alldatasheet.es/datasheet-pdf/pdf/8866/NSC/LM35.html
12. http://www.emb.cl/electroindustria/articulo.mvc?xid=1247&edi=65
13. García Breijo, E. Compilador C CCS y simulador PROTEUS para

Microcontroladores PIC. Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V., Mexico (2008).
80
www.agelectronica.com www.agelectronica.com
MM74HC595 8-Bit Shift Registers with Output Latches

September 1983
Revised February 1999
MM74HC595
8-Bit Shift Registers with Output Latches
General Description The 74HC logic family is speed, function, and pin-out com-
patible with the standard 74LS logic family. All inputs are
The MM74HC595 high speed shift register utilizes protected from damage due to static discharge by internal
advanced silicon-gate CMOS technology. This device pos- diode clamps to VCC and ground.
sesses the high noise immunity and low power consump-
tion of standard CMOS integrated circuits, as well as the
ability to drive 15 LS-TTL loads. Features
This device contains an 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift reg- ■ Low quiescent current: 80 µA maximum (74HC Series)
ister that feeds an 8-bit D-type storage register. The stor- ■ Low input current: 1 µA maximum
age register has 8 3-STATE outputs. Separate clocks are ■ 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register with storage
provided for both the shift register and the storage register.
■ Wide operating voltage range: 2V–6V
The shift register has a direct-overriding clear, serial input,
and serial output (standard) pins for cascading. Both the ■ Cascadable
shift register and storage register use positive-edge trig- ■ Shift register has direct clear
gered clocks. If both clocks are connected together, the ■ Guaranteed shift frequency: DC to 30 MHz
shift register state will always be one clock pulse ahead of
the storage register.
Ordering Code:
Order Number Package Number Package Description
MM74HC595M M16A 16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-012, 0.150” Narrow
MM74HC595WM M16B 16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-013, 0.300” Wide
MM74HC595SJ M16D 16-Lead Small Outline Package (SOP), EIAJ TYPE II, 5.3mm Wide
MM74HC595MTC MTC16 16-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP), JEDEC MO-153, 4.4mm Wide
MM74HC595N N16E 16-Lead Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300” Wide
Devices also available in Tape and Reel. Specify by appending the suffix letter “X” to the ordering code.
Connection Diagram Truth Table

Pin Assignments for DIP, SOIC, SOP and TSSOP RCK SCK SCLR G Function
X X X H QA thru QH = 3-STATE
X X L L Shift Register cleared
QH = 0
X ↑ H L Shift Register clocked
QN = Qn-1, Q0 = SER
↑ X H L Contents of Shift
Register transferred
to output latches
Top View
© 1999 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation DS005342.prf www.fairchildsemi.com
MM74HC595
Logic Diagram
(positive logic)
www.fairchildsemi.com 2
MM74HC595
Absolute Maximum Ratings(Note 1) Recommended Operating
(Note 2) Conditions
Supply Voltage (VCC) −0.5 to +7.0V Min Max Units
DC Input Voltage (VIN) −1.5 to VCC +1.5V Supply Voltage (VCC) 2 6 V
DC Output Voltage (VOUT) −0.5 to VCC +0.5V DC Input or Output Voltage
Clamp Diode Current (IIK, IOK) ±20 mA (VIN, VOUT) 0 VCC V
DC Output Current, per pin (IOUT) ±35 mA Operating Temperature Range (TA) −40 +85 °C
DC VCC or GND Current, Input Rise or Fall Times
per pin (ICC) ±70 mA (tr, tf) VCC = 2.0V 1000 ns
Storage Temperature Range (TSTG) −65°C to +150°C VCC = 4.5V 500 ns
Power Dissipation (PD) VCC = 6.0V 400 ns
(Note 3) 600 mW Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which dam-
age to the device may occur.
S.O. Package only 500 mW
Note 2: Unless otherwise specified all voltages are referenced to ground.
Lead Temperature (TL)
Note 3: Power Dissipation temperature derating — plastic “N” package: −
(Soldering 10 seconds) 260°C 12 mW/°C from 65°C to 85°C.
DC Electrical Characteristics (Note 4)
TA = 25°C TA = −40 to 85°C TA = −55 to 125°C

Symbol Parameter Conditions VCC Units
Typ Guaranteed Limits
VIH Minimum HIGH Level 2.0V 1.5 1.5 1.5 V
Input Voltage 4.5V 3.15 3.15 3.15 V
6.0V 4.2 4.2 4.2 V
VIL Maximum LOW Level 2.0V 0.5 0.5 0.5 V
Input Voltage 4.5V 1.35 1.35 1.35 V
6.0V 1.8 1.8 1.8 V
VOH Minimum HIGH Level VIN = VIH or VIL
Output Voltage |IOUT| ≤ 20 µA 2.0V 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 V
4.5V 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 V
6.0V 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 V
QH VIN = VIH or VIL
|IOUT| ≤ 4.0 mA 4.5V 4.2 3.98 3.84 3.7 V
|IOUT| ≤ 5.2 mA 6.0V 5.2 5.48 5.34 5.2 V
QA thru QH VIN = VIH or VIL
|IOUT| ≤ 6.0 mA 4.5V 4.2 3.98 3.84 3.7 V
|IOUT| ≤ 7.8 mA 6.0V 5.7 5.48 5.34 5.2 V
VOL Maximum LOW Level VIN = VIH or VIL
Output Voltage |IOUT| ≤ 20 µA 2.0V 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 V
4.5V 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 V
6.0V 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 V
QH VIN = VIH or VIL
|IOUT| ≤ 4 mA 4.5V 0.2 0.26 0.33 0.4 V
|IOUT| ≤ 5.2 mA 6.0V 0.2 0.26 0.33 0.4 V
QA thru QH VIN = VIH or VIL
|IOUT| ≤ 6.0 mA 4.5V 0.2 0.26 0.33 0.4 V
|IOUT| ≤ 7.8 mA 6.0V 0.2 0.26 0.33 0.4 V
IIN Maximum Input VIN = VCC or GND 6.0V ±0.1 ±1.0 ±1.0 µA
Current
IOZ Maximum 3-STATE VOUT = VCC or GND 6.0V ±0.5 ±5.0 ±10 µA
Output Leakage G = V IH
ICC Maximum Quiescent VIN = VCC or GND 6.0V 8.0 80 160 µA
Supply Current IOUT = 0 µA
Note 4: For a power supply of 5V ±10% the worst case output voltages (VOH, and VOL) occur for HC at 4.5V. Thus the 4.5V values should be used when
designing with this supply. Worst case VIH and VIL occur at VCC = 5.5V and 4.5V respectively. (The VIH value at 5.5V is 3.85V.) The worst case leakage cur-
rent (IIN, ICC, and IOZ) occur for CMOS at the higher voltage and so the 6.0V values should be used.
3 www.fairchildsemi.com
MM74HC595
AC Electrical Characteristics
VCC = 5V, TA = 25°C, tr = tf = 6 ns
Guaranteed
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ Units
Limit
fMAX Maximum Operating 50 30 MHz
Frequency of SCK
tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation CL = 45 pF 12 20 ns
Delay, SCK to QH’
tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation CL = 45 pF 18 30 ns
Delay, RCK to QA thru QH
tPZH, tPZL Maximum Output Enable RL = 1 kΩ
Time from G to QA thru QH CL = 45 pF 17 28 ns
tPHZ, tPLZ Maximum Output Disable RL = kΩ 15 25 ns
Time from G to QA thru QH CL = 5 pF
tS Minimum Setup Time 20 ns
from SER to SCK
from SCLR to SCK
from SCK to RCK
(Note 5)
tH Minimum Hold Time 0 ns
from SER to SCK
tW Minimum Pulse Width 16 ns
of SCK or RCK
Note 5: This setup time ensures the register will see stable data from the shift-register outputs. The clocks may be connected together in which case the stor-
age register state will be one clock pulse behind the shift register.
AC Electrical Characteristics
VCC = 2.0−6.0V, CL = 50 pF, tr = tf = 6 ns (unless otherwise specified)
TA = 25°C TA = −40 to 85°C TA = −55 to 125°C
fMAX Maximum Operating CL = 50 pF 2.0V 10 6 4.8 4.0 MHz
Frequency 4.5V 45 30 24 20 MHz
6.0V 50 35 28 24 MHz
tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation CL = 50 pF 2.0V 58 210 265 315 ns
Delay from SCK to QH CL = 150 pF 2.0V 83 294 367 441 ns
CL = 50 pF 4.5V 14 42 53 63 ns
CL = 150 pF 4.5V 17 58 74 88 ns
CL = 50 pF 6.0V 10 36 45 54 ns
CL = 150 pF 6.0V 14 50 63 76 ns
tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation CL = 50 pF 2.0V 70 175 220 265 ns
Delay from RCK to QA thru QH CL = 150 pF 2.0V 105 245 306 368 ns
CL = 50 pF 4.5V 21 35 44 53 ns
CL = 150 pF 4.5V 28 49 61 74 ns
CL = 50 pF 6.0V 18 30 37 45 ns
CL = 150 pF 6.0V 26 42 53 63 ns
tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation 2.0V 175 221 261 ns
Delay from SCLR to QH 4.5V 35 44 52 ns
6.0V 30 37 44 ns
MM74HC595
AC Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
TA = 25°C TA = −40 to 85°C TA = −55 to 125°C

tPZH, tPZL Maximum Output Enable RL = 1 kΩ
from G to QA thru QH CL = 50 pF 2.0V 75 175 220 265 ns
CL = 150 pF 2.0V 100 245 306 368 ns
CL = 50 pF 4.5V 15 35 44 53 ns
CL = 150 pF 4.5V 20 49 61 74 ns
CL = 50 pF 6.0V 13 30 37 45 ns
CL = 150 pF 6.0V 17 42 53 63 ns
tPHZ, tPLZ Maximum Output Disable RL = 1 kΩ 2.0V 75 175 220 265 ns
Time from G to QA thru QH CL = 50 pF 4.5V 15 35 44 53 ns
6.0V 13 30 37 45 ns
tS Minimum Setup Time 2.0V 100 125 150 ns
from SER to SCK 4.5V 20 25 30 ns
6.0V 17 21 25 ns
tR Minimum Removal Time 2.0V 50 63 75 ns
from SCLR to SCK 4.5V 10 13 15 ns
6.0V 9 11 13 ns
tS Minimum Setup Time 2.0V 100 125 150 ns
from SCK to RCK 4.5V 20 25 30 ns
6.0V 17 21 26 ns
tH Minimum Hold Time 2.0V 5 5 5 ns
SER to SCK 4.5V 5 5 5 ns
6.0V 5 5 5 ns
tW Minimum Pulse Width 2.0V 30 80 100 120 ns
of SCK or SCLR 4.5V 9 16 20 24 ns
6.0V 8 14 18 22 ns
tr , tf Maximum Input Rise and 2.0V 1000 1000 1000 ns
Fall Time, Clock 4.5V 500 500 500 ns
6.0V 400 400 400 ns
tTHL, tTLH Maximum Output 2.0V 25 60 75 90 ns
Rise and Fall Time 4.5V 7 12 15 18 ns
QA–QH 6.0V 6 10 13 15 ns
tTHL, tTLH Maximum Output 2.0V 75 95 110 ns
Rise & Fall Time 4.5V 15 19 22 ns
QH 6.0V 13 16 19 ns
CPD Power Dissipation G = VCC 90 pF
Capacitance, Outputs G = GND 150 pF
Enabled (Note 6)
CIN Maximum Input 5 10 10 10 pF
Capacitance
COUT Maximum Output 15 20 20 20 pF
Capacitance
Note 6: CPD determines the no load dynamic power consumption, PD = CPD VCC2f + ICC VCC, and the no load dynamic current consumption,
IS = CPD VCC f + ICC.
MM74HC595
Timing Diagram
MM74HC595
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-012, 0.150” Narrow
Package Number M16A
16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-013, 0.300” Wide
Package Number M16B
MM74HC595
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)
16-Lead Small Outline Package (SOP), EIAJ TYPE II, 5.3mm Wide
Package Number M16D
MM74HC595
16-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP), JEDEC MO-153, 4.4mm Wide
Package Number MTC16
MM74HC595 8-Bit Shift Registers with Output Latches

16-Lead Plastic Dual--Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300” Wide

Package Number N16E
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD
SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component in any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the device or system whose failure to perform can be rea-
body, or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure sonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
to perform when properly used in accordance with device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be rea-
sonably expected to result in a significant injury to the www.fairchildsemi.com
user.
Fairchild does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and Fairchild reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
Order this document by MC7800/D

These voltage regulators are monolithic integrated circuits designed as
fixed–voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, THREE–TERMINAL
on–card regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, POSITIVE FIXED
thermal shutdown, and safe–area compensation. With adequate heatsinking
they can deliver output currents in excess of 1.0 A. Although designed VOLTAGE REGULATORS
primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with
SEMICONDUCTOR
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
TECHNICAL DATA
• Output Current in Excess of 1.0 A
• No External Components Required
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting T SUFFIX
• Output Transistor Safe–Area Compensation
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 221A
• Output Voltage Offered in 2% and 4% Tolerance
• Available in Surface Mount D2PAK and Standard 3–Lead Transistor
Heatsink surface
connected to Pin 2.
Packages
• Previous Commercial Temperature Range has been Extended to a 1
2
Junction Temperature Range of –40°C to +125°C 3
Pin 1. Input
2. Ground
3. Output
DEVICE TYPE/NOMINAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
D2T SUFFIX
MC7805AC MC7812C PLASTIC PACKAGE
12 V
LM340AT–5 LM340T–12 CASE 936
50V
5.0 (D2PAK) 2
MC7805C MC7815AC 1
3
LM340T–5 LM340AT–15
15 V Heatsink surface (shown as terminal 4 in
MC7806AC MC7815C case outline drawing) is connected to Pin 2.
60V
6.0
MC7806C LM340T–15
MC7808AC MC7818AC
80V
8.0 18 V STANDARD APPLICATION
MC7808C MC7818C
MC7809C 9.0 V MC7824AC
24 V Input MC78XX Output
MC7812AC MC7824C
12 V
LM340AT–12 Cin* CO**
0.33 µF
A common ground is required between the

ORDERING INFORMATION input and the output voltages. The input voltage
must remain typically 2.0 V above the output
Output Voltage Operating voltage even during the low point on the input
Device Tolerance Temperature Range Package ripple voltage.
MC78XXACT XX, These two digits of the type number
Insertion Mount indicate nominal voltage.
LM340AT–XX 2%
* Cin is required if regulator is located an
MC78XXACD2T Surface Mount appreciable distance from power supply
TJ = –40°
40° to +125°C
125°C
MC78XXCT filter.
Insertion Mount ** CO is not needed for stability; however,
LM340T–XX 4% it does improve transient response. Values
MC78XXCD2T Surface Mount of less than 0.1 µF could cause instability.
XX indicates nominal voltage.
 Motorola, Inc. 1997 Rev 5

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 1
MC7800, MC7800A, LM340, LM340A Series
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Input Voltage (5.0 – 18 V) VI 35 Vdc
Input Voltage (24 V) 40
Power Dissipation
Case 221A
TA = 25°C PD Internally Limited W
Thermal Resistance, Junction–to–Ambient RθJA 65 °C/W
Thermal Resistance, Junction–to–Case RθJC 5.0 °C/W
Case 936 (D2PAK)
TA = 25°C PD Internally Limited W
Thermal Resistance, Junction–to–Ambient RθJA See Figure 13 °C/W
Thermal Resistance, Junction–to–Case RθJA 5.0 °C/W
Storage Junction Temperature Range Tstg –65 to +150 °C
Operating Junction Temperature TJ +150 °C
NOTE: ESD data available upon request.
Representative Schematic Diagram

Vin
MC7800 R24
50 D2
Zener
LAT LAT 3 A
Q17 Q18 R19
27.5 k
Q19
QNPN Q20
QNPN
C3 1.0 P
R14
1.0 k
Q10
QNPN
R15
R18 R21 680 R23
100 k R22 600 0.2
100
Vout
Q7 5.01
QNPN Q5
QNPN 2 R30
R17 Q12 18 k
9.0 k Q9 QNPN Sense
QNPN 2 R12 R29
Q6 R11 3.0 k 9.0 k
D1 15 k Q15
Zener QNPN
QNPN R25 R28
R1
10.66 k 6.0 k 9.0 k
R16 R10
R20 3340–(3316ACT)
600 R27
17500 R26
Q8
3.0 k 9.0 k
QNPN
R2
1.56 k
R9
R5 3.0 k R13
4.5 k SUB 11660
Q14 Q11 2
QNPN Q1 C1
C2 N+ 30 P
3.0 P QNPN 6
Q4
QNPN
Q13 Q3
QNPN QNPN
Q2 Q16
R6 QNPN 4
1.0 k Diode
R7 R3 R8
14 k 1.8 k 5.0 k
This device contains 22 active transistors.
2 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Vin = 10 V, IO = 500 mA, TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
MC7805C/LM340T–5
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
Output Voltage (TJ = 25°C) VO 4.8 5.0 5.2 Vdc
Output Voltage (5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A, PD 3 15 W) VO Vdc
7.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc 4.75 5.0 5.25
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc – – –
Line Regulation (Note 2) Regline mV
7.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc, 1.0 A – 0.5 20
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 12 Vdc – 0.8 10
Load Regulation (Note 2) Regload mV
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 1.3 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A (TA = 25°C) - 1.3 25
Quiescent Current IB – 3.2 6.5 mA
Quiescent Current Change ∆IB mA
7.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc – 0.3 1.0
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A (TA = 25°C) – 0.08 0.8
Ripple Rejection RR 62 83 – dB
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 18 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
Dropout Voltage (IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C) VI – VO – 2.0 – Vdc
Output Noise Voltage (TA = 25°C) Vn – 10 – µV/VO
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Output Resistance f = 1.0 kHz rO – 0.9 – mΩ
Short Circuit Current Limit (TA = 25°C) ISC – 0.6 – A
Vin = 35 Vdc
Peak Output Current (TJ = 25°C) Imax – 2.2 – A
Average Temperature Coefficient of Output Voltage TCVO – –0.3 – mV/°C
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Vin = 10 V, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
MC7805AC/LM340AT–5
Output Voltage (5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A, PD 3 15 W) VO 4.8 5.0 5.2 Vdc
7.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc
7.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 0.5 10
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 12 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 0.8 12
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 12 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – 1.3 4.0
7.3 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – 4.5 10
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 1.3 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 0.8 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 0.53 15
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 0.3 0.8
7.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 20 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 0.08 0.5
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 18 Vdc, f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA
NOTES: 1. Tlow = –40°C for MC78XXAC, C, LM340AT–XX, LM340T–XX Thigh = +125°C for MC78XXAC, C, LM340AT–XX, LM340T–XX
2. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account
separately. Pulse testing with low duty cycle is used.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Vin = 10 V, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Output Resistance (f = 1.0 kHz) rO – 0.9 – mΩ
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7806C
Output Voltage (5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A, PD 3 15 W) VO Vdc
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21 Vdc 5.7 6.0 6.3
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21 Vdc – – –
Line Regulation, TJ = 25°C (Note 2) Regline mV
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc – 0.5 24
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 13 Vdc – 0.8 12
Load Regulation, TJ = 25°C (Note 2) Regload – 1.3 30 mV
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
Quiescent Current (TJ = 25°C) IB – 3.3 8.0 mA
8.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc – 0.3 1.3
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 0.08 0.5
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 19 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
NOTES: 1. Tlow = –40°C for MC78XXAC, C Thigh = +125°C for MC78XXAC, C

MC7806AC
8.6 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21 Vdc
8.6 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 5.0 12
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 13 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 1.4 15
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 1.3 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 0.9 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 0.2 15
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
9.0 Vdc 3 Vin 3 19 Vdc, f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7808C
10.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 23 Vdc
Line Regulation, TJ = 25°C, (Note 2) Regline mV
10.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc – 6.0 32
11 Vdc 3 Vin 3 17 Vdc – 1.7 16
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
10.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc – – 1.0
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 18 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Vin = 14 V, IO = 500 mA, TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
MC7808C
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7808AC
10.6 Vdc 3 Vin 3 23 Vdc
10.6 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 6.0 15
11 Vdc 3 Vin 3 17 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 1.7 18
10.4 Vdc 3 Vin 3 23 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – 5.0 15
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 1.4 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 1.0 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 0.22 15
11 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21.5 Vdc, f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc

MC7809CT
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 24 Vdc
11 Vdc 3 Vin 3 26 Vdc – 6.2 32
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 17 Vdc – 1.8 16
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 26 Vdc – – 1.0
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
11.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 21.5 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7812C/LM340T–12
Output Voltage (TJ = 25°C) VO 11.5 12 12.5 Vdc
Output Voltage (5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A, PD 3 15 W) VO 11.4 12 12.6 Vdc
14.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 27 Vdc
14.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc – 3.8 24
16 Vdc 3 Vin 3 22 Vdc – 0.3 24
14.8 Vdc 3 Vin 3 27 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – – 48
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
15 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
15 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, f = 120 Hz

MC7812C/LM340T–12
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
14.8 Vdc 3 Vin 3 27 Vdc
14.8 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 3.8 18
16 Vdc 3 Vin 3 22 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 2.2 20
14.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 27 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – 6.0 120
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – – 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 25
15 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
14.8 Vdc 3 Vin 3 27 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – – 0.5
15 Vdc 3 Vin 3 25 Vdc, f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc

MC7815C/LM340T–15
17.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc
17.9 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc – 8.5 30
20 Vdc 3 Vin 3 26 Vdc – 3.0 28
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
17.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
18.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 28.5 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
17.9 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc
17.9 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 8.5 20
20 Vdc 3 Vin 3 26 Vdc – 3.0 22
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 1.8 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 1.5 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 1.2 15
17.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Vin = 23 V, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
18.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 28.5 Vdc, f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7818C
21 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc
Line Regulation, (Note 2) Regline mV
21 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc – 9.5 50
24 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc – 3.2 25
Load Regulation, (Note 2) Regload – 2.0 55 mV
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
21 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc – – 1.0
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
22 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
Dropout Voltage (IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C) ViI – VO – 2.0 – Vdc
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc

MC7818AC
21 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 9.5 22
24 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 3.2 25
24 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – 3.2 10.5
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 2.0 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 1.8 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 1.5 15
21 Vdc 3 Vin 3 33 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
21.5 Vdc 3 Vin 3 30 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7824C
Output Voltage (TJ = 25°C) VO 23 24 25 Vdc
Line Regulation, (Note 2) Regline mV
27 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc – 2.7 60
30 Vdc 3 Vin 3 36 Vdc – 2.7 48
Load Regulation, (Note 2) Regload – 4.4 65 mV
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A
27 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc – – 1.0
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5

MC7824C
28 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc, f = 120 Hz
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc
MC7824AC
27.3 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc
27 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – 11.5 25
30 Vdc 3 Vin 3 36 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A – 3.8 28
30 Vdc 3 Vin 3 36 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – 3.8 12
26.7 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc, IO = 1.0 A, TJ = 25°C – 10 25
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.5 A, TJ = 25°C – 2.1 15
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – 2.0 25
250 mA 3 IO 3 750 mA – 1.8 15
27.3 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc, IO = 500 mA – – 0.8
27 Vdc 3 Vin 3 38 Vdc, TJ = 25°C – – 0.8
5.0 mA 3 IO 3 1.0 A – – 0.5
10 Hz 3 f 3 100 kHz
Vin = 35 Vdc

Figure 1. Peak Output Current as a Function of Figure 2. Ripple Rejection as a Function of

Input/Output Differential Voltage (MC78XXC, AC) Output Voltages (MC78XXC, AC)
3.0 80
TJ = –40°C
2.5
I O , OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB)

TJ = 0°C
70
2.0 TJ = 25°C f = 120 Hz
PART # Vin IO = 20 mA
MC7805C = 10 V ∆Vin = 1.0 V(RMS)
1.5 60 MC7806C = 11 V
TJ = 85°C MC7808C = 14 V
1.0 MC7812C = 19 V
50 MC7815C = 23 V
TJ = 125°C MC7818C = 27 V
0.5 MC7824C = 33 V
0 40
4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Vin–Vout, INPUT/OUPUT VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (V) VO, OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 3. Ripple Rejection as a Function of Figure 4. Output Voltage as a Function of

Frequency (MC78XXC, AC) Junction Temperature (MC7805C, AC)
80
RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB)
Vin = 20 V
VO, OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
70 5.0
IO = 5.0 mA
MC78XXB, C, AC
60
Vin = 8.0 V to 18 V
IO = 500 mA
50 f = 120 Hz 4.9
TA = 25°C
40
30 4.8
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 –60 –20 20 60 100 140 180
f, FREQUENCY (kHz) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 5. Output Impedance as a Function of Figure 6. Quiescent Current as a Function of

Output Voltage (MC78XXC, AC) Temperature (MC78XXC, AC)
10 6.0
Vin = 10 V
Z O , OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (mΩ )
IB , QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA)
5.0 VO = 5.0 V
f = 120 Hz 4.0 IL = 20 mA
3.0 IO = 500 mA
2.0 CL = 0 µF
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.1 0
4.0 8.0 12 16 20 24 –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
VO, OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Design Considerations
The MC7800 Series of fixed voltage regulators are wire lengths, or if the output load capacitance is large. An
designed with Thermal Overload Protection that shuts down input bypass capacitor should be selected to provide good
the circuit when subjected to an excessive power overload high–frequency characteristics to insure stable operation
condition, Internal Short Circuit Protection that limits the under all load conditions. A 0.33 µF or larger tantalum,
maximum current the circuit will pass, and Output Transistor mylar, or other capacitor having low internal impedance at
Safe–Area Compensation that reduces the output short high frequencies should be chosen. The bypass capacitor
circuit current as the voltage across the pass transistor is should be mounted with the shortest possible leads directly
increased. across the regulators input terminals. Normally good
In many low current applications, compensation construction techniques should be used to minimize ground
capacitors are not required. However, it is recommended loops and lead resistance drops since the regulator has no
that the regulator input be bypassed with a capacitor if the external sense lead.
regulator is connected to the power supply filter with long
Figure 7. Current Regulator Figure 8. Adjustable Output Regulator
Input MC7805
Output
0.33 µF R MC7805
Constant Input
Current to
Grounded
IO Load 7 2
0.33 µF 6 0.1 µF
The MC7800 regulators can also be used as a current source when 3
10 k
connected as above. In order to minimize dissipation the MC7805C is 1.0 k 4
chosen in this application. Resistor R determines the current as follows: MC1741G
I
O
+ 5.0R V ) IB
VO = 7.0 V to 20 V
IB ^ 3.2 mA over line and load changes. VIN = VO . 2.0 V
The addition of an operational amplifier allows adjustment to higher or

For example, a 1.0 A current source would require R to be a 5.0 Ω, intermediate values while retaining regulation characteristics. The
10 W resistor and the output voltage compliance would be the input minimum voltage obtainable with this arrangement is 2.0 V greater than the
voltage less 7.0 V. regulator voltage.
Figure 9. Current Boost Regulator Figure 10. Short Circuit Protection

MJ2955
RSource MJ2955 or Equiv. RSource RSC or Equiv.
Input Input
0.33 µF 0.33 µF
R
MC78XX Output 2N6049
or Equiv.
R
MC78XX
. 10 µF 1.0 µF 1.0 µF Output
. 10 µF 1.0 µF
XX = 2 digits of type number indicating voltage. XX = 2 digits of type number indicating voltage.
The MC7800 series can be current boosted with a PNP transistor. The The circuit of Figure 9 can be modified to provide supply protection against
MJ2955 provides current to 5.0 A. Resistor R in conjunction with the VBE short circuits by adding a short circuit sense resistor, RSC, and an
of the PNP determines when the pass transistor begins conducting; this additional PNP transistor. The current sensing PNP must be able to handle
circuit is not short circuit proof. Input/output differential voltage minimum is the short circuit current of the three–terminal regulator. Therefore, a
increased by VBE of the pass transistor. four–ampere plastic power transistor is specified.

Figure 11. Worst Case Power Dissipation versus Figure 12. Input Output Differential as a Function
Ambient Temperature (Case 221A) of Junction Temperature (MC78XXC, AC)
20 2.5
θJC = 5°C/W IO = 1.0 A
Vin – Vout , INPUT–OUTPUT VOLTAGE

θJA = 65°C/W IO = 500 mA
PD , POWER DISSIPATION (W)
16 θHS = 0°C/W TJ(max) = 150°C 2.0

IO = 200 mA
DIFFERENTIAL (V)
12 θHS = 5°C/W 1.5 IO = 20 mA
IO = 0 mA
8.0 θHS = 15°C/W 1.0
4.0 0.5 ∆VO = 2% of VO

No Heatsink
– – – Extended Curve for MC78XXB
0 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 13. D2PAK Thermal Resistance and Maximum

Power Dissipation versus P.C.B. Copper Length
80 3.5
PD, MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION (W)

R θ JA, THERMAL RESISTANCE
PD(max) for TA = 50°C

70 Free Air 3.0
JUNCTION-TO-AIR (°C/W)
Mounted
Vertically
ÎÎÎÎ
60 2.0 oz. Copper 2.5
L
50 Minimum
Size Pad ÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎ
L
2.0
40
30
RθJA ÎÎÎÎ 1.5
1.0
0 5.0 10 15 20 25 30
L, LENGTH OF COPPER (mm)
DEFINITIONS
Line Regulation – The change in output voltage for a Quiescent Current – That part of the input current that is
change in the input voltage. The measurement is made under not delivered to the load.
conditions of low dissipation or by using pulse techniques such Output Noise Voltage – The rms ac voltage at the output,
that the average chip temperature is not significantly affected. with constant load and no input ripple, measured over a
Load Regulation – The change in output voltage for a specified frequency range.
change in load current at constant chip temperature. Long Term Stability – Output voltage stability under
Maximum Power Dissipation – The maximum total accelerated life test conditions with the maximum rated
device dissipation for which the regulator will operate within voltage listed in the devices’ electrical characteristics and
specifications. maximum power dissipation.
Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola
data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals”
must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of
others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other
applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury
or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola
and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees
arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that
Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal
Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
T SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 221A–06
ISSUE Y
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
–T– SEATING Y14.5M, 1982.
PLANE 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. DIM Z DEFINES A ZONE WHERE ALL BODY AND
B F C LEAD IRREGULARITIES ARE ALLOWED.
T S
INCHES MILLIMETERS
4 DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 0.570 0.620 14.48 15.75
Q A B 0.380 0.405 9.66 10.28
C 0.160 0.190 4.07 4.82
1 2 3
U D 0.025 0.035 0.64 0.88
F 0.142 0.147 3.61 3.73
H
G 0.095 0.105 2.42 2.66
K H 0.110 0.155 2.80 3.93
J 0.018 0.025 0.46 0.64
Z K 0.500 0.562 12.70 14.27
L 0.045 0.060 1.15 1.52
N 0.190 0.210 4.83 5.33
L R Q 0.100 0.120 2.54 3.04
R 0.080 0.110 2.04 2.79
V J S 0.045 0.055 1.15 1.39
T 0.235 0.255 5.97 6.47
G 0.000 0.050 1.27
U 0.00
D V 0.045 – 1.15 –
N Z – 0.080 – 2.04
D2T SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 936–03
(D2PAK)
ISSUE B NOTES:
1 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
TERMINAL 4 2 CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
–T– 3 TAB CONTOUR OPTIONAL WITHIN DIMENSIONS
A E U A AND K.
4 DIMENSIONS U AND V ESTABLISH A MINIMUM
MOUNTING SURFACE FOR TERMINAL 4.
5 DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
K S FLASH OR GATE PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH
V AND GATE PROTRUSIONS NOT TO EXCEED
0.025 (0.635) MAXIMUM.
B
H INCHES MILLIMETERS
F DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
1 2 3 A 0.386 0.403 9.804 10.236
B 0.356 0.368 9.042 9.347
M C 0.170 0.180 4.318 4.572
L D 0.026 0.036 0.660 0.914
E 0.045 0.055 1.143 1.397
J P F 0.051 REF 1.295 REF
N G 0.100 BSC 2.540 BSC
D H 0.539 0.579 13.691 14.707
R J 0.125 MAX 3.175 MAX
0.010 (0.254) M T K 0.050 REF 1.270 REF
G L 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.254
M 0.088 0.102 2.235 2.591
N 0.018 0.026 0.457 0.660
P 0.058 0.078 1.473 1.981
R 5 _ REF 5 _ REF
S 0.116 REF 2.946 REF
C U 0.200 MIN 5.080 MIN
V 0.250 MIN 6.350 MIN
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16 & MC7800/D
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
This datasheet has been download from:
www.datasheetcatalog.com
Datasheets for electronics components.

AD7523, AD7533
August 1997 8-Bit, Multiplying D/A Converters
Features Description
• 8-Bit, 9-Bit and 10-Bit Linearity The AD7523 and AD7533 are monolithic, low cost, high
performance, 8-bit and 10-bit accurate, multiplying digital-to-
• Low Gain and Linearity Temperature Coefficients analog converter (DAC), in a 16 pin DIP.
• Full Temperature Range Operation Intersil’ thin film resistors on CMOS circuitry provide 10-bit
resolution (8-bit, 9-bit and 10-bit accuracy), with TTL/CMOS
• Static Discharge Input Protection
compatible operation.
• TTL/CMOS Compatible The AD7523 and AD7533s accurate four quadrant
• Supply Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5V to +15V multiplication, full military temperature range operation, full
input protection from damage due to static discharge by
• Fast Settling Time at 25oC . . . . . . . . . . . . 150ns (Max) clamps to V+ and GND, and very low power dissipation
make it a very versatile converter.
• Four Quadrant Multiplication
Low noise audio gain controls, motor speed controls,
• AD7533 Direct AD7520 Equivalent digitally controlled gain and digital attenuators are a few of
the wide range of applications of the AD7523 and AD7533.
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER LINEARITY (INL, DNL) TEMP. RANGE (oC) PACKAGE PKG. NO.
AD7523JN, AD7533JN 0.2% (8-Bit) 0 to 70 16 Ld PDIP E16.3
AD7523KN, AD7533KN 0.1% (9-Bit) 0 to 70 16 Ld PDIP E16.3
AD7523LN, AD7533LN 0.05% (10-Bit) 0 to 70 16 Ld PDIP E16.3
Pinout Functional Block Diagram

AD7523, AD7533
(PDIP) VREF IN 10kΩ 10kΩ 10kΩ 10kΩ
TOP VIEW
(15)
IOUT1 1 16 RFEEDBACK 20kΩ 20kΩ 20kΩ 20kΩ 20kΩ 20kΩ
IOUT2 2 15 VREF IN
(3)
GND 3 14 V+
NC/BIT 10
BIT 1 (MSB) 4 13 (NOTE 1) SPDT
NMOS IOUT2 (2)
BIT 2 5 12 NC/BIT 9
(NOTE 1) SWITCHES IOUT1 (1)
BIT 3 6 11 BIT 8
BIT 4 7 10 BIT 7 10kΩ

MSB BIT 2 BIT 3 RFEEDBACK
BIT 5 8 9 BIT 6 (4) (5) (6) (16)
NOTE:
1. NC for AD7523 only. NOTE: Switches shown for digital inputs “High”
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. File Number 3105.1
http://www.intersil.com or 407-727-9207 | Copyright © Intersil Corporation 1999
10-8
AD7523, AD7533
Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information

Supply Voltage (V+ to GND). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +17V Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) θJA (oC/W)
VREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±25V PDIP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Digital Input Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ to GND Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . . 150oC
Output Voltage Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -100mV to V+ Maximum Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC
Operating Conditions
Temperature Range
JN, KN, LN Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0oC to 70oC
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation
of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on an evaluation PC board in free air.
Electrical Specifications V+ = +15V, VREF = +10V, VOUT1 = VOUT2 = 0V, Unless Otherwise Specified
AD7523 AD7533
TA 25oC TA MIN-MAX TA 25oC TA MIN-MAX
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Resolution 8 - 8 - 10 - 10 - Bits
Nonlinearity J -10V ≤ VREF ≤ +10V - ±0.2 - ±0.2 - ±0.2 - ±0.2 % of

VOUT1 = VOUT2 = 0V FSR
(Notes 2, 3, 6)
K, T - ±0.1 - ±0.1 - ±0.1 - ±0.1 % of
FSR
L - ±0.05 - ±0.05 - ±0.05 - ±0.05 % of

FSR
Monotonicity Guaranteed Guaranteed
Gain Error All Digital Inputs High - ±1.5 - ±1.8 - ±1.4 - ±1.8 % of
(Note 3) FSR
Nonlinearity Tempco -10V ≤ VREF ≤ + 10V - ±2 - ±2 - ±2 - ±2 ppm of

(Notes 3, 4) FSR/oC
Gain Error Tempco - ±10 - ±10 - ±10 - ±10 ppm of

FSR/oC
Output Leakage Current VOUT1 = VOUT2 = 0 - ±50 - ±200 - ±50 - ±200 nA

(Either Output)
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Power Supply Rejection V+ = 14.0V to 15.0V - ±0.02 - ±0.03 - ±0.005 - ±0.008 % of

(Note 3) FSR/%
of ∆V+
Output Current Settling Time To 0.2% of FSR, - 150 - 200 - 600 - 800 ns
RL = 100Ω (Note 4)
Feedthrough Error VREF = 20VP-P , 200kHz - ±1/2 - ±1 - ±0.05 - ±0.1 LSB

Sine Wave, All Digital
Inputs Low (Note 4)
REFERENCE INPUTS
Input Resistance (Pin 15) All Digital Inputs High 5 - 5 - 5 - 5 - kΩ

IOUT1 at Ground (Note 4)
- 20 - 20 - 20 - 20 kΩ
Temperature Coefficient - -500 - -500 - -300 - -300 ppm/οC
10-9
AD7523, AD7533
Electrical Specifications V+ = +15V, VREF = +10V, VOUT1 = VOUT2 = 0V, Unless Otherwise Specified (Continued)
AD7523 AD7533
TA 25oC TA MIN-MAX TA 25oC TA MIN-MAX
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS
ANALOG OUTPUT
Output Capacitance COUT1 All Digital Inputs High - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 pF
(Note 4)
COUT2 - 30 - 30 - 35 - 35 pF
COUT1 All Digital Inputs Low - 30 - 30 - 35 - 35 pF

(Note 4)
COUT2 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 pF
DIGITAL INPUTS
Low State Threshold, VIL - 0.8 - 0.8 - 0.8 - 0.8 V
High State Threshold, VIH 2,4 - 2,4 - 2.4 - 2.4 - V
Input Current (Low or High), VIN = 0V or + 15V - ±1 - ±1 - ±1 - ±1 µA

IIL, IIH
Input Coding See Tables 1 and 3 Binary/Offset Binary Binary/Offset Binary
Input Capacitance (Note 4) - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 pF
POWER SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
Power Supply Voltage Range (Note 6) +5 to +16 +5 to +16 V
I+ All Digital Inputs High or - 2 - 2.5 - 2 - 2.5 mA

Low (Excluding Ladder
Network)
NOTES:
2. Full Scale Range (FSR) is 10V for unipolar and ±10V for bipolar modes.
3. Using internal feedback resistor, RFEEDBACK .
4. Guaranteed by design or characterization and not production tested.
5. Accuracy not guaranteed unless outputs at ground potential.
6. Accuracy is tested and guaranteed at V+ = +15V, only.
Definition of Terms
Nonlinearity: Error contributed by deviation of the DAC Feedthrough Error: Error caused by capacitive coupling
transfer function from a “best straight line” through the actual from VREF to IOUT1 with all digital inputs LOW.
plot of transfer function. Normally expressed as a Output Capacitance: Capacitance from IOUT1 , and IOUT2
percentage of full scale range or in (sub)multiples of 1 LSB. terminals to ground.
Resolution: It is addressing the smallest distinct analog Output Leakage Current: Current which appears on
output change that a D/A converter can produce. It is IOUT1 , terminal when all digital inputs are LOW or on IOUT2
commonly expressed as the number of converter bits. A terminal when all digital inputs are HIGH.
converter with resolution of n bits can resolve output changes
For further information on the use of this device, see the
of 2-N of the full-scale range, e.g., 2-N VREF for a unipolar
following Application Notes:
conversion. Resolution by no means implies linearity.
Settling Time: Time required for the output of a DAC to AnswerFAX
NOTE # DESCRIPTION DOC. #
settle to within specified error band around its final value
(e.g., 1/2 LSB) for a given digital input change, i.e., all digital AN002 “Principles of Data Acquisition and 9002
inputs LOW to HIGH and HIGH to LOW. Conversion”
Gain Error: The difference between actual and ideal analog AN018 “Do’s and Don’ts of Applying A/D 9018
output values at full-scale range, i.e., all digital inputs at Converters”
HIGH state. It is expressed as a percentage of full scale
range or in (sub)multiples of 1 LSB. AN042 “Interpretation of Data Conversion 9042
Accuracy Specifications”
10-10
AD7523, AD7533
Detailed Description ±10V +15V

VREF
The AD7523 and AD7533 are monolithic multiplying D/A
converters. A highly stable thin film R-2R resistor ladder R2
network and NMOS SPDT switches form the basis of the MSB 15 14 RFEEDBACK
4 16
converter circuit, CMOS level shifters permit low power
TTL/CMOS compatible operation. An external voltage or DATA AD7523/ 1 OUT1
INPUTS AD7533
- VOUT
current reference and an operational amplifier are all that is CR1 6
OUT2
required for most voltage output applications. 11 3 2 +
LSB
GND
A simplified equivalent circuit of the DAC is shown in the
Functional Diagram. The NMOS SPDT switches steer the
ladder leg currents between IOUT1 and IOUT2 buses which NOTES:
must be held at ground potential. This configuration main- 1. R1 and R2 used only if gain adjustment is required.
tains a constant current in each ladder leg independent of 2. CF1 protects AD7523 and AD7533 against negative transients.
the input code.
FIGURE 2. UNIPOLAR BINARY OPERATION
Converter errors are further reduced by using separate
metal interconnections between the major bits and the out- TABLE 1. UNlPOLAR BINARY CODE - AD7523
puts. Use of high threshold switches reduce offset (leakage)
errors to a negligible level. DIGITAL INPUT
MSB LSB ANALOG OUTPUT
The level shifter circuits are comprised of three inverters with
– V REF  ---------- 
positive feedback from the output of the second to the first, 255
11111111
 256 
see Figure 1. This configuration results in TTL/CMOS
compatible operation over the full military temperature
– V REF  ---------- 
129
10000001
range. With the ladder SPDT switches driven by the level  256 
shifter, each switch is binarily weighted for an ON resistance
proportional to the respective ladder leg current. This V REF
– V REF  ----------  = – -----------------
128
10000000
assures a constant voltage drop across each switch,  256  2
creating equipotential terminations for the 2R ladder
– V REF  ---------- 
resistors and high accurate leg currents. 127
01111111
 256 
– V REF  ---------- 
1
00000001
V+  256 
1 3
4 6
– V REF  ----------  = 0
TO LADDER 0
00000000
 256 
8 9 NOTE:
) ( V REF ) =  ----------  ( V REF ) .

–8 1
1. 1 LSB = ( 2
 256 
TTL/
2 5 7
CMOS INPUT
IOUT2 IOUT1 Zero Offset Adjustment
1. Connect all digital inputs to GND.
FIGURE 1. CMOS SWITCH 2. Adjust the offset zero adjust trimpot of the output
operational amplifier for 0V ±1mV (Max) at VOUT .
Gain Adjustment
Typical Applications
1. Connect all digital inputs to V+.
Unipolar Binary Operation - AD7523 (8-Bit DAC)
2. Monitor VOUT for a -VREF (11/28) reading.
The circuit configuration for operating the AD7523 in 3. To increase VOUT , connect a series resistor, R2, (0Ω to
unipolar mode is shown in Figure 2. With positive and 250Ω) in the IOUT1 amplifier feedback loop.
negative VREF values the circuit is capable of 2-Quadrant
multiplication. The “Digital Input Code/Analog Output Value” 4. To decrease VOUT , connect a series resistor, R1, (0Ω to
table for unipolar mode is given in Table 1. 250Ω) between the reference voltage and the VREF
terminal.
10-11
AD7523, AD7533
Unipolar Binary Operation - AD7533 (10-Bit DAC) 3. To increase VOUT , connect a series resistor, R2, (0Ω to
250Ω) in the IOUT1 amplifier feedback loop.
The circuit configuration for operating the AD7533 in
unipolar mode is shown in Figure 2. With positive and 4. To decrease VOUT , connect a series resistor, R1, (0Ω to
negative VREF values the circuit is capable of 2-Quadrant 250Ω) between the reference voltage and the VREF
multiplication. The “Digital Input Code/Analog Output Value” terminal.
table for unipolar mode is given in Table 2. Bipolar (Offset Binary) Operation - AD7523
TABLE 2. UNlPOLAR BINARY CODE - AD7533 The circuit configuration for operating the AD7523 in the
DIGITAL INPUT (NOTE 1)
bipolar mode is given in Figure 3. Using offset binary digital
MSB LSB NOMINAL ANALOG OUTPUT input codes and positive and negative reference voltage
values, Four-Quadrant multiplication can be realized. The
– V REF  ------------- 
1023 “Digital Input Code/Analog Output Value” table for bipolar
1111111111
 1024 
mode is given in Table 3.)
– V REF  ------------- 
513
1000000001
 1024  A “Logic 1” input at any digital input forces the corresponding
ladder switch to steer the bit current to IOUT1 bus. A “Logic
V REF 0” input forces the bit current to IOUT2 bus. For any code the
– V REF  -------------  = – ---------------
512
1000000000
 1024  2 IOUT1 and IOUT2 bus currents are complements of one
another. The current amplifier at IOUT2 changes the polarity
– V REF  ------------- 
511
0111111111 of IOUT2 current and the transconductance amplifier at IOUT
 1024 
output sums the two currents. This configuration doubles the
– V REF  ------------- 
1
0000000001
 1024 
output range. The difference current resulting at zero offset
binary code, (MSB = “Logic 1”, all other bits = “Logic 0”), is
– V REF  -------------  = 0
0 corrected by suing an external resistor, (10MΩ), from VREF
0000000000
 1024 
to IOUT2 (Figure 3).
NOTES:
TABLE 3. BlPOLAR (OFFSET BINARY) CODE - AD7523
1. VOUT as shown in the Functional Diagram.
DIGITAL INPUT
2. Nominal Full Scale for the circuit of Figure 2 is given by:
MSB LSB ANALOG OUTPUT
FS = – V REF  -------------  .
1023
 1024 
– V REF  ---------- 
127
11111111
 128 
3. Nominal LSB magnitude for the circuit of Figure 2 is given by:
– V REF  ---------- 
1
10000001
LSB = V REF  -------------  .
1  128 
 1024 
10000000 0
Zero Offset Adjustment
+V REF  ---------- 
1
01111111
1. Connect all digital inputs to GND.  128 
+V REF  ---------- 
2. Adjust the offset zero adjust trimpot of the output 00000001
127
operational amplifier for 0V ±1mV (Max) at VOUT .  128 
+V REF  ---------- 
128
Gain Adjustment 00000000
 128 
1. Connect all digital inputs to V+. NOTE:
2. Monitor VOUT for a -VREF (1 - 1/210) reading. 1. 1 LSB = ( 2
–7
) ( V REF ) =  ----------  ( V REF ) .
1
 128 
±10V +15V
VREF
R1
R2
MSB 15 14 RFEEDBACK
4 16
DATA AD7523/ IOUT1
1
INPUTS AD7533 -
IOUT2 R4 5K R3 5K VOUT
13 3 2 CR1 6
LSB +
R6 10MΩ
-
6
CR2 +
FIGURE 3. BIPOLAR OPERATION (4-QUADRANT MULTIPLICATION)
10-12
AD7523, AD7533
Offset Adjustment another. The current amplifier at IOUT2 changes the polarity of
IOUT2 current and the transconductance amplifier at IOUT1
1. Adjust VREF to approximately +10V.
output sums the two currents. This configuration doubles the
2. Connect all digital inputs to “Logic 1”. output range. The difference current resulting at zero offset
binary code, (MSB = “Logic 1”, all other bits = “Logic 0”), is cor-
3. Adjust IOUT2 amplifier offset adjust trimpot for 0V ±1mV at rected by using an external resistor, (10MΩ), from VREF to
IOUT2 amplifier output. IOUT2 .
4. Connect MSB (Bit 1) to “Logic 1” and all other bits to TABLE 4. UNlPOLAR BINARY CODE - AD7533
“Logic 0”.
DIGITAL INPUT (NOTE 1)
5. Adjust IOUT1 amplifier offset adjust trimpot for 0V ±1mV MSB LSB NOMINAL ANALOG OUTPUT
at VOUT .
-V REF  ---------- 
511
1111111111
Gain Adjustment  512 
-V REF  ---------- 
1. Connect all digital inputs to V+. 1
1000000001
 512 
2. Monitor VOUT for a -VREF (11/28) volts reading.
1000000000 0
3. To increase VOUT , connect a series resistor, R2, of up to
250Ω between VOUT and RFEEDBACK .
+V REF  ---------- 
1
0111111111
 512 
4. To decrease VOUT , connect a series resistor, R1, of up to
+V REF  ---------- 
250Ω between the reference voltage and the VREF 0000000001
511
terminal.  512 
+V REF  ---------- 
Bipolar (Offset Binary) Operation - AD7533 512
0000000000
 512 
The circuit configuration for operating the AD7533 in the NOTES:
bipolar mode is given in Figure 3. Using offset binary digital
1. VOUT as shown in the Functional Diagram.
input codes and positive and negative reference voltage val-
ues, 4-Quadrant multiplication can be realized. The “Digital 2. Nominal Full Scale for the circuit of Figure 6 is given by:
FSR = V REF  -------------  .

Input Code/Analog Output Value” table for bipolar mode is 1023
given in Table 4.  512 
3. Nominal LSB magnitude for the circuit of Figure 3 is given by:
A “Logic 1” input at any digital input forces the corresponding
LSB = V REF  ----------  .
ladder switch to steer the bit current to IOUT1 bus. A “Logic 0” 1
 512 
input forces the bit current to IOUT2 bus. For any code the
IOUT1 and IOUT2 bus currents are complements of one
±10V
BIPOLAR
ANALOG INPUT
V+
VREF
MSB 15 14 RFEEDBACK 10K 10K

4 16
MAGNITUDE OUT1 -
BITS
AD7533 1 -
OUT2 5K VOUT
DIGITAL 6 6
INPUT 13 3 2 + +
LSB
GND 1/ IH5140
2
SIGN BIT
FIGURE 4. 10-BIT AND SIGN MULTIPLYING DAC
10-13
AD7523, AD7533
Offset Adjustment Gain Adjustment

1. Adjust VREF to approximately +10V. 1. Connect all digital inputs to V+.
2. Connect all digital inputs to “Logic 1”. 2. Monitor VOUT for a -VREF (1 - 2-9) volts reading.
3. Adjust IOUT2 amplifier offset adjust trimpot for 0V ±1mV at 3. To increase VOUT , connect a series resistor of up to 250Ω
IOUT2 amplifier output. between VOUT and RFEEDBACK .
4. Connect MSB (Bit 1) to “Logic 1” and all other bits to “Logic 0”. 4. To decrease VOUT , connect a series resistor of up to 250Ω
between the reference voltage and the VREF terminal.
5. Adjust IOUT1 amplifier offset adjust trimpot for 0V ±1mV at
VOUT .
CALIBRATE
10K
4.7K
6.8V 1K -
(2) A2 SQUARE
6
+15V + WAVE
VDD NC
10K 1% 10K 1%
MSB 15 14 16
4
C1
DIGITAL FREQUENCY AD7523/ OUT1
AD7533 1 -
CONTROL WORD
A1 TRIANGULAR
OUT2 6
13 2 + WAVE
3
LSB
FIGURE 5. PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTION GENERATOR
VREF
+15V
VIN
RFB
16 14 +15V R1
BIT 1 -
OUT2 2 4
MSB DIGITAL 6
AD7523/ BIT 1 15 14 16 + VOUT
INPUT
AD7533 4
OUT1 LSB “D” MSB
1 11 R2
BIT 8 (10) (AD7533) DIGITAL AD7523/
3 15 -
INPUT AD7533 1
VREF “D” 6
LSB
13 3 2 +
BIT 8
(10) (AD7533)
-
VOUT
6
+
 R2   R1 D 
VO UT = V REF  ---------------------
-  –  ---------------------- 
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
VOUT = -VIN/D
Where:
Where D = ------------ + ------------ + … ------------

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 8
D = ------------- + ------------- + … -------------
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 8
1 2 8
1 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 ≤ D ≤ 255
----------  0 ≤ D ≤ 255
---------- 
 256   256 
FIGURE 6. DIVIDER (DIGITALLY CONTROLLED GAIN) FIGURE 7. MODIFIED SCALE FACTOR AND OFFSET
10-14
AD7523, AD7533
Die Characteristics
DIE DIMENSIONS: PASSIVATION:
101 mils x 103 mils (2565micrms x 2616micrms) Type: PSG/Nitride
PSG: 7 ±1.4kÅ
METALLIZATION: Nitride: 8 ±1.2kÅ
Type: Pure Aluminum
PROCESS:
Thickness: 10 ±1kÅ
CMOS Metal Gate
Metallization Mask Layout

AD7523, AD7533
PIN 4
PIN 7 PIN 6 PIN 5 BIT 1
BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 (MSB)
PIN 3
GND
PIN 2
PIN 8 IOUT2
BIT 5
PIN 1
IOUT1
PIN 9
BIT 6
PIN 10
BIT 7
PIN 16
RFEEDBACK
PIN 11 PIN 15
BIT 8 VREF
(LSB)
NC NC NC NC PIN 14
(PIN 12, BIT 9, AD7533) (PIN 13, BIT 10, AD7533) V+
10-15
AD7523, AD7533
All Intersil semiconductor products are manufactured, assembled and tested under ISO9000 quality systems certification.
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate
and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which
may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see web site http://www.intersil.com
Sales Office Headquarters

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P. O. Box 883, Mail Stop 53-204 Mercure Center Taiwan Limited
Melbourne, FL 32902 100, Rue de la Fusee 7F-6, No. 101 Fu Hsing North Road
TEL: (407) 724-7000 1130 Brussels, Belgium Taipei, Taiwan
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FAX: (32) 2.724.22.05 TEL: (886) 2 2716 9310
FAX: (886) 2 2715 3029
10-16
This datasheet has been downloaded from:
www.DatasheetCatalog.com
Datasheets for electronic components.

LM35
LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors
Literature Number: SNIS159B

November 2000
LM35
Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors
General Description aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the
LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also avail-
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the able in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an plastic TO-220 package.
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in
˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centi- Features
grade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external n Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ± 1⁄4˚C n Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
at room temperature and ± 3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C n 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)
temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and n Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range
calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output imped- n Suitable for remote applications
ance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make n Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It
n Operates from 4 to 30 volts
can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and
minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has n Less than 60 µA current drain
very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is n Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still air
rated to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range, n Nonlinearity only ± 1⁄4˚C typical
while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚ n Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available pack-
DS005516-4
DS005516-3 Choose R1 = −VS/50 µA

FIGURE 1. Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor V OUT =+1,500 mV at +150˚C
= +250 mV at +25˚C
(+2˚C to +150˚C)
= −550 mV at −55˚C
FIGURE 2. Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
© 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation DS005516 www.national.com

LM35
Connection Diagrams
TO-46 SO-8
Metal Can Package* Small Outline Molded Package
DS005516-1 DS005516-21
*Case is connected to negative pin (GND) N.C. = No Connection

Order Number LM35H, LM35AH, LM35CH, LM35CAH or Top View
LM35DH Order Number LM35DM
See NS Package Number H03H See NS Package Number M08A
TO-92 TO-220
Plastic Package Plastic Package*
DS005516-2
Order Number LM35CZ,

LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
See NS Package Number Z03A
DS005516-24
*Tab is connected to the negative pin (GND).

Note: The LM35DT pinout is different than the discontinued LM35DP.
Order Number LM35DT
See NS Package Number TA03F
www.national.com 2
LM35
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 10) TO-92 and TO-220 Package,
(Soldering, 10 seconds) 260˚C
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ SO Package (Note 12)
Distributors for availability and specifications. Vapor Phase (60 seconds) 215˚C
Infrared (15 seconds) 220˚C
Supply Voltage +35V to −0.2V
ESD Susceptibility (Note 11) 2500V
Output Voltage +6V to −1.0V
Specified Operating Temperature Range: TMIN to T MAX
Output Current 10 mA (Note 2)
Storage Temp.; LM35, LM35A −55˚C to +150˚C
TO-46 Package, −60˚C to +180˚C LM35C, LM35CA −40˚C to +110˚C
TO-92 Package, −60˚C to +150˚C LM35D 0˚C to +100˚C
SO-8 Package, −65˚C to +150˚C
TO-220 Package, −65˚C to +150˚C
Lead Temp.:
TO-46 Package,
(Soldering, 10 seconds) 300˚C
Electrical Characteristics
(Notes 1, 6)
LM35A LM35CA
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy T A =+25˚C ± 0.2 ± 0.5 ± 0.2 ± 0.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A =−10˚C ± 0.3 ± 0.3 ± 1.0 ˚C
T A =TMAX ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ˚C
T A =TMIN ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ± 0.4 ± 1.5 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ± 0.18 ± 0.35 ± 0.15 ± 0.3 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.9, +10.0 +9.9, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.1 +10.1
Load Regulation T A =+25˚C ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ± 0.4 ± 1.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ± 0.5 ± 3.0 ± 0.5 ± 3.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A =+25˚C ± 0.01 ± 0.05 ± 0.01 ± 0.05 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ± 0.02 ± 0.1 ± 0.02 ± 0.1 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S =+5V, +25˚C 56 67 56 67 µA
(Note 9) V S =+5V 105 131 91 114 µA
V S =+30V, +25˚C 56.2 68 56.2 68 µA
V S =+30V 105.5 133 91.5 116 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.5 +0.39 +0.5 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL =0
Long Term Stability T J =TMAX, for ± 0.08 ± 0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
3 www.national.com
LM35
Electrical Characteristics
(Notes 1, 6)
LM35 LM35C, LM35D
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy, T A =+25˚C ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ± 0.4 ± 1.0 ˚C
LM35, LM35C T A =−10˚C ± 0.5 ± 0.5 ± 1.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A =TMAX ± 0.8 ± 1.5 ± 0.8 ± 1.5 ˚C
T A =TMIN ± 0.8 ± 1.5 ± 0.8 ± 2.0 ˚C
Accuracy, LM35D T A =+25˚C ± 0.6 ± 1.5 ˚C
(Note 7) TA =TMAX ± 0.9 ± 2.0 ˚C
TA =TMIN ± 0.9 ± 2.0 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.2 ± 0.5 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.8, +10.0 +9.8, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.2 +10.2
Load Regulation T A =+25˚C ± 0.4 ± 2.0 ± 0.4 ± 2.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ± 0.5 ± 5.0 ± 0.5 ± 5.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A =+25˚C ± 0.01 ± 0.1 ± 0.01 ± 0.1 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ± 0.02 ± 0.2 ± 0.02 ± 0.2 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S =+5V, +25˚C 56 80 56 80 µA
(Note 9) V S =+5V 105 158 91 138 µA
V S =+30V, +25˚C 56.2 82 56.2 82 µA
V S =+30V 105.5 161 91.5 141 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 2.0 0.2 2.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.7 +0.39 +0.7 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL =0
Long Term Stability T J =TMAX, for ± 0.08 ± 0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted, these specifications apply: −55˚C≤TJ≤+150˚C for the LM35 and LM35A; −40˚≤TJ≤+110˚C for the LM35C and LM35CA; and
0˚≤TJ≤+100˚C for the LM35D. VS =+5Vdc and ILOAD =50 µA, in the circuit of Figure 2. These specifications also apply from +2˚C to TMAX in the circuit of Figure 1.
Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 2: Thermal resistance of the TO-46 package is 400˚C/W, junction to ambient, and 24˚C/W junction to case. Thermal resistance of the TO-92 package is
180˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the small outline molded package is 220˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the TO-220 package
is 90˚C/W junction to ambient. For additional thermal resistance information see table in the Applications section.
Note 3: Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output due to heating effects can be
computed by multiplying the internal dissipation by the thermal resistance.
Note 4: Tested Limits are guaranteed and 100% tested in production.
Note 5: Design Limits are guaranteed (but not 100% production tested) over the indicated temperature and supply voltage ranges. These limits are not used to
calculate outgoing quality levels.
Note 6: Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 7: Accuracy is defined as the error between the output voltage and 10mv/˚C times the device’s case temperature, at specified conditions of voltage, current,
and temperature (expressed in ˚C).
Note 8: Nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of the output-voltage-versus-temperature curve from the best-fit straight line, over the device’s rated temperature
range.
Note 9: Quiescent current is defined in the circuit of Figure 1.
Note 10: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not apply when operating
the device beyond its rated operating conditions. See Note 1.
Note 11: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
Note 12: See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” or the section titled “Surface Mount” found in a current National
Semiconductor Linear Data Book for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
www.national.com 4
LM35
Typical Performance Characteristics
Thermal Resistance Thermal Time Constant Thermal Response
Junction to Air in Still Air
DS005516-26
DS005516-25 DS005516-27
Thermal Response in Minimum Supply Quiescent Current

Stirred Oil Bath Voltage vs. Temperature vs. Temperature
(In Circuit of Figure 1.)
DS005516-29
DS005516-28
DS005516-30
Quiescent Current Accuracy vs. Temperature Accuracy vs. Temperature

vs. Temperature (Guaranteed) (Guaranteed)
(In Circuit of Figure 2.)
DS005516-32 DS005516-33
DS005516-31
5 www.national.com
LM35
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
Noise Voltage Start-Up Response
DS005516-34 DS005516-35
Applications The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metal

surface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case the
The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other V− terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal.
integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-end
cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within metal tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwed
about 0.01˚C of the surface temperature. into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 and
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and
same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if
much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where conden-
actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an interme- sation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such
diate temperature between the surface temperature and the as Humiseal and epoxy paints or dips are often used to
air temperature. This is expecially true for the TO-92 plastic insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connec-
package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal tions.
path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might These devices are sometimes soldered to a small
be closer to the air temperature than to the surface tempera- light-weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constant
ture. and speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On the
To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the other hand, a small thermal mass may be added to the
LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same tempera- sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations
ture as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is in the air temperature.
to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will
insure that the leads and wires are all at the same tempera-
ture as the surface, and that the LM35 die’s temperature will
not be affected by the air temperature.
Temperature Rise of LM35 Due To Self-heating (Thermal Resistance,θJA)

TO-46, TO-46*, TO-92, TO-92**, SO-8 SO-8** TO-220
no heat small heat fin no heat small heat fin no heat small heat fin no heat
sink sink sink sink
Still air 400˚C/W 100˚C/W 180˚C/W 140˚C/W 220˚C/W 110˚C/W 90˚C/W
Moving air 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W 105˚C/W 90˚C/W 26˚C/W
Still oil 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W
Stirred oil 50˚C/W 30˚C/W 45˚C/W 40˚C/W
(Clamped to metal,
Infinite heat sink) (24˚C/W) (55˚C/W)
*Wakefield type 201, or 1" disc of 0.020" sheet brass, soldered to case, or similar.
**TO-92 and SO-8 packages glued and leads soldered to 1" square of 1/16" printed circuit board with 2 oz. foil or similar.
www.national.com 6
LM35
DS005516-19
FIGURE 3. LM35 with Decoupling from Capacitive Load
DS005516-6
FIGURE 6. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor

(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-20
FIGURE 4. LM35 with R-C Damper
CAPACITIVE LOADS
Like most micropower circuits, the LM35 has a limited ability
to drive heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able to
drive 50 pf without special precautions. If heavier loads are
anticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the load with a
resistor; see Figure 3. Or you can improve the tolerance of
capacitance with a series R-C damper from output to
ground; see Figure 4.
When the LM35 is applied with a 200Ω load resistor as DS005516-7
shown in Figure 5, Figure 6 or Figure 8 it is relatively immune FIGURE 7. Temperature Sensor, Single Supply, −55˚ to
to wiring capacitance because the capacitance forms a by- +150˚C
pass from ground to input, not on the output. However, as
with any linear circuit connected to wires in a hostile envi-
ronment, its performance can be affected adversely by in-
tense electromagnetic sources such as relays, radio trans-
mitters, motors with arcing brushes, SCR transients, etc, as
its wiring can act as a receiving antenna and its internal
junctions can act as rectifiers. For best results in such cases,
a bypass capacitor from VIN to ground and a series R-C
damper such as 75Ω in series with 0.2 or 1 µF from output to
ground are often useful. These are shown in Figure 13,
Figure 14, and Figure 16.
DS005516-8

(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-5

(Grounded Sensor)
DS005516-9
FIGURE 9. 4-To-20 mA Current Source (0˚C to +100˚C)
7 www.national.com
LM35
Typical Applications (Continued)
DS005516-11
FIGURE 11. Centigrade Thermometer (Analog Meter)
DS005516-10
FIGURE 10. Fahrenheit Thermometer
DS005516-12
FIGURE 12. Fahrenheit ThermometerExpanded Scale

Thermometer
(50˚ to 80˚ Fahrenheit, for Example Shown)
DS005516-13
FIGURE 13. Temperature To Digital Converter (Serial Output) (+128˚C Full Scale)
DS005516-14
FIGURE 14. Temperature To Digital Converter (Parallel TRI-STATE™ Outputs for

Standard Data Bus to µP Interface) (128˚C Full Scale)
www.national.com 8
LM35
DS005516-16
* =1% or 2% film resistor

Trim RB for VB =3.075V
Trim RC for VC =1.955V
Trim RA for VA =0.075V + 100mV/˚C x Tambient
Example, VA =2.275V at 22˚C
FIGURE 15. Bar-Graph Temperature Display (Dot Mode)
DS005516-15
FIGURE 16. LM35 With Voltage-To-Frequency Converter And Isolated Output

(2˚C to +150˚C; 20 Hz to 1500 Hz)
9 www.national.com
LM35
Block Diagram
DS005516-23
www.national.com 10
LM35
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
TO-46 Metal Can Package (H)

Order Number LM35H, LM35AH, LM35CH,
LM35CAH, or LM35DH
NS Package Number H03H
SO-8 Molded Small Outline Package (M)

Order Number LM35DM
NS Package Number M08A
11 www.national.com
LM35
Power Package TO-220 (T)

Order Number LM35DT
NS Package Number TA03F
www.national.com 12
TO-92 Plastic Package (Z)

Order Number LM35CZ, LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
NS Package Number Z03A
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LM117/LM317A/LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator
July 2004
LM117/LM317A/LM317
3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator
General Description age, supplies of several hundred volts can be regulated as
long as the maximum input to output differential is not ex-
The LM117 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage ceeded, i.e., avoid short-circuiting the output.
regulators is capable of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a
Also, it makes an especially simple adjustable switching
1.2V to 37V output range. They are exceptionally easy to
regulator, a programmable output regulator, or by connecting
use and require only two external resistors to set the output
a fixed resistor between the adjustment pin and output, the
voltage. Further, both line and load regulation are better than
LM117 can be used as a precision current regulator. Sup-
standard fixed regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in
plies with electronic shutdown can be achieved by clamping
standard transistor packages which are easily mounted and
the adjustment terminal to ground which programs the out-
handled.
put to 1.2V where most loads draw little current.
In addition to higher performance than fixed regulators, the
For applications requiring greater output current, see LM150
LM117 series offers full overload protection available only in
series (3A) and LM138 series (5A) data sheets. For the
IC’s. Included on the chip are current limit, thermal overload
negative complement, see LM137 series data sheet.
protection and safe area protection. All overload protection
circuitry remains fully functional even if the adjustment ter-
minal is disconnected. Features
Normally, no capacitors are needed unless the device is n Guaranteed 1% output voltage tolerance (LM317A)
situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in n Guaranteed max. 0.01%/V line regulation (LM317A)
which case an input bypass is needed. An optional output n Guaranteed max. 0.3% load regulation (LM117)
capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The n Guaranteed 1.5A output current
adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high n Adjustable output down to 1.2V
ripple rejection ratios which are difficult to achieve with stan-
n Current limit constant with temperature
dard 3-terminal regulators.
n P+ Product Enhancement tested
Besides replacing fixed regulators, the LM117 is useful in a
n 80 dB ripple rejection
wide variety of other applications. Since the regulator is
n Output is short-circuit protected
“floating” and sees only the input-to-output differential volt-
Typical Applications LM117 Series Packages
1.2V–25V Adjustable Regulator Part Number Design

Suffix Package Load
Current
K TO-3 1.5A
H TO-39 0.5A
T TO-220 1.5A
E LCC 0.5A
S TO-263 1.5A
EMP SOT-223 1A
MDT TO-252 0.5A
00906301
Full output current not available at high input-output voltages SOT-223 vs. D-Pak (TO-252)
*Needed if device is more than 6 inches from filter capacitors. Packages
†Optional — improves transient response. Output capacitors in the range
of 1µF to 1000µF of aluminum or tantalum electrolytic are commonly used
to provide improved output impedance and rejection of transients.
00906354
Scale 1:1

LM117/LM317A/LM317
Connection Diagrams
(TO-3) (TO-39)
Metal Can Package Metal Can Package
00906331
CASE IS OUTPUT
00906330
Bottom View
CASE IS OUTPUT NS Package Number H03A
Bottom View
Steel Package
NS Package Number K02A or K02C
(TO-220)
(TO-263) Surface-Mount Package Plastic Package
00906335
Top View
00906332
Front View
NS Package Number T03B
Ceramic Leadless
Chip Carrier
00906336
Side View
NS Package Number TS3B
00906334
Top View
NS Package Number E20A
www.national.com 2
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Connection Diagrams (Continued)
4-Lead SOT-223 TO-252 (D-Pak)
00906359
Front View
NS Package Number MP04A
00906366
Front View
NS Package Number TD03B
Ordering Information
Package Temperature Range Part Number Package Marking Transport Media NSC
Drawing
Metal Can −55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C LM117K STEEL LM117K STEEL P+ 50 Per Bag K02A
(TO-3) 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317K STEEL LM317K STEEL P+ 50 Per Bag
−55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C LM117K/883 LM117K/883 50 Per Bag K02C
Metal Can −55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C LM117H LM117H P+ 500 Per Box H03A
(TO-39) −55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C LM117H/883 LM117H/883 20 Per Tray
−40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317AH LM317AH P+ 500 Per Box
0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317H LM317H P+ 500 Per Box
TO-220 −40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317AT LM317AT P+ 45 Units/Rail T03B
3- Lead 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317T LM317T P+ 45 Units/Rail
TO-263 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317S LM317S P+ 45 Units/Rail TS3B
3- Lead LM317SX 500 Units Tape and Reel
LCC −55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C LM117E/883 LM117E/883 50 Units/Rail E20A
SOT-223 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317EMP N01A 1k Units Tape and Reel MP04A
4- Lead LM317EMPX 2k Units Tape and Reel
−40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317AEMP N07A 1k Units Tape and Reel
LM317AEMPX 2k Units Tape and Reel
D- Pack 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317MDT LM317MDT 75 Units/Rail TD03B
3- Lead LM317MDTX 2.5k Units Tape and Reel
−40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C LM317AMDT LM317AMDT 75 Units/Rail
LM317AMDTX 2.5k Units Tape and Reel
3 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) ESD Tolerance (Note 5) 3 kV
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Operating Temperature Range
Power Dissipation Internally Limited LM117 −55˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +150˚C
Input-Output Voltage Differential +40V, −0.3V LM317A −40˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C
Storage Temperature −65˚C to +150˚C LM317 0˚C ≤ TJ ≤ +125˚C
Lead Temperature
Preconditioning
Metal Package (Soldering, 10 seconds) 300˚C
Plastic Package (Soldering, 4 seconds) 260˚C Thermal Limit Burn-In All Devices 100%
Electrical Characteristics (Note 3)

Specifications with standard type face are for TJ = 25˚C, and those with boldface type apply over full Operating Tempera-
ture Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN − VOUT = 5V, and IOUT = 10 mA.
Parameter Conditions LM117 (Note 2) Units
Min Typ Max
Reference Voltage V
3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V, 1.20 1.25 1.30 V
10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX, P ≤ PMAX
Line Regulation 3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V (Note 4) 0.01 0.02 %/V
0.02 0.05 %/V
Load Regulation 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX (Note 4) 0.1 0.3 %
0.3 1 %
Thermal Regulation 20 ms Pulse 0.03 0.07 %/W
Adjustment Pin Current 50 100 µA
Adjustment Pin Current Change 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX 0.2 5 µA
3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V
Temperature Stability TMIN ≤ TJ ≤ TMAX 1 %
Minimum Load Current (VIN − VOUT) = 40V 3.5 5 mA
Current Limit (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 15V
K Package 1.5 2.2 3.4 A
H Package 0.5 0.8 1.8 A
(VIN − VOUT) = 40V
K Package 0.3 0.4 A
H Package 0.15 0.2 A
RMS Output Noise, % of VOUT 10 Hz ≤ f ≤ 10 kHz 0.003 %
Ripple Rejection Ratio VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, 65 dB
CADJ = 0 µF
VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, 66 80 dB
CADJ = 10 µF
Long-Term Stability TJ = 125˚C, 1000 hrs 0.3 1 %
Thermal Resistance, K Package 2.3 3 ˚C/W
Junction-to-Case H Package 12 15 ˚C/W
E Package ˚C/W
Thermal Resistance, Junction- K Package 35 ˚C/W
to-Ambient (No Heat Sink) H Package 140 ˚C/W
E Package ˚C/W
www.national.com 4
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ = 25˚C, and those with boldface type apply over full Operating Tempera-
ture Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN − VOUT = 5V, and IOUT = 10 mA.
Parameter Conditions LM317A LM317 Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Reference Voltage 1.238 1.250 1.262 V
3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V, 1.225 1.250 1.270 1.20 1.25 1.30 V
Line Regulation 3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V (Note 4) 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.04 %/V
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.07 %/V
Load Regulation 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX (Note 4) 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 %
0.3 1 0.3 1.5 %
Thermal Regulation 20 ms Pulse 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 %/W
Adjustment Pin Current 50 100 50 100 µA
Adjustment Pin Current 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX 0.2 5 0.2 5 µA
Change 3V ≤ (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 40V
Temperature Stability TMIN ≤ TJ ≤ TMAX 1 1 %
Minimum Load Current (VIN − VOUT) = 40V 3.5 10 3.5 10 mA
Current Limit (VIN − VOUT) ≤ 15V
K, T, S Packages 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.5 2.2 3.4 A
H Package 0.5 0.8 1.8 0.5 0.8 1.8 A
MP Package 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.5 2.2 3.4 A
(VIN − VOUT) = 40V
K, T, S Packages 0.15 0.4 0.15 0.4 A
H Package 0.075 0.2 0.075 0.2 A
MP Package 0.15 0.4 0.15 0.4 A
RMS Output Noise, % of VOUT 10 Hz ≤ f ≤ 10 kHz 0.003 0.003 %
Ripple Rejection Ratio VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, 65 65 dB
CADJ = 0 µF
VOUT = 10V, f = 120 Hz, 66 80 66 80 dB
CADJ = 10 µF
Long-Term Stability TJ = 125˚C, 1000 hrs 0.3 1 0.3 1 %
Thermal Resistance, K Package 2.3 3 ˚C/W
Junction-to-Case MDT Package 5 ˚C/W
H Package 12 15 12 15 ˚C/W
T Package 4 5 4 ˚C/W
MP Package 23.5 23.5 ˚C/W
Thermal Resistance, K Package 35 35 ˚C/W
Junction-to-Ambient (No Heat MDT Package(Note 6) 92 ˚C/W
Sink) H Package 140 140 ˚C/W
T Package 50 50 ˚C/W
S Package (Note 6) 50 50 ˚C/W
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
intended to be functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. The
guaranteed specifications apply only for the test conditions listed.
Note 2: Refer to RETS117H drawing for the LM117H, or the RETS117K for the LM117K military specifications.
Note 3: Although power dissipation is internally limited, these specifications are applicable for maximum power dissipations of 2W for the TO-39 and SOT-223 and
20W for the TO-3, TO-220, and TO-263. IMAX is 1.5A for the TO-3, TO-220, and TO-263 packages, 0.5A for the TO-39 package and 1A for the SOT-223 Package.
All limits (i.e., the numbers in the Min. and Max. columns) are guaranteed to National’s AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level).
Note 4: Regulation is measured at a constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are
covered under the specifications for thermal regulation.
Note 5: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
Note 6: If the TO-263 or TO-252 packages are used, the thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing the PC board copper area thermally connected to the
package. Using 0.5 square inches of copper area. θJA is 50˚C/W; with 1 square inch of copper area, θJA is 37˚C/W; and with 1.6 or more square inches of copper
area, θJA is 32˚C/W. If the SOT-223 package is used, the thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing the PC board copper area (see applications hints for
heatsinking).
5 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Typical Performance Characteristics Output Capacitor = 0µF unless otherwise noted
Load Regulation Current Limit
00906337 00906338
Adjustment Current Dropout Voltage
00906339 00906340
Temperature Stability Minimum Operating Current
00906341 00906342
www.national.com 6
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Typical Performance Characteristics Output Capacitor = 0µF unless otherwise noted (Continued)
Ripple Rejection Ripple Rejection
00906343 00906344
Ripple Rejection Output Impedance
00906345 00906346
Line Transient Response Load Transient Response
00906347 00906348
7 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Application Hints can cause excessive ringing. This occurs with values be-
tween 500 pF and 5000 pF. A 1µF solid tantalum (or 25µF
In operation, the LM117 develops a nominal 1.25V reference aluminum electrolytic) on the output swamps this effect and
voltage, VREF, between the output and adjustment terminal. insures stability. Any increase of the load capacitance larger
The reference voltage is impressed across program resistor than 10µF will merely improve the loop stability and output
R1 and, since the voltage is constant, a constant current I1 impedance.
then flows through the output set resistor R2, giving an
output voltage of LOAD REGULATION
The LM117 is capable of providing extremely good load
regulation but a few precautions are needed to obtain maxi-
mum performance. The current set resistor connected be-
tween the adjustment terminal and the output terminal (usu-
ally 240Ω) should be tied directly to the output (case) of the
regulator rather than near the load. This eliminates line
drops from appearing effectively in series with the reference
and degrading regulation. For example, a 15V regulator with
0.05Ω resistance between the regulator and load will have a
load regulation due to line resistance of 0.05Ω x IL. If the set
resistor is connected near the load the effective line resis-
tance will be 0.05Ω (1 + R2/R1) or in this case, 11.5 times
worse.
Figure 2 shows the effect of resistance between the regula-
tor and 240Ω set resistor.
00906305
FIGURE 1.
Since the 100µA current from the adjustment terminal repre-

sents an error term, the LM117 was designed to minimize
IADJ and make it very constant with line and load changes.
To do this, all quiescent operating current is returned to the
output establishing a minimum load current requirement. If
00906306
there is insufficient load on the output, the output will rise.
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS FIGURE 2. Regulator with Line Resistance in Output

Lead
An input bypass capacitor is recommended. A 0.1µF disc or
1µF solid tantalum on the input is suitable input bypassing
With the TO-3 package, it is easy to minimize the resistance
for almost all applications. The device is more sensitive to
from the case to the set resistor, by using two separate leads
the absence of input bypassing when adjustment or output
to the case. However, with the TO-39 package, care should
capacitors are used but the above values will eliminate the
be taken to minimize the wire length of the output lead. The
possibility of problems.
ground of R2 can be returned near the ground of the load to
The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to ground on the provide remote ground sensing and improve load regulation.
LM117 to improve ripple rejection. This bypass capacitor
prevents ripple from being amplified as the output voltage is PROTECTION DIODES
increased. With a 10µF bypass capacitor 80dB ripple rejec- When external capacitors are used with any IC regulator it is
tion is obtainable at any output level. Increases over 10µF do sometimes necessary to add protection diodes to prevent
not appreciably improve the ripple rejection at frequencies the capacitors from discharging through low current points
above 120Hz. If the bypass capacitor is used, it is some- into the regulator. Most 10µF capacitors have low enough
times necessary to include protection diodes to prevent the internal series resistance to deliver 20A spikes when
capacitor from discharging through internal low current paths shorted. Although the surge is short, there is enough energy
and damaging the device. to damage parts of the IC.
In general, the best type of capacitors to use is solid tanta- When an output capacitor is connected to a regulator and
lum. Solid tantalum capacitors have low impedance even at the input is shorted, the output capacitor will discharge into
high frequencies. Depending upon capacitor construction, it the output of the regulator. The discharge current depends
takes about 25µF in aluminum electrolytic to equal 1µF solid on the value of the capacitor, the output voltage of the
tantalum at high frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are also regulator, and the rate of decrease of VIN. In the LM117, this
good at high frequencies; but some types have a large discharge path is through a large junction that is able to
decrease in capacitance at frequencies around 0.5MHz. For sustain 15A surge with no problem. This is not true of other
this reason, 0.01µF disc may seem to work better than a types of positive regulators. For output capacitors of 25µF or
0.1µF disc as a bypass. less, there is no need to use diodes.
Although the LM117 is stable with no output capacitors, like The bypass capacitor on the adjustment terminal can dis-
any feedback circuit, certain values of external capacitance charge through a low current junction. Discharge occurs
www.national.com 8
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Application Hints (Continued)
when either the input or output is shorted. Internal to the

LM117 is a 50Ω resistor which limits the peak discharge
current. No protection is needed for output voltages of 25V
or less and 10µF capacitance. Figure 3 shows an LM117
with protection diodes included for use with outputs greater
than 25V and high values of output capacitance.
00906355
FIGURE 4. θ(J−A) vs Copper (1 ounce) Area for the

TO-263 Package
00906307
As shown in the figure, increasing the copper area beyond 1
square inch produces very little improvement. It should also
be observed that the minimum value of θ(J−A) for the TO-263
package mounted to a PCB is 32˚C/W.
D1 protects against C1 As a design aid, Figure 5 shows the maximum allowable
D2 protects against C2 power dissipation compared to ambient temperature for the
TO-263 device (assuming θ(J−A) is 35˚C/W and the maxi-
mum junction temperature is 125˚C).
FIGURE 3. Regulator with Protection Diodes
When a value for θ(H−A) is found using the equation shown,

a heatsink must be selected that has a value that is less than
or equal to this number.
θ(H−A) is specified numerically by the heatsink manufacturer
in the catalog, or shown in a curve that plots temperature rise
vs power dissipation for the heatsink.
HEATSINKING TO-263, SOT-223 AND TO-252 PACKAGE

PARTS
The TO-263 (“S”), SOT-223 (“MP”) and TO-252 (”DT”) pack-
ages use a copper plane on the PCB and the PCB itself as
a heatsink. To optimize the heat sinking ability of the plane
and PCB, solder the tab of the package to the plane.
Figure 4 shows for the TO-263 the measured values of θ(J−A)
for different copper area sizes using a typical PCB with 1 00906356
ounce copper and no solder mask over the copper area used
for heatsinking. FIGURE 5. Maximum Power Dissipation vs TAMB for
the TO-263 Package
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the information for the SOT-223

package. Figure 7 assumes a θ(J−A) of 74˚C/W for 1 ounce
copper and 51˚C/W for 2 ounce copper and a maximum
junction temperature of 125˚C.
9 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Application Hints (Continued) mine if a heatsink is needed, the power dissipated by the
regulator, PD, must be calculated:
IIN = IL + IG
PD = (VIN − VOUT) IL + VINIG
Figure 8 shows the voltage and currents which are present in
the circuit.
00906360
00906357
FIGURE 8. Power Dissipation Diagram

SOT-223 Package The next parameter which must be calculated is the maxi-
mum allowable temperature rise, TR(max):
TR(max) = TJ(max) − TA(max)
where TJ(max) is the maximum allowable junction tempera-
ture (125˚C), and TA(max) is the maximum ambient tem-
perature which will be encountered in the application.
Using the calculated values for TR(max) and PD, the maxi-
mum allowable value for the junction-to-ambient thermal
resistance (θJA) can be calculated:
θJA = TR(max)/PD
If the maximum allowable value for θJA is found to be
≥92˚C/W (Typical Rated Value) for TO-252 package, no
heatsink is needed since the package alone will dissipate
enough heat to satisfy these requirements. If the calculated
value for θJA falls below these limits, a heatsink is required.
As a design aid, Table 1 shows the value of the θJA of
TO-252 for different heatsink area. The copper patterns that
we used to measure these θJAs are shown at the end of the
00906358
Application Notes Section. Figure 9 reflects the same test

FIGURE 7. Maximum Power Dissipation vs TAMB for results as what are in the Table 1
the SOT-223 Package
Figure 10 shows the maximum allowable power dissipation
The LM317 regulators have internal thermal shutdown to vs. ambient temperature for the TO-252 device. Figure 11
protect the device from over-heating. Under all possible shows the maximum allowable power dissipation vs. copper
operating conditions, the junction temperature of the LM317 area (in2) for the TO-252 device. Please see AN1028 for
must be within the range of 0˚C to 125˚C. A heatsink may be power enhancement techniques to be used with SOT-223
required depending on the maximum power dissipation and and TO-252 packages.
maximum ambient temperature of the application. To deter-
TABLE 1. θJA Different Heatsink Area
Layout Copper Area Thermal Resistance
Top Side (in2)* Bottom Side (in2) (θJA˚C/W) TO-252
1 0.0123 0 103
2 0.066 0 87
3 0.3 0 60
4 0.53 0 54
5 0.76 0 52
6 1 0 47
7 0 0.2 84
8 0 0.4 70
9 0 0.6 63
www.national.com 10
LM117/LM317A/LM317
TABLE 1. θJA Different Heatsink Area (Continued)

Layout Copper Area Thermal Resistance
10 0 0.8 57
11 0 1 57
12 0.066 0.066 89
13 0.175 0.175 72
14 0.284 0.284 61
15 0.392 0.392 55
16 0.5 0.5 53
Note: * Tab of device attached to topside of copper.
00906361
FIGURE 9. θJA vs 2oz Copper Area for TO-252
00906363
FIGURE 10. Maximum Allowable Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature for TO-252
11 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
00906362
FIGURE 11. Maximum Allowable Power Dissipation vs. 2oz Copper Area for TO-252
00906364
FIGURE 12. Top View of the Thermal Test Pattern in Actual Scale
www.national.com 12
LM117/LM317A/LM317
00906365
FIGURE 13. Bottom View of the Thermal Test Pattern in Actual Scale
13 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Schematic Diagram
00906308
Typical Applications Adjustable Regulator with Improved Ripple Rejection

5V Logic Regulator with Electronic Shutdown*
00906310
†Solid tantalum
00906303
*Discharges C1 if output is shorted to ground
*Min. output ) 1.2V
High Stability 10V Regulator
Slow Turn-On 15V Regulator
00906309
00906311
www.national.com 14
LM117/LM317A/LM317
High Current Adjustable Regulator
00906312
‡ Optional — improves ripple rejection
†Solid tantalum
*Minimum load current = 30 mA
0 to 30V Regulator Power Follower
00906313
00906314
Full output current not available at high input-output voltages
15 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
5A Constant Voltage/Constant Current Regulator
00906315
†Solid tantalum
*Lights in constant current mode
1A Current Regulator High Gain Amplifier
00906316
1.2V–20V Regulator with Minimum Program Current
00906318
00906317
*Minimum load current ) 4 mA
www.national.com 16
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Low Cost 3A Switching Regulator
00906319
†Solid tantalum
*Core — Arnold A-254168-2 60 turns
4A Switching Regulator with Overload Protection
00906320
†Solid tantalum
*Core — Arnold A-254168-2 60 turns
Precision Current Limiter
00906321
17 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Tracking Preregulator
00906322
Current Limited Voltage Regulator
00906323
(Compared to LM117’s higher current limit)

— At 50 mA output only 3⁄4 volt of drop occurs in R3 and R4
Adjusting Multiple On-Card Regulators with Single Control*
00906324
*All outputs within ± 100 mV
†Minimum load — 10 mA
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LM117/LM317A/LM317
AC Voltage Regulator
00906325
12V Battery Charger
00906326
Use of RS allows low charging rates with fully charged battery.
50mA Constant Current Battery Charger
00906327
19 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Adjustable 4A Regulator
00906328
Current Limited 6V Charger Digitally Selected Outputs
00906329
*Sets peak current (0.6A for 1Ω) 00906302
*Sets maximum VOUT
**The 1000µF is recommended to filter out input transients
www.national.com 20
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)
unless otherwise noted
TO-3 Metal Can Package (K)

NS Package Number K02A
TO-3 Metal Can Package (K)

Mil-Aero Product
NS Package Number K02C
21 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
(TO-39) Metal Can Package

NS Package Number H03A
3-Lead TO-220
www.national.com 22
LM117/LM317A/LM317
3-Lead TO-263
NS Package Number TS3B
23 www.national.com
LM117/LM317A/LM317
Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier

NS Package Number E20A
4-Lead SOT-223
www.national.com 24
LM117/LM317A/LM317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator
3-Lead D-Pack
NS Package Number TD03B
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL
COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or 2. A critical component is any component of a life
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant support device or system whose failure to perform
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of
whose failure to perform when properly used in the life support device or system, or to affect its
accordance with instructions for use provided in the safety or effectiveness.
labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a
significant injury to the user.
BANNED SUBSTANCE COMPLIANCE
National Semiconductor certifies that the products and packing materials meet the provisions of the Customer Products
Stewardship Specification (CSP-9-111C2) and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification
(CSP-9-111S2) and contain no ‘‘Banned Substances’’ as defined in CSP-9-111S2.
Americas Customer Europe Customer Support Center Asia Pacific Customer Japan Customer Support Center
Support Center Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Support Center Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
Email: new.feedback@nsc.com Email: europe.support@nsc.com Email: ap.support@nsc.com Email: jpn.feedback@nsc.com
Tel: 1-800-272-9959 Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 Tel: 81-3-5639-7560
English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

LM324, LM324A, LM224,
LM2902, LM2902V, NCV2902
Single Supply Quad
Operational Amplifiers
The LM324 series are low−cost, quad operational amplifiers with
true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over
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standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The
quad amplifier can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as
high as 32 V with quiescent currents about one−fifth of those PDIP−14
associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common N SUFFIX
mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the CASE 646
necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The 14
output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage. 1
SOIC−14
Features
14 D SUFFIX
• Pb−Free Packages are Available* CASE 751A
1
• Short Circuited Protected Outputs
• True Differential Input Stage
• Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V TSSOP−14
• Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A) 14
DTB SUFFIX
• Four Amplifiers Per Package CASE 948G
• Internally Compensated 1
• Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
• Industry Standard Pinouts
• ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting PIN CONNECTIONS
Device Operation
• NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Site
Out 1 1 14 Out 4
and Control Changes
2 13
Inputs 1

1 4

Inputs 4
3 12
VCC 4 11 VEE, GND

5 10

Inputs 2
2 3
Inputs 3
6 9
Out 2 7 8 Out 3
(Top View)
ORDERING INFORMATION
See detailed ordering and shipping information in the package
dimensions section on page 9 of this data sheet.
DEVICE MARKING INFORMATION

See general marking information in the device marking
section on page 10 of this data sheet.
*For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering details, please
download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and Mounting Techniques
Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.
 Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2004 1 Publication Order Number:

December, 2004 − Rev. 15 LM324/D
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V, NCV2902
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = + 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

Rating Symbol Value Unit
Power Supply Voltages 3
32 Vdc
Single Supply VCC ±16
Split Supplies VCC, VEE
Input Differential Voltage Range (Note 1) VIDR ±32 Vdc
Input Common Mode Voltage Range VICR −0.3 to 32 Vdc
Output Short Circuit Duration tSC Continuous
Junction Temperature TJ 150 °C
Storage Temperature Range Tstg −65 to +150 °C
ESD Protection at any Pin Vesd V
Human Body Model 2000
200
Machine Model
Operating Ambient Temperature Range TA °C
LM224 −25 to +85
LM324, 324A 0 to +70
LM2902 −40 to +105
LM2902V, NCV2902 −40 to +125
Maximum ratings are those values beyond which device damage can occur. Maximum ratings applied to the device are individual stress limit
values (not normal operating conditions) and are not valid simultaneously. If these limits are exceeded, device functional operation is not implied,
damage may occur and reliability may be affected.
1. Split Power Supplies.
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2
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = GND, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
LM224 LM324A LM324 LM2902 LM2902V/NCV2902
Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit
Input Offset Voltage VIO mV

VCC = 5.0 V to 30 V
VICR = 0 V to
VCC −1.7 V,
VO = 1.4 V, RS = 0
TA = 25°C − 2.0 5.0 − 2.0 3.0 − 2.0 7.0 − 2.0 7.0 − 2.0 7.0
TA = Thigh (Note 2) − − 7.0 − − 5.0 − − 9.0 − − 10 − − 13
TA = Tlow (Note 2) − − 7.0 − − 5.0 − − 9.0 − − 10 − − 10
Average Temperature VIO/T − 7.0 − − 7.0 30 − 7.0 − − 7.0 − − 7.0 − V/°C

Coefficient of Input
Offset Voltage
TA = Thigh to Tlow
(Notes 2 and 4)
Input Offset Current IIO − 3.0 30 − 5.0 30 − 5.0 50 − 5.0 50 − 5.0 50 nA

TA = Thigh to Tlow − − 100 − − 75 − − 150 − − 200 − − 200
(Note 2)
Average Temperature IIO/T − 10 − − 10 300 − 10 − − 10 − − 10 − pA/°C

Coefficient of Input
Offset Current
TA = Thigh to Tlow
(Notes 2 and 4)
Input Bias Current IIB − −90 −150 − −45 −100 − −90 −250 − −90 −250 − −90 −250 nA
TA = Thigh to Tlow − − −300 − − −200 − − −500 − − −500 − − −500
(Note 2)
Input Common Mode VICR V

Voltage Range
(Note 3)
VCC = 30 V
TA = +25°C 0 − 28.3 0 − 28.3 0 − 28.3 0 − 24.3 0 − 24.3
TA = Thigh to Tlow 0 − 28 0 − 28 0 − 28 0 − 24 0 − 24
(Note 2)
Differential Input VIDR − − VCC − − VCC − − VCC − − VCC − − VCC V

Voltage Range
Large Signal Open AVOL V/mV

Loop Voltage Gain
RL = 2.0 k, 50 100 − 25 100 − 25 100 − 25 100 − 25 100 −
VCC = 15 V,
for Large VO Swing
TA = Thigh to Tlow 25 − − 15 − − 15 − − 15 − − 15 − −
(Note 2)
Channel Separation CS − −120 − − −120 − − −120 − − −120 − − −120 − dB
10 kHz 3 f 3 20 kHz,
Input Referenced
Common Mode CMR 70 85 − 65 70 − 65 70 − 50 70 − 50 70 − dB

Rejection,
RS 3 10 k
Power Supply PSR 65 100 − 65 100 − 65 100 − 50 100 − 50 100 − dB

Rejection
2. LM224: Tlow = −25°C, Thigh = +85°C

LM324/LM324A: Tlow = 0°C, Thigh = +70°C
LM2902: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +105°C
LM2902V & NCV2902: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +125°C
NCV2902 is qualified for automotive use.
3. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of
the common mode voltage range is VCC −1.7 V.
4. Guaranteed by design.
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3
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = GND, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
LM224 LM324A LM324 LM2902 LM2902V/NCV2902
Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit
Output Voltage − VOH V

High Limit
(TA = Thigh to Tlow)
(Note 5)
VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 −
2.0 k, TA = 25°C
VCC = 30 V 26 − − 26 − − 26 − − 22 − − 22 − −
RL = 2.0 k
VCC = 30 V 27 28 − 27 28 − 27 28 − 23 24 − 23 24 −
RL = 10 k
Output Voltage − VOL − 5.0 20 − 5.0 20 − 5.0 20 − 5.0 100 − 5.0 100 mV
Low Limit,
VCC = 5.0 V,
RL = 10 k,
TA = Thigh to Tlow
(Note 5)
Output Source Current IO + mA

(VID = +1.0 V,
VCC = 15 V)
TA = 25°C 20 40 − 20 40 − 20 40 − 20 40 − 20 40 −
TA = Thigh to Tlow 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 −
(Note 5)
Output Sink Current IO − mA

(VID = −1.0 V, 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 −
VCC = 15 V)
TA = 25°C
TA = Thigh to Tlow 5.0 8.0 − 5.0 8.0 − 5.0 8.0 − 5.0 8.0 − 5.0 8.0 −
(Note 5)
(VID = −1.0 V, 12 50 − 12 50 − 12 50 − − − − − − − A
VO = 200 mV,
TA = 25°C)
Output Short Circuit ISC − 40 60 − 40 60 − 40 60 − 40 60 − 40 60 mA
to Ground
(Note 6)
Power Supply Current ICC mA

(TA = Thigh to Tlow)
(Note 5)
VCC = 30 V − − 3.0 − 1.4 3.0 − − 3.0 − − 3.0 − − 3.0
VO = 0 V, RL = 8
VCC = 5.0 V, − − 1.2 − 0.7 1.2 − − 1.2 − − 1.2 − − 1.2
VO = 0 V, RL = 8
5. LM224: Tlow = −25°C, Thigh = +85°C
LM324/LM324A: Tlow = 0°C, Thigh = +70°C
LM2902: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +105°C
LM2902V & NCV2902: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +125°C
NCV2902 is qualified for automotive use.
6. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of
the common mode voltage range is VCC −1.7 V.
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4
Bias Circuitry
Common to Four
Output Amplifiers
VCC
Q15
Q16 Q14 Q22
Q13
40 k
Q19
5.0 pF Q12 Q24

25 Q23
+
Q18 Q20
Inputs
Q11
Q9
− Q17 Q21
Q6 Q7 Q25
Q2 Q5 Q1 2.4 k
Q8 Q10
Q3 Q4 Q26
2.0 k
VEE/GND
Figure 1. Representative Circuit Diagram

(One−Fourth of Circuit Shown)
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The LM324 series is made using four internally VCC = 15 Vdc

compensated, two−stage operational amplifiers. The first RL = 2.0 k
stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and TA = 25°C
Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the
1.0 V/DIV
differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first

stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also
performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction
functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller
compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus
saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is
accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18. 5.0 s/DIV
Another feature of this input stage is that the input common
Figure 2. Large Signal Voltage Follower Response
mode range can include the negative supply or ground, in
single supply operation, without saturating either the input Each amplifier is biased from an internal−voltage
devices or the differential to single−ended converter. The regulator which has a low temperature coefficient thus
second stage consists of a standard current source load giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as
amplifier stage. well as excellent power supply rejection.
3.0 V to VCC(max) VCC

VCC
1 1.5 V to VCC(max)
1
2
2
3
3
4 1.5 V to VEE(max)
4
VEE
Single Supply VEE/GND Split Supplies
Figure 3.
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5
20 120
18
OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN (dB)

100 VCC = 15 V
± V , INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
16 VEE = GND
A VOL, LARGE−SIGNAL
14 TA = 25°C
80
12
60
10
Negative
8.0 40
Positive
I
6.0 20
4.0
0
2.0
0 −20
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 1.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k 1.0 M
± VCC/VEE, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES (V) f, FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 4. Input Voltage Range Figure 5. Open Loop Frequency
14 550
VOR , OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE (Vpp )
RL = 2.0 k 500
12 VCC = 15 V VO , OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV) Input
VEE = GND 450
10 Gain = −100
Output
RI = 1.0 k 400
8.0 RF = 100 k
350
6.0
300
4.0 250 VCC = 30 V
VEE = GND
2.0 200 TA = 25°C
CL = 50 pF
0 0
1.0 10 100 1000 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
f, FREQUENCY (kHz) t, TIME (s)
Figure 6. Large−Signal Frequency Response Figure 7. Small−Signal Voltage Follower

Pulse Response (Noninverting)
2.4
2.1 TA = 25°C
I CC , POWER SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
RL = 90
I IB , INPUT BIAS CURRENT (nA)
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9 80
0.6
0.3
0 70
0 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 8. Power Supply Current versus Figure 9. Input Bias Current versus
Power Supply Voltage Power Supply Voltage
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6
50 k
R1
5.0 k
VCC 10 k VCC
VCC R2 −
− Vref
1/4
1/4 LM324 VO
LM324 VO
+ 1
MC1403 + fo = 2 RC
2.5 V 1
Vref = V
2 CC
For: fo = 1.0 kHz
R R = 16 k
C
R1 R C C = 0.01 F
VO = 2.5 V 1 +
R2
Figure 10. Voltage Reference Figure 11. Wien Bridge Oscillator
1 R2
+
e1
1/4 CR R Hysteresis
LM324
VOH
−
R1 VO
Vref +
− 1/4
a R1 1/4 LM324
R1 LM324 eo VO
Vin −
+ VOL
VinL VinH
b R1
− 1 R1 Vref
CR VinL = (VOL − Vref) + Vref
1/4 R1 + R2
LM324
+ R1
e2 R VinH = (VOH − Vref) + Vref
R1 + R2
R1
H= (VOH − VOL)
eo = C (1 + a + b) (e2 − e1) R1 + R2
Figure 12. High Impedance Differential Amplifier Figure 13. Comparator with Hysteresis
R
1
fo =2 RC
R 100 k
R1 = QR
1
Vin C1 R2 R1 Vref = V
C C R2 = 2 CC
− R TBP
1/4
LM324 − 100 k
1/4 − R3 = TN R2
+ LM324 1/4
+ LM324 C1 = 10C
Vref + For:fo=1.0 kHz

Bandpass Vref For:Q= 10
Vref Output R3 For:TBP= 1
R1 For:TN= 1
R2 − C1
1/4
LM324 Notch Output R = 160 k
+ C = 0.001 F
R1 = 1.6 M
Vref Where:TBP=Center Frequency Gain R2 = 1.6 M
Where:TN=Passband Notch Gain R3 = 1.6 M
Figure 14. Bi−Quad Filter
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7
1 Triangle Wave
Vref = V R2
2 CC Output
300 k
Vref +
1/4 R3 VCC
+
LM324 1/4 R3
− 75 k C
R1 LM324 R1 C
− Square − CO
100 k Vin
Wave 1/4
Vref Output LM324 VO
C
+ CO = 10 C
Rf R2
R1 + RC R2 R1 Vref 1
f = if R3 = Vref = 2 VCC
4 CRf R1 R2 + R1
Figure 15. Function Generator Figure 16. Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
Given:fo=center frequency
A(fo)=gain at center frequency
Choose value fo, C

Q
Then: R3 =
fo C
R3
R1 =
2 A(fo)
R1 R3
R2 =
4Q2 R1 − R3
Qo fo
For less than 10% error from operational amplifier, < 0.1
BW
where fo and BW are expressed in Hz.
If source impedance varies, filter may be preceded with
voltage follower buffer to stabilize filter parameters.
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8
Device Operating Temperature Range Package Shipping†

LM224D SOIC−14 55 Units/Rail
LM224DG SOIC−14 55 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
LM224DR2 SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
LM224DR2G SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM224DTB −25°C to +85°C TSSOP−14 96 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
LM224DTBR2 TSSOP−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM224N PDIP−14 25 Units/Rail
LM224NG PDIP−14 25 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
LM324DTB TSSOP−14 96 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
0°C to +70°C
LM324AD SOIC−14 55 Units/Rail
LM324ADR2 SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
LM324ADR2G SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM324ADTB TSSOP−14 96 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
LM324ADTBR2 TSSOP−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM324AN PDIP−14 25 Units/Rail
LM324ANG PDIP−14 25 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
LM2902DTB −40°C to +105°C TSSOP−14 96 Units/Rail
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
(Pb−Free)
†For information on tape and reel specifications, including part orientation and tape sizes, please refer to our Tape and Reel Packaging
Specifications Brochure, BRD8011/D.
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9
Device Operating Temperature Range Package Shipping†

LM2902VD SOIC−14 55 Units/Rail
LM2902VDR2 SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
LM2902VDR2G SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM2902VDTB TSSOP−14 96 Units/Rail
40°C to +125°C
(Pb−Free)
LM2902VDTBR2 TSSOP−14 2500 Tape & Reel
(Pb−Free)
LM2902VN PDIP−14 25 Units/Rail
NCV2902DR2 SOIC−14 2500 Tape & Reel
†For information on tape and reel specifications, including part orientation and tape sizes, please refer to our Tape and Reel Packaging
Specifications Brochure, BRD8011/D.
MARKING DIAGRAMS
PDIP−14
N SUFFIX
CASE 646
14 14 14 14
LM324AN LMx24N LM2902N LM2902VN

AWLYYWW AWLYYWW AWLYYWW AWLYYWW
1 1 1 1
SOIC−14
D SUFFIX
CASE 751A
14 14 14 14
LM324AD LMx24D LM2902D LM2902VD *

AWLYWW AWLYWW AWLYWW AWLYWW
1 1 1 1
TSSOP−14
DTB SUFFIX
CASE 948G
14 14 14 14
x24 324A 2902 2902

V
AWYW AWYW AWYW AWYW
1 1 1 1
x = 2 or 3
A = Assembly Location
WL = Wafer Lot
YY, Y = Year
WW, W = Work Week
*This marking diagram also applies to NCV2902.
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10
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
PDIP−14
N SUFFIX
CASE 646−06
ISSUE N
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982.
14 8 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS
B WHEN FORMED PARALLEL.
4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE
1 7 MOLD FLASH.
5. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
A INCHES MILLIMETERS
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
F L A 0.715 0.770 18.16 18.80
B 0.240 0.260 6.10 6.60
C 0.145 0.185 3.69 4.69
N D 0.015 0.021 0.38 0.53
C F 0.040 0.070 1.02 1.78
G 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
−T− H 0.052 0.095 1.32 2.41
J 0.008 0.015 0.20 0.38
SEATING
PLANE K 0.115 0.135 2.92 3.43
K J L 0.290 0.310 7.37 7.87
H G D 14 PL M M −−− 10 −−− 10
N 0.015 0.039 0.38 1.01
0.13 (0.005) M
SOIC−14
D SUFFIX
CASE 751A−03
ISSUE G
−A− NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER
14 8 ANSI Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
−B− 4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
P 7 PL PER SIDE.
0.25 (0.010) M B M 5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE
DAMBAR PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE
DAMBAR PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127
1 7 (0.005) TOTAL IN EXCESS OF THE D
DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM MATERIAL
G R X 45 F CONDITION.
C
MILLIMETERS INCHES
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 8.55 8.75 0.337 0.344
−T− B 3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157
K M J C 1.35 1.75 0.054 0.068
SEATING D 14 PL D 0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
PLANE
0.25 (0.010) M T B S A S F 0.40 1.25 0.016 0.049
G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
J 0.19 0.25 0.008 0.009
K 0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M 0 7 0 7
P 5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244
R 0.25 0.50 0.010 0.019
http://onsemi.com
11
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
TSSOP−14
DTB SUFFIX
CASE 948G−01
ISSUE O
14X K REF NOTES:

1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
0.10 (0.004) M T U S V S Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
0.15 (0.006) T U S 3. DIMENSION A DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH,
PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH
OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15
N (0.006) PER SIDE.
0.25 (0.010)
14 8 4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD
2X L/2 FLASH OR PROTRUSION. INTERLEAD FLASH OR
M PROTRUSION SHALL NOT EXCEED
0.25 (0.010) PER SIDE.
L B 5. DIMENSION K DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
−U− N PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PIN 1 PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.08 (0.003) TOTAL IN
IDENT. F EXCESS OF THE K DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM
MATERIAL CONDITION.
1 7 6. TERMINAL NUMBERS ARE SHOWN FOR
DETAIL E REFERENCE ONLY.
7. DIMENSION A AND B ARE TO BE DETERMINED
AT DATUM PLANE −W−.
0.15 (0.006) T U S
A K
MILLIMETERS INCHES
ÇÇÇ
ÉÉ
−V− K1 DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 4.90 5.10 0.193 0.200
ÇÇÇ
ÉÉ
B 4.30 4.50 0.169 0.177
J J1 C −−− 1.20 −−− 0.047
D 0.05 0.15 0.002 0.006
F 0.50 0.75 0.020 0.030
SECTION N−N G 0.65 BSC 0.026 BSC
H 0.50 0.60 0.020 0.024
J 0.09 0.20 0.004 0.008
J1 0.09 0.16 0.004 0.006
C −W− K 0.19 0.30 0.007 0.012
K1 0.19 0.25 0.007 0.010
0.10 (0.004) L 6.40 BSC 0.252 BSC
M 0 8 0 8
−T− SEATING D G H DETAIL E
PLANE
ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice
to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability
arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages.
“Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All
operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights
nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications
intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should
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Email: orderlit@onsemi.com Phone: 81−3−5773−3850 local Sales Representative.
http://onsemi.com LM324/D
12
LM137/LM337 3-Terminal Adjustable Negative Regulators
November 2004
LM137/LM337
3-Terminal Adjustable Negative Regulators
General Description n Excellent thermal regulation, 0.002%/W
n 77 dB ripple rejection
The LM137/LM337 are adjustable 3-terminal negative volt-
n Excellent rejection of thermal transients
age regulators capable of supplying in excess of −1.5A over
an output voltage range of −1.2V to −37V. These regulators n 50 ppm/˚C temperature coefficient
are exceptionally easy to apply, requiring only 2 external n Temperature-independent current limit
resistors to set the output voltage and 1 output capacitor for n Internal thermal overload protection
frequency compensation. The circuit design has been opti- n P+ Product Enhancement tested
mized for excellent regulation and low thermal transients. n Standard 3-lead transistor package
Further, the LM137 series features internal current limiting, n Output is short circuit protected
thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making
them virtually blowout-proof against overloads.
LM137 Series Packages and Power Capability
The LM137/LM337 serve a wide variety of applications in-
cluding local on-card regulation, programmable-output volt- Rated Design
age regulation or precision current regulation. The LM137/ Device Package Power Load
LM337 are ideal complements to the LM117/LM317
adjustable positive regulators. Dissipation Current
LM137/337 TO-3 (K) 20W 1.5A
Features TO-39 (H) 2W 0.5A
n Output voltage adjustable from −1.2V to −37V LM337 TO-220 (T) 15W 1.5A
n 1.5A output current guaranteed, −55˚C to +150˚C LM337 SOT-223 2W 1A
n Line regulation typically 0.01%/V (MP)
n Load regulation typically 0.3%
Typical Applications Comparison between SOT-223 and

Adjustable Negative Voltage Regulator D-Pak (TO-252) Packages
00906731
Scale 1:1
00906701
Full output current not available at high input-output voltages
†C1 = 1 µF solid tantalum or 10 µF aluminum electrolytic required for

stability
*C2 = 1 µF solid tantalum is required only if regulator is more than 4" from
power-supply filter capacitor
Output capacitors in the range of 1 µF to 1000 µF of aluminum or tantalum
electrolytic are commonly used to provide improved output impedance and
rejection of transients

LM137/LM337
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, LM337 0˚C to +125˚C
4) LM337I −40˚C to +125˚C
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, Storage Temperature −65˚C to +150˚C
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 300˚C
Distributors for availability and specifications. Plastic Package (Soldering, 4 sec.) 260˚C
Power Dissipation Internally Limited ESD Rating 2k Volts
Input-Output Voltage Differential 40V
Operating Junction Temperature
Range
LM137 −55˚C to +150˚C

Parameter Conditions LM137 LM337 Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Line Regulation Tj = 25˚C, 3V ≤ |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 40V 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 %/V
(Note 2) IL = 10 mA
Load Regulation Tj = 25˚C, 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.0 %
Thermal Regulation Tj = 25˚C, 10 ms Pulse 0.002 0.02 0.003 0.04 %/W
Adjustment Pin Current 65 100 65 100 µA
Adjustment Pin Current Charge 10 mA ≤ IL ≤ IMAX 2 5 2 5 µA
3.0V ≤ |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 40V,
TA = 25˚C
Reference Voltage Tj = 25˚C (Note 3) −1.225 −1.250 −1.275 −1.213 −1.250 −1.287 V
3V ≤ |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 40V, (Note 3) −1.200 −1.250 −1.300 −1.200 −1.250 −1.300 V
Line Regulation 3V ≤ |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 40V, (Note 2) 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.07 %/V
Load Regulation 10 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ IMAX, (Note 2) 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 %
Temperature Stability TMIN ≤ Tj ≤ TMAX 0.6 0.6 %
Minimum Load Current |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 40V 2.5 5 2.5 10 mA
|VIN − VOUT| ≤ 10V 1.2 3 1.5 6 mA
Current Limit |VIN − VOUT| ≤ 15V
K, MP and T Package 1.5 2.2 3.5 1.5 2.2 3.7 A
H Package 0.5 0.8 1.8 0.5 0.8 1.9 A
|VIN − VOUT| = 40V, Tj = 25˚C
K, MP and T Package 0.24 0.4 0.15 0.4 A
H Package 0.15 0.17 0.10 0.17 A
RMS Output Noise, % of VOUT Tj = 25˚C, 10 Hz ≤ f ≤ 10 kHz 0.003 0.003 %
Ripple Rejection Ratio VOUT = −10V, f = 120 Hz 60 60 dB
CADJ = 10 µF 66 77 66 77 dB
Long-Term Stability Tj = 125˚C, 1000 Hours 0.3 1 0.3 1 %
Thermal Resistance, Junction to H Package 12 15 12 15 ˚C/W
Case K Package 2.3 3 2.3 3 ˚C/W
T Package 4 ˚C/W
Thermal Resistance, Junction to H Package 140 140 ˚C/W
Ambient (No Heat Sink) K Package 35 35 ˚C/W
T Package 50 ˚C/W
MP Package 170 ˚C/W
Note 1: Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply −55˚C ≤ Tj ≤ +150˚C for the LM137, 0˚C ≤ Tj ≤ +125˚C for the LM337; VIN − VOUT = 5V; and IOUT
= 0.1A for the TO-39 package and IOUT = 0.5A for the TO-3, SOT-223 and TO-220 packages. Although power dissipation is internally limited, these specifications
are applicable for power dissipations of 2W for the TO-39 and SOT-223 (see Application Hints), and 20W for the TO-3, and TO-220. IMAX is 1.5A for the TO-3,
SOT-223 and TO-220 packages, and 0.2A for the TO-39 package.
Note 2: Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are
covered under the specification for thermal regulation. Load regulation is measured on the output pin at a point 1⁄8" below the base of the TO-3 and TO-39 packages.
Note 3: Selected devices with tightened tolerance reference voltage available.
www.national.com 2
LM137/LM337
Electrical Characteristics (Note 1) (Continued)
Note 4: Refer to RETS137H drawing for LM137H or RETS137K drawing for LM137K military specifications.
Schematic Diagram
00906702
Thermal Regulation
When power is dissipated in an IC, a temperature gradient
occurs across the IC chip affecting the individual IC circuit
components. With an IC regulator, this gradient can be es-
pecially severe since power dissipation is large. Thermal
regulation is the effect of these temperature gradients on
output voltage (in percentage output change) per Watt of
power change in a specified time. Thermal regulation error is
independent of electrical regulation or temperature coeffi-
cient, and occurs within 5 ms to 50 ms after a change in
power dissipation. Thermal regulation depends on IC layout
as well as electrical design. The thermal regulation of a
voltage regulator is defined as the percentage change of 00906703
VOUT, per Watt, within the first 10 ms after a step of power is LM137, VOUT = −10V
applied. The LM137’s specification is 0.02%/W, max. VIN − VOUT = −40V
IIL = 0A → 0.25A → 0A
Vertical sensitivity, 5 mV/div
FIGURE 1.
3 www.national.com
LM137/LM337
Thermal Regulation (Continued) ended, the thermal regulation again shows a 3 mV step at
the LM137 chip cools off. Note that the load regulation error
In Figure 1, a typical LM137’s output drifts only 3 mV (or of about 8 mV (0.08%) is additional to the thermal regulation
0.03% of VOUT = −10V) when a 10W pulse is applied for error. In Figure 2, when the 10W pulse is applied for 100 ms,
10 ms. This performance is thus well inside the specification the output drifts only slightly beyond the drift in the first
limit of 0.02%/W x 10W = 0.2% max. When the 10W pulse is 10 ms, and the thermal error stays well within 0.1% (10 mV).
00906704
LM137, VOUT = −10V
VIN − VOUT = −40V
IL = 0A → 0.25A → 0A
Horizontal sensitivity, 20 ms/div
FIGURE 2.
Connection Diagrams
TO-3 TO-39
Metal Can Package Metal Can Package
00906706
Case Is Input
Note 5: See STD Mil DWG 5962P99517 for Radiation Tolerant Devices
00906705
Bottom View
Case is Input
Order Number LM137H, LM137H/883 or LM337H
Bottom View LM137HPQML and LM137HPQMLV(Note 5)
Order Number LM137K/883 See NS Package Number H03A
LM137KPQML and LM137KPQMLV(Note 5)
See NS Package Number K02C
Order Number LM337K STEEL
See NS Package Number K02A
www.national.com 4
LM137/LM337
Connection Diagrams (Continued)
TO-220
Plastic Package 3-Lead SOT-223
00906734
Front View
Order Number LM337IMP
Package Marked N02A See NS Package Number MP04A
00906707
Front View
Order Number LM337T
See NS Package Number T03B
Application Hints
When a value for θ(H−A) is found using the equation shown,
a heatsink must be selected that has a value that is less than
or equal to this number.
HEATSINKING SOT-223 PACKAGE PARTS

The SOT-223 (“MP”) packages use a copper plane on the
PCB and the PCB itself as a heatsink. To optimize the heat
sinking ability of the plane and PCB, solder the tab of the
package to the plane.
Figures 3, 4 show the information for the SOT-223 package.
Figure 4 assumes a θ(J−A) of 75˚C/W for 1 ounce copper and
51˚C/W for 2 ounce copper and a maximum junction tem-
perature of 125˚C.
00906733
FIGURE 4. Maximum Power Dissipation vs. TAMB for

the SOT-223 Package
Please see AN1028 for power enhancement techniques to

be used with the SOT-223 package.
00906732

SOT-223 Package
5 www.national.com
LM137/LM337
Typical Applications −5.2V Regulator with Electronic Shutdown*
Adjustable Lab Voltage Regulator
00906710
*Minimum output . −1.3V when control input is low
Adjustable Current Regulator
00906709
Full output current not available
at high input-output voltages
*The 10 µF capacitors are optional to improve ripple rejection
Current Regulator
00906712
High Stability −10V Regulator

00906711
Negative Regulator with Protection Diodes
00906714
00906713
*When CL is larger than 20 µF, D1 protects the LM137 in case the input
supply is shorted
**When C2 is larger than 10 µF and −VOUT is larger than −25V, D2
protects the LM137 in case the output is shorted
www.national.com 6
LM137/LM337
Typical Performance Characteristics (K Steel and T Packages)
Load Regulation Current Limit
00906716
00906717
Adjustment Current Dropout Voltage
00906718 00906719
Temperature Stability Minimum Operating Current
00906720
00906721
7 www.national.com
LM137/LM337
Typical Performance Characteristics (K Steel and T Packages) (Continued)
Ripple Rejection Ripple Rejection
00906722 00906723
Ripple Rejection Output Impedance
00906724 00906725
Line Transient Response Load Transient Response
00906726
00906727
www.national.com 8
LM137/LM337
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)
unless otherwise noted
Metal Can Package (H)

Order Number LM137H, LM137H/883 or LM337H
NS Package Number H03A
9 www.national.com
LM137/LM337
Metal Can Package (K)

Order Number LM337K STEEL
NS Package Number K02A
Mil-Aero Metal Can Package (K)

Order Number LM137K/883
NS Package Number K02C
www.national.com 10
LM137/LM337
3-Lead SOT-223 Package

Order Number LM337IMP
11 www.national.com
LM137/LM337 3-Terminal Adjustable Negative Regulators
TO-220 Plastic Package (T)

Order Number LM337T
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component is any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably
(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when expected to cause the failure of the life support device or
properly used in accordance with instructions for use system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result
in a significant injury to the user.
BANNED SUBSTANCE COMPLIANCE
National Semiconductor certifies that the products and packing materials meet the provisions of the Customer Products Stewardship
Specification (CSP-9-111C2) and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification (CSP-9-111S2) and contain no ‘‘Banned
Substances’’ as defined in CSP-9-111S2.

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Support Center Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Support Center Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
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UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA

“CIRCUITO PARA TOMA DE LECTURAS Y CONTROL

QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE:

XALAPA-ENRÍQUEZ, VER. NOVIEMBRE 2013

También quiero dedicar la presente a los profesores que he tenido a lo largo de mi

Oscar Ramírez Capitaine.

CAPÍTULO 1 CONTROL DE MOTOR TRIFÁSICO

CAPÍTULO 2 COMUNICACIÓN CON EL USUARIO

CAPÍTULO 3 DISEÑO ELECTRÓNICO ANALÓGICO

CAPÍTULO 5. PROTOCOLOS DE PRUEBA.

Figura 1.1 Motor y reductor de velocidad ................................................................ 10

Figura 1.2 Variador de frecuencia WEG modelo CFW10 ....................................... 11

Figura 1.3 Diagrama a bloques del circuito de comunicación entre el

Tabla 1.1 Palabra de control ................................................................................... 12

Ecuación (1.1) Frecuencia en función de la velocidad ........................................... 13

Tabla 1.2 Tabla de verdad 74HC595 ...................................................................... 15

Figura 1.5 Esquemático de la etapa de amplificación............................................. 17

Figura 1.6 Esquemático de la conexión del microcontrolador al relevador ............ 18

Figura 1.7 Conexión variador de frecuencia-relevador ........................................... 18

Figura 1.8 Esquemático del circuito de comunicación

Figura 2.1 Diagrama a bloques de la interfaz ......................................................... 20

Figura 2.2 Panel de control ..................................................................................... 21

Figura 2.3 Configuración en pull-up y pull-down ..................................................... 22

Figura 2.4 Buzzer .................................................................................................... 23

Figura 2.5 Esquemático del panel de control .......................................................... 24

Figura 2.6 Descripción del menú ............................................................................ 25

Figura 3.1 Diagrama a bloques de la fuente de alimentación ................................. 28

Figura 3.2 Esquemático de la fuente de alimentación ............................................ 29

Figura 3.3 Esquemático del acondicionamiento de señales ................................... 30

Figura 3.4 Colocación del sensor en el motor......................................................... 31

Figura 3.5 Colocación del sensor en el variador de frecuencia .............................. 31

Figura 4.2 Esquemático del tacómetro ................................................................... 33

Figura 4.3 Conexión del crystal ............................................................................... 34

Ecuación (4.1) Frecuencia de interrupción ............................................................. 38

Ecuación (4.2) Ciclos por segundo ......................................................................... 37

Ecuación (4.3) Tiempo por ciclo ............................................................................. 37

Tabla 5.1 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 1 ......................................................... 43

Figura 5.2 Reporte prueba 2 ................................................................................... 44

Tabla 5.2 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 2 ......................................................... 44

Figura 5.3 Reporte prueba 3 ................................................................................... 45

Tabla 5.3 Reporte de funcionalidad prueba 3 ......................................................... 45

El hombre desde su origen siempre ha tratado de experimentar y resolver las necesidades

El 23 de diciembre de 1947 fue el día en el que se desarrolló el primer transistor [1]

Un tribómetro, es un dispositivo diseñado para evaluar el desgaste que ocurre entre

Ya que, este laboratorio se encarga de desarrollar sus propios tribómetros, la

a) Tiempo programable de encendido de un minuto a tres horas.

1.1 CIRCUITO DE COMUNICACIÓN ENTRE

Figura 1.1 Motor y reductor de velocidad.

Para poder controlar el motor se utiliza un variador de frecuencia CFW10 (Figura

Figura 1.2 Variador de frecuencia WEG modelo CFW10.

Para el envío de la señal analógica de 0 a 10 Volts desde el microcontrolador

Con lo anterior, al enviar un valor decimal de 255 al registro de corrimiento, en la

Figura 1.3 Diagrama a bloques del circuito de comunicación entre microcontrolador y

RPM Palabra de control

Tabla 1.1 Palabra de control.

Para encender y apagar el motor, el microcontrolador polariza un transistor que

Para esta aplicación, es necesario controlar un rango de velocidad de 200 RPM a

Sustituyendo la velocidad mínima:

Se obtiene la frecuencia mínima que se necesita:

Sustituyendo la velocidad máxima:

Se obtiene la frecuencia máxima que se necesita:

El variador de frecuencia que se eligió es el CFW10 de la marca WEG mostrado en la

Figura 1.4 Conexiones para el modo remoto del variador de frecuencia.