MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION
Volume (1)
December-2010
Ag. Director
Department of Urban Roads
Accra
Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6.3.3 Pedestrian studies...........................................................................................................................20
Table of Contents
6.3.4 Terminal Performance and Parking studies....................................................................................21
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 6.3.5 Origin Destination Analysis .............................................................................................................23
4.1.1 Lot 1: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and Accra New Town Road/ Hill Street....... ....... 8 6.6.3 Safety Recommendations ...............................................................................................................31
4.1.2 Lot 2 Hospital Road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenue, Herman Gmeiner and Route 51in Tema ..........…..8 7 Traffic Management ................................................................................................ 31
4.1.3 Lot3 Pokuase- Ritz Junction- Ashalley Botwe Road........................................................................ 9 7.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................31
4.1.4 Lot4 Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi................................................................................................ 9 7.2 Traffic Management schemes for Accra New Town Road .....................................................................32
4.2 Property Impact & Acquisition .................................................................................................................. 9 7.3 Traffic Management schemes for Dansoman Highway ..........................................................................32
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8.4.1 Dansoman Highway/Guggisberg Avenue ...................................................................................... 39 9.5.2 Pokuase- Ritz Junction- Ashalley Botwe Road Interchanges.........................................................54
8.4.2 Accra Newtown Road/Hill Street .................................................................................................... 39 9.5.3 Pencil Factory Road Interchanges..................................................................................................55
8.4.3 Tema Hospital Road ...................................................................................................................... 39 9.6 Structural Design of Culverts ..................................................................................................................55
8.4.4 Herman Gmeiner, 3rd Avenue, 5th Avenue, 6th Avenue and Route 51 Roads ............................ 39 9.6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................55
8.4.5 Pokuase – Ritz Junction – Ashalley Botwe Road .......................................................................... 39 9.6.2 Structural Design for Box Culverts..................................................................................................56
8.4.6 Pencil Factory Road ....................................................................................................................... 39 9.6.3 Design output ..................................................................................................................................57
8.5 Pavement Design................................................................................................................................... 40 10 Geometric Design .................................................................................................... 59
8.5.1 Flexible Pavement Design ............................................................................................................. 40
10.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................59
8.5.2 Traffic ............................................................................................................................................. 40
10.2 Design Speed and Alignment .................................................................................................................59
8.5.3 Equivalent Standard Axle Load Factors (ESAL) ............................................................................ 40
10.3 Cross Sections ........................................................................................................................................59
8.5.4 Computation of Cummulative Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA)................................................... 40
10.3.1 Lot 1: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and Accra New town/ Hill Street ........................59
8.5.5 Pavement Layer Thicknesses ........................................................................................................ 41
10.3.2 Lot 2: Hospital Road and Link Roads in Tema ...............................................................................60
8.6 Bridge Site Investigation ........................................................................................................................ 45
10.3.3 Lot 3: Pokuase- Ritz Junction- Ashalley botwe Road .....................................................................60
8.6.1 Desk Studies .................................................................................................................................. 45
10.3.4 Lot 4: The Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi......................................................................................60
8.6.2 Location Survey of Investigation Points ......................................................................................... 45
11 Bridge Designs .................................................................................................... 61
8.6.3 Sub-surface Exploration................................................................................................................. 45
11.1 SCOPE....................................................................................................................................................61
8.6.4 Discussion of the Results of the Sub-Surface Exploration ............................................................ 46
11.2 Technical Policy Guidelines ....................................................................................................................61
8.6.5 Recommendations for Foundation Design..................................................................................... 47
11.3 RETURN PERIOD: .................................................................................................................................61
9 Hydrology & Drainage.............................................................................................. 52
11.4 DESIGN LOADS: ....................................................................................................................................61
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 52
11.5 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS: ............................................................................................................64
9.2 Methodology........................................................................................................................................... 52
11.6 Structural Design findings .......................................................................................................................65
9.2.1 Preliminary Desk Studies ............................................................................................................... 52
12 Electrical Design...................................................................................................... 67
9.2.2 Field Studies................................................................................................................................... 52
12.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................67
9.3 Hydrological analysis ............................................................................................................................. 52
12.2 Electrical Design .....................................................................................................................................67
9.3.1 General Rainfall Characteristics..................................................................................................... 52
12.3 Power Supply for Road Lighting .............................................................................................................67
9.3.2 Catchment Area ............................................................................................................................. 53
12.3.1 Pole mounting substation including the following : .........................................................................67
9.3.3 Time of Concentration.................................................................................................................... 53
12.3.2 Lighting Distribution Boxes .............................................................................................................67
9.3.4 Runoff Coefficient ........................................................................................................................... 53
12.3.3 Cables: ............................................................................................................................................67
9.3.5 Design Standards........................................................................................................................... 53
12.4 Street Lighting Principles ........................................................................................................................67
9.3.6 Section of Drains ............................................................................................................................ 53
12.4.1 Lighting poles ..................................................................................................................................67
9.3.7 Capacity of drains: ......................................................................................................................... 53
12.4.2 Lighting Fixtures..............................................................................................................................67
9.4 Hydraulic analysis .................................................................................................................................. 53
12.4.3 Lighting control methods .................................................................................................................67
9.4.1 Culvert Size Selection Criteria ....................................................................................................... 53
12.5 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL ................................................................................................................67
9.4.2 Standard culvert sizes used ........................................................................................................... 54
12.5.1 INTRODUCTION:............................................................................................................................67
9.5 Interchange drainage ............................................................................................................................. 54
12.5.2 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER: ................................................................................................68
9.5.1 Riding surface drainage ................................................................................................................. 54
12.5.3 Network: ..........................................................................................................................................68
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13 Cost Estimate ........................................................................................................... 68 Appendix 3 Traffic Management Measures (Soft Copy)……………………………………………………………………………………75
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
1 Introduction 2 Description of the Project
1.1 Background The project roads are grouped into four (4) lots with Lots 1 and 3 located in Accra, Lot 2 in Tema and Lot 4 in
Kumasi. Figures 2.1 to Figure 2.5 show these lots. Below is a description of the roads:
Messrs Arab Consulting Engineers (ACE) in association with Delin Consult were invited to submit Technical and
Financial Proposals for the Design Review and Detailed Design of Selected Roads for Urban Arterial Roads
Development Project by the Department of Urban Roads (DUR) acting for and on behalf of the Government of
Ghana.
2.1 Lot 1: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and Accra New Town Road/ Hill Street
The Dansoman Highway is a minor arterial road in the road network of Accra.. Increasing level of economic
Following a favourable acceptance of the proposals submitted and upon further negotiations, Arab Consulting
activities along this road and its associated generated traffic have rendered the road a key bottleneck within
Engineers (ACE) was awarded the contract to undertake the assignment in respect of the terms of reference for
the corridor it is required to serve. The road also passes through rapidly growing and densely populated
the said project, by a letter no. DUR9/1.15/V5/216 dated 26th June, 2008.
communities and has been exhibiting signs of both traffic and pavement distress for a considerable time. The
1.2 Purpose of this report current traffic demand also far exceeds the capacity of the road.
As per the Terms of reference from the Client, this report "The Final Design Report" seeks to present the client The Guggisberg road connects the Dansoman Highway to Korle Bu in the east. The eastern section is a dual
with the consultant’s findings and results from studies undertaken and the recommendations provided from carriageway from the Ring Road West to Korle Bu. From there it is a single carriageway to Dansoman. This
these. This report came after submitting the Draft Final Report and receiving the relevant comments. All section of the road passes through densely populated communities with high pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
comments on the draft report have been taken into consideration.
The Accra New Town Road and Hill Street are also a minor arterial road and collector road respectively in the
The report is essentially divided into the sections: road network of Accra. The New Town road serves the Mallam Attah market and a number of commercial
centres along the corridor. There is a high level of pedestrian, on‐street trading and other commercial activities
Introduction which make mobility very slow with long travel times.
Project Description
Consultations with stakeholders The Hill Street is a collector street serving the Nima Highway on the east and New town road on the west. It
Route selection & property impact experiences the same level of traffic congestion as the New Town road.
Traffic Studies & Road Safety Audit
A total length of 11.7 Km is estimated for the three roads. The proposed project is detailed in the following
Materials Investigations & Pavement Design table.
Hydrology & Drainage
Geometric Design
Cost Estimates Table 2.1: Facility types, Road Names and Road Lengths for Lot 1
Environmental Impact Assessment Type of Facility Road Name Length(km)
Economic Evaluation
Reconstruction of the Dansoman Highway
1. Minor Arterial 6.0
and Guggisberg Road Extension
The following reports have been attached in separate volumes
Final Design Drawings 2. Minor Arterial New Town Road and Hill Street 5.7
Final Social Impact Assessment Report
Final Resettlement Action Plan
Final Preliminary Environmental Report
Final Tender Documents
Priced Bill of Quantities
Economic Feasibility of the Project
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Arterial Road Development Project
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Figure 2.2: Location of Dansoman Highway and Guggisberg Roads in Accra (Lot 1)
Figure 2.1: Locations of The Southern Cities Comprise the Project in Ghana
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Arterial Road Development Project
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Figure 2.3: Location of Accra New Town Road/Hill Street in Accra (Lot 1)
Figure 2.5: Location of Hospital Road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenues, Hermann Gmeiner road nd
Route 51 in Tema (Lot 2)
2.2 Lot 2: Hospital Road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenues, Hermann Gmeiner road and Route 51 in
Tema
Five (5) East‐West corridor roads totalling 15.0km traverse the Hospital Road and provide essential vehicle
distribution for the gridline layout of Tema. These are 3rd Avenue, 5th Avenue, 6th Avenue, Hermann Gmeiner
road and Route 51.
The Hospital Road, including the traversing roads, is currently exhibiting signs of old age in terms of pavement
distress and capacity constraints. The department has recently completed an interchange on the Motorway.
This has made the Hospital road directly accessible to the Motorway and vice versa. Since its opening, large
volumes of traffic which used the Akosombo road have diverted to the Hospital road due to its central position
in the Tema arterial road network. This has put severe constraints on the road leading to further worsening of
Figure 2.4: Location of Pokuase–Ritz Junction-Ashalley Botwe Road in Accra (Lot 3)
its pavement and traffic conditions. The proposed project will improve and upgrade the road to meet present
and future demands by widening and strengthening of the existing pavements where necessary. The
department completed designs for the roads in 2002.
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Arterial Road Development Project
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2.3 Lot 3: Pokuase–Ritz Junction‐Ashalley Botwe Road in Accra and property, and assessment of the social and environmental impacts. The Client envisages that there will be
the need to design and construct grade separated interchanges at the Accra‐ Kumasi road and the Komfo
The Pokuase‐Ritz junction‐Ashalley Botwe road has strategic importance as a potential main arterial link to the Anokye road ends of the Pencil Factory road. The Consultant is expected to study this and check for any other
north west of Accra. It is a part of a ring road starting from Awoshie through Kwabenya to Ritz Junction all the locations deemed necessary, and make appropriate recommendations. All recommended locations will be
way to Nmai Dzorn near the University farms. The length is approximately 15.7km. designed fully for construction. The road design should also make provision for the introduction of a Bus Rapid
transit in future and a future widening to increase the capacity of the road.
Further to a meeting with the client, the project road has been extended through the University farms to
intersect the Tema‐Accra Motorway where an interchange is proposed to be constructed. The project road now
has a length of approximately 23km and is subsequently called Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe‐ Tema/
Accra Motorway
The Greater‐Accra Metropolitan Area Transport Network Plan highlights its importance and the road is
classified as route M3 by the Department of Urban Roads.
Designs for the first 15km of the ring road from Awoshie on the Motorway to Pokuase on the Nsawam road are
ongoing. Construction is scheduled to start in the later part of 2008. The section of interest in this TOR starts
from Pokuase, through Kwabenya, La Nkwantanan, Madina Maye Hot, Ashalley Botwe to Nmai Djorn near the
University farms. The corridor is a rapidly developing urban area. An existing 60m Right‐of‐Way (ROW) has
been preserved except for the Kwabenya area where some encroachments have occurred.
The proposed project will comprise the design of the arterial road and appurtenances, preparation of Right of
Way (ROW) drawings to enable the Client acquire the corridor and property, and social and environmental
impact assessments.
The Client envisages that there will be the need to design and construct grade separated interchanges at the
following intersections with the road: Nsawam road, Kwabenya road, Aburi‐Mamfe road and the Agbogba‐
Abokobi road. The Consultant is expected to study this and check for any other locations deemed necessary,
and make appropriate recommendations. All recommended locations will be designed fully for construction.
The road design will also make provision for the introduction of a high priority bus service in the future and a
future widening to increase the capacity of the road.
2.4 Lot 4: The Pencil Factory Road (PFR) in Kumasi
The Pencil Factory Road is an earth road that connects the Accra‐ Kumasi Road at Oduom to the Komfo Anokye
road.. The road further serves communities such as Akorem, Sawaba, Adukrom, Adenyase, Asokore Mampong,
Nsenie and Oduom and links them to the rest of the city. The road further provides an alternative access to
new housing units being put up in Ayigya, the new industrial zone in Ayigya and a proposed SOS village at
Asokore Mampong.
A large section of the 10km road runs parallel to the Accra‐Kumasi Road. There are three collector roads
between the PFR and the 24th February Road. They connect the PFR from the following junctions: Maxima
junction, Silicon Hotel junction, and Kentinkronu junction roads.
A total project length of 15.0 Km is envisaged. The proposed project will comprise the design of the arterial
road and appurtenances, preparation of Right of Way (ROW) drawings to enable the Client acquire the corridor,
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3 Consultations with Stakeholders 4 Route selection & property impact
The Consultant throughout the period of execution of the assignment has been in consultation with the 4.1 Route selection
respective Metropolitan/ Municipal Assemblies, the Utility agencies, Town and Ocuntry Planning Department
and other stakeholders as part of the information gathering and dissemination process in order to successfully Right of Way (ROW) drawings for the arterial roads were obtained from the Town and Country Planning
execute the assigned design task. The following are a list of the stakeholders met: Department through the facilitation of the client. The roads during the design have been generally made to
follow the existing alignment where suitable.
1. Department of Urban Roads (DUR) Head Office‐ Director, Dr Darku
2. Department of Urban Roads (DUR) Head Office‐ Deputy Director, Mr. Landquaye
4.1.1 Lot 1: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and Accra New Town Road/ Hill Street
3. Department of Urban Roads (DUR) Head Office‐ Mr Amoo
Accra New Town Road and Hill Street
4. Ghana Water Company Ltd (GWCL).‐ Regional Engineer, Tema‐ Mr Jacob Yendor
The Accra New Town Road runs through a heavy built up corridor with high levels of commercial activities. The
5. Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG)‐ Project Office‐ Mr Appiah ROW reservation as indicated by the Town and Country Planning Department for this road is an approximate
18.5m width. A plot of the ROW on the existing survey of the road revealed a lot of temporary structures had
6. Town and Country Planning Department
been sited in the ROW needing removal to enable construction of the designed road. As much as possible,
7. Assemblymen of electoral areas related to the project demolition of permanent structures where they are encountered has been avoided where possible.
Hill Street which connects to the Accra New Town road also has a lot of permanent and temporary structures
erected along the corridor. The ROW is approximately 18m and the affected properties.
Public consultations with the residents of the project road areas have been convened at which the purpose,
description and expected impacts of the project were outlined and explained. Representatives of the District A plot of the ROW for these roads superimposed on the existing survey has been provided in a separate volume
Assembly as well as the Client were also present. Some of the general issues that arose during these public for “Property Impact Assessment Report ".
were concerns about properties to be affected by the project and the payment of compensation to the owners
Dansoman Highway and Guggisberg Avenue
of such properties and the effects on utilities. There was immense cooperation from the residents during the
process. The Dansoman Highway traverses a fairly well built corridor. The ROW for this corridor is approximately 23m in
width. Sections of the Dansoman Highway have been identified with temporary structures within the ROW
which would require removal before construction.
All the issues raised during the public Fora are included in a separate volume ( Reply to the comments and
The section of the Guggisberg Avenue under design runs through a mostly residential community and truncates
Public Fora )
at Km 0+865 to the East of the Exhibition Roundabout.
4.1.2 Lot 2 Hospital Road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenue, Herman Gmeiner and Route 51in Tema
The ROW along the Hospital road is well defined and therefore, ROW acquisition is not greatly envisaged
except at Km 2+120 and 2+ 660 where properties which have encroached into the ROW with their landscaping.
The other link roads follow the existing alignment and no land acquisition is expected along these routes.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
4.1.3 Lot3 Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road Table 5.1: List of Control Points along the Dansoman Highway
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Table 5.2: List of Control Points along the Accra New Town Road and Hill Street Corridors 41 CP C3 100862.627 362135.385 31.654
42 CP C4 100787.312 362249.368 26.106
No. CODE NORTH EAST ELEVATION
43 CP C5 100692.125 362450.96 15.83
1 CP DUR/TNP10 102963.235 363245.637 43.643 44 CP C4 100787.121 362248.985 26.137
2 CP DUR/TNP11 102905.433 363397.016 49.201
3 CP DUR/TNP12 103047.969 363155.73 38.997
4 CP TPN22 102896.696 363207.398 47.535 Table 5.3: List of Control Points along the Hospital road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenues, Herman Gmeiner Road and
5 CP DUR/TNP9 102713.465 363071.978 48.97 Route 51
6 CP DUR/TNP8 102554.988 362980.262 48.134
No. CODE NORTH EAST ELEVATION
7 CP TPN20 102409.417 362710.662 47.705
1 CP CP/3S1 108119.7 382904.9 14.878
8 CP TPN19 102291.718 362620.492 48.78
2 CP CP/3S2 108253.4 383263.2 18.412
9 CP TPN17 102035.829 362397.182 45.195
3 CP CP/3S3 108405.1 383611.2 23
10 CP TPN18 102184.69 362526.425 47.045
4 CP CP/3S4 108468.7 383813.5 24.128
11 CP TNP21 102497.331 362854.838 45.369
5 CP CP/3S5 108606.3 384114 23.571
12 CP TNP15 101936.639 362206.345 43.31
6 CP CP/3S6 108649 384222.2 22.263
13 CP TNP16 102083.35 362317.03 45.004
7 CP CP/3S7 108735.7 384362.2 19.196
14 CP TNP14 101830.062 362099.173 40.561
8 CP CP/3S8 108782.8 384613.1 15.858
15 CP DUR/TNP7 101810.852 362114.576 40.01
9 CP CP/5S1 109825.1 382613.2 14.789
16 CP DUR/TNP7 101810.852 362114.576 40.01
10 CP CP/5S2 109922.9 382897 11.442
17 CP DUR/TNP6 101697.022 362079.238 38.103
11 CP CP/5S3 110086.4 383253.6 23.482
18 CP TNP13 101604.478 362081.767 37.604
12 CP CP/5S4 110166.4 383494.9 29.46
19 CP TNP13 101604.478 362081.767 37.604
13 CP CP/5S5 110303.9 383802.3 28.222
20 CP TNP12 101497.629 362051.766 38.395
14 CP CP/5S6 110396 384062.8 28.338
21 CP TNP11 101320.594 362029.861 36.261
15 CP CP/6S1 110851 382931.7 19.044
22 CP TNP10 101188.11 361993.337 34.372
16 CP CP/6S2 110963.9 383187.4 18.242
23 CP TNP9 101031.914 361975.94 32.284
17 CP CP/6S3 111049.9 383421.6 20.461
24 CP TNP8 100944.196 361943.1141 30.876
18 CP CP/6S4 111190.2 383738.6 27.148
25 CP TNP7 100875.167 361877.078 29.248
19 CP CP/6S5 110797.4 382814 21.183
26 CP DUR/TNP5 100776.474 361822.098 29.524
20 CP CP/6S6 110612.2 382313.2 26.179
27 CP DUR/TNP4 100658.162 361715.626 29.953
21 CP CP/6S7 110439.8 381931.4 26.273
28 CP TNP6 100579.85 361675.024 30.219
22 CP CP/6S8 110313.8 381578 20.144
29 CP TNP5 100505.226 361602.316 28.843
23 CP CP/HG1 108672.9 381843.4 8.151
30 CP TNP4 100403.418 361541.747 24.541
24 CP CP/HG2 108838.6 382291.3 5.565
31 CP TNP3 100309.487 361454.744 19.229
25 CP CP/HG3 109008.1 382683.7 5.309
32 CP TNP2 100095.363 361312.133 10.677
26 CP CP/HG4 109158.4 383078.9 15.44
33 CP TNP1 99939.795 361183.776 8.908
27 CP CP/HG5 109171.9 383171.2 18.219
34 CP TNP1 99939.795 361183.776 8.908
28 CP CP/HG6 109248.9 383326.9 20.686
35 CP DUR/TNP3 99939.157 361095.802 8.684
29 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S1 107975.2 382537.5 8.396
36 CP DUR/TNP2 99882.001 361129.48 7.264
30 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S2 108024.3 382697.1 12.174
37 CP DUR/TNP2 99882.001 361129.48 7.264
31 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S3 108857.5 384788.3 12.888
38 CP DUR/TNP1 99973.43 361102.93 9.645
32 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S4 108908.6 384848.6 12.267
39 CP DUR/TNP1 99973.43 361102.93 9.645
33 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S1 109647.4 382167.2 20.754
40 CP CA1 100889.699 362062.985 32.688
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Arterial Road Development Project
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34 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S2 109668.4 382258.2 21.839 20039 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S1 109647.4 382167.2 20.754
35 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S3 110435 384112.9 28.204 20040 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S2 109668.4 382258.2 21.839
36 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S4 110444.5 384205.6 27.827 20041 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S3 110435 384112.9 28.204
37 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S1 111200.9 383815.5 28.534 20042 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5S4 110444.5 384205.6 27.827
38 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S2 111278.7 383853 29.715 20043 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S1 111200.9 383815.5 28.534
39 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S3 110144.9 381178 10.932 20044 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S2 111278.7 383853 29.715
40 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S4 110186.2 381131.9 11.815 20045 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S3 110144.9 381178 10.932
41 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG1 108532 381473.7 3.475 20046 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6S4 110186.2 381131.9 11.815
42 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG2 108539.4 381561.7 4.781 20047 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG1 108532 381473.7 3.475
43 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG3 109286.9 383396.4 19.751 20048 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG2 108539.4 381561.7 4.781
44 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG4 109295 383459.7 18.302 20049 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG3 109286.9 383396.4 19.751
20007 CP CP/3S1 108119.7 382904.9 14.878 20050 CP DUR/THR/1/08/HG4 109295 383459.7 18.302
20008 CP CP/3S2 108253.4 383263.2 18.412 20051 CP DUR/THR/1/08/1 111758.7 382414 23.535
20009 CP CP/3S3 108405.1 383611.2 23 20052 CP DUR/THR/1/08/2 111730.2 382486.1 25.241
20010 CP CP/3S4 108468.7 383813.5 24.128 20053 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3 111655.1 382514.1 25.346
20011 CP CP/3S5 108606.3 384114 23.571 20054 CP DUR/THR/1/08/4 110590.6 382935.2 16.291
20012 CP CP/3S6 108649 384222.2 22.263 20055 CP DUR/THR/1/08/5 110503.9 383018.9 15.436
20013 CP CP/3S7 108735.7 384362.2 19.196 20056 CP DUR/THR/1/08/6 109238.1 383528.7 19.722
20014 CP CP/3S8 108782.8 384613.1 15.858 20057 CP DUR/THR/1/08/7 109021.2 383562.2 22.955
20015 CP CP/5S1 109825.1 382613.2 14.789 20058 CP DUR/THR/1/08/8 107750.3 384121.8 16.049
20016 CP CP/5S2 109922.9 382897 11.442 20059 CP DUR/THR/1/08/9 107670.5 384095.4 14.641
20017 CP CP/5S3 110086.4 383253.6 23.482 20060 CP DUR/THR/1/08/10 107573.9 384155.4 14.854
20018 CP CP/5S4 110166.4 383494.9 29.46 20061 CP THR/2 111235.5 382685.4 29.311
20019 CP CP/5S5 110303.9 383802.3 28.222 20062 CP THR/3 111024.5 382785.9 25.043
20020 CP CP/5S6 110396 384062.8 28.338 20063 CP THR/4 110850.3 382840 21.525
20021 CP CP/6S1 110851 382931.7 19.044 20064 CP THR/5 110615 382953 16.226
20022 CP CP/6S2 110963.9 383187.4 18.242 20065 CP THR/6 110433.4 383021.4 15.402
20023 CP CP/6S3 111049.9 383421.6 20.461 20066 CP THR/7 110089.5 383143.2 19.719
20024 CP CP/6S4 111190.2 383738.6 27.148 20067 CP THR/8 109884.8 383241.8 19.919
20025 CP CP/6S5 110797.4 382814 21.183 20068 CP THR/9 109257.9 383479.1 18.44
20026 CP CP/6S6 110612.2 382313.2 26.179 20069 CP THR/10 108933.4 383623.6 21.953
20027 CP CP/6S7 110439.8 381931.4 26.273 20070 CP THR/11 108567 383755.6 23.644
20028 CP CP/6S8 110313.8 381578 20.144 20071 CP THR/12 108376.4 383833.7 23.024
20029 CP CP/HG1 108672.9 381843.4 8.151 20072 CP THR/13 107888.3 384044.7 16.684
20030 CP CP/HG2 108838.6 382291.3 5.565 D5 DUR/THR/1/08/5 110503.9 383018.9 15.436
20031 CP CP/HG3 109008.1 382683.7 5.309 D4 DUR/THR/1/08/4 110590.6 382935.2 16.291
20032 CP CP/HG4 109158.4 383078.9 15.44 D8 DUR/THR/1/08/8 107750.3 384121.8 16.049
20033 CP CP/HG5 109171.9 383171.2 18.219 D10 DUR/THR/1/08/10 107573.9 384155.4 14.854
20034 CP CP/HG6 109248.9 383326.9 20.686 D9 DUR/THR/1/08/9 107670.5 384095.4 14.641
20035 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S1 107975.2 382537.5 8.396 T13 THR/1/08/13 107888.3 384044.7 16.684
20036 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S2 108024.3 382697.1 12.174 T12 THR/1/08/12 108376.4 383833.7 23.024
20037 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S3 108857.5 384788.3 12.888 T11 THR/1/08/11 108567 383755.6 23.644
20038 CP DUR/THR/1/08/3S4 108908.6 384848.6 12.267 T10 THR/1/08/10 108933.4 383623.6 21.953
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D7 DUR/THR/1/08/7 109021.2 383562.2 22.955 Table 5.4: List of Control Points along the Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road
D6 DUR/THR/1/08/6 109238.1 383528.7 19.722
No CODE NORTH EAST ELEVATION
T9 THR/1/08/9 109257.9 383479.1 18.44
T8 THR/1/08/8 109884.8 383241.8 19.919 1 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/30 111103.585 372506.447 40.059
T7 THR/1/08/7 110089.5 383143.2 19.719 2 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/31 111085.424 372603.208 39.088
T6 THR/1/08/6 110433.4 383021.4 15.402 3 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/34 109766.341 376628.93 17.735
D4 CP 111554.1 382473.8 17.876 4 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/35 109710.767 376672.505 17.241
D5 CP 111467.6 382557.7 17.002 5 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/36 109661.175 376641.271 16.883
T7 CP 111053.7 382683.7 21.276 6 CP PRA61 109908.778 376031.748 23.656
T8 CP 110849.4 382783.1 21.473 7 CP PRA60 109980.023 375815.085 23.321
T9 CP 110223.5 383023.1 19.965 8 CP PRA59 110091.195 375407.619 27.082
T10 CP 109899.6 383169.1 23.445 9 CP PRA58 110119.054 375337.659 27.834
A9 CP 111442 382566.4 16.635 10 CP PRA57 110214.14 374990.955 28.682
T6 CP 111397 382560.8 16.751 11 CP PRA56 110265.11 374857.745 28.45
A1 CP 111506.1 382515.4 17.235 12 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/33 110517.742 374565.146 31.614
A2 CP 111159.9 382654.8 19.825 13 CP DUR/PRA/1/09/32 110604.111 374462.277 31.937
A3 CP 110984.1 382746.6 23.313 14 CP PRA55 110626.321 374448.626 32.503
A4 CP 110753.2 382821.4 19.897 15 CP PRA54 110667.348 374246.578 31.468
A5 CP 110281.1 382998.8 19.247 16 CP PRA52 110841.01 373535.034 35.431
D6 CP 110203.9 383072.8 21.244 17 CP PRA51 110942.401 373121.823 38.856
D7 CP 109987.2 383107.4 24.455 18 CP PRA50 110979.365 372967.02 39.141
A6 CP 109979.8 383135.2 22.922 19 CP PRA53 110806.08 373700.766 34.12
A7 CP 110852.8 382769.5 21.703 1 CP PRA49 112436.001 369714.124 63.818
A8 CP 111065.9 382711.9 22.069 2 CP CP34 112200.093 369983.756 64.505
AA8 CP 111065.9 382711.9 22.069 3 CP CP35 112199.891 370190.711 64.727
TT7 CP 111053.7 382683.7 21.276 4 CP SGGA8 112183.086 370220.545 64.847
B1 SH 110980.1 382745.5 22.685 5 CP PRA52 112181.158 370332.813 65.069
T3 CP 111987 382322 26.559 6 CP PRA53 112185.37 370527.558 61.969
T4 CP 111812.7 382375.6 23.047 7 CP CP36 112021.043 370694.472 57.163
A2 CP 111961.4 382346.4 25.05 8 CP CP37 111739.481 370972.858 49.987
TT3 CP 111987 382321.9 26.493 9 CP CP38 111527.487 371155.966 54.076
TT4 CP 111812.7 382375.6 23.047 10 CP DUR/PRA/1/08/25 111412.903 371291.393 55.364
T5 CP 111577.2 382488 17.767 11 CP CP39 111376.311 371308.993 56.023
D4 CP 111554.1 382473.8 17.876 12 CP CP40 111299.736 371674.541 52.341
D5 CP 111467.6 382557.7 17.002 13 CP CP41 111220.89 371948.844 48.229
A1 CP 111783.6 382424.5 21.16 14 CP CP42 111171.097 372208.616 45.859
15 CP CP43 111125.615 372334.612 42.892
16 CP SGGA2 111160.036 372329.23 43.397
17 CP RYA2 111160.087 372328.994 43.458
18 CP RYA1 111167.291 372297.104 43.943
1 CP GHA14 104307.428 359776.259 22.974
2 CP A1 108387.735 357086.532 37.273
3 CP A2 108920.529 356257.062 43.797
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
4 CP ACP1 112207.845 354412.222 49.94 47 CP DPRA14 112528.244 363471.547 61.931
5 CP PRA2 112423.604 354623.247 72.085 48 CP DPRA15 112549.286 363564.047 62.497
6 CP PRA7 112681.403 355200.359 68.947 49 CP CP24 112533.736 363823.887 60.284
7 CP PRA8 112729.783 355465.725 85.75 50 CP CP25 112513.169 363986.447 61.422
8 CP DPRA4 112734.226 355542.756 90.016 51 CP SGGA24 112529.346 364005.454 63.249
9 CP SGGA134 112236.461 354383.943 50.95 52 CP CP26 112508.363 364526.73 64.13
10 CP PRA3 112162.224 354357.752 45.85 53 CP DRJH5 112525.603 364598.02 64.514
11 CP SGGA1/88/07/213/48 112095.839 354078.381 52.331 54 CP DPRA16 112515.179 364927.914 58.033
12 CP PRA5 112756.969 355691.558 96.545 55 CP DPRA17 112491.483 365260.947 63.75
13 CP PRA9 112844.033 355964.611 86.923 56 CP CP27 112484.899 365747.255 58.15
14 CP PRA10 112905.005 356557.858 78.444 57 CP PRA38 112501.33 365901.715 59.34
15 CP PRA11 112915.911 356897.451 94.985 58 CP PRA39 112484.5 366085.828 62.721
16 CP DPRA7 112916.458 357417.887 95.926 59 CP CP28 112497.35 366146.464 64.195
17 CP CP12 112929.263 357012.264 97.132 60 CP DPRA18 112480.844 366391.38 66.56
18 CP PRA13 112972.677 357585.344 102.149 61 CP DPRA19 112494.909 366521.461 65.489
19 CP CP13 113076.475 357752.575 102.905 62 CP SGGA64 112473.981 366730.594 64.606
20 CP CP14 113120.525 357902.517 100.864 63 CP CP29 112486.135 366824.988 66.424
21 CP SGGA76 113124.466 358699.282 76.88 64 CP SGGA16 112487.219 366973.617 67.589
22 CP PRA16 113115.155 358700.685 76.688 65 CP CP30 112477.858 367283.369 68.957
23 CP17 113048.136 358972.535 77.923 66 CP CP31 112457.933 367557.516 64.915
24 CP18 113012.499 359020.919 77.278 67 CP PRA44 112475.166 367639.352 63.346
25 CP DPRA8 112975.906 359183.541 76.192 68 CP DPRA20 112444.673 368327.451 62.096
26 CP19 112932.906 359533.062 71.062 69 CP GW34A 112459.941 368420.16 62.838
27 CP DPRA9 112932.844 359338.888 72.955 70 CP DPRA21 112464.549 368509.964 63.484
28 CP PRA20 112873.107 359977.995 62.684 71 CP PRA46 112438.859 368690.594 63.371
29 CP PRA21 112873.116 359977.989 62.687 72 CP PRA47 112429.708 369255.78 62.577
30 CP DPRA10 112817.892 360111.415 64.674 73 CP CP32 112424.308 369607.806 62.392
31 CP DPRA11 112819.411 360288.374 64.666 74 CP CP33 112437.609 369713.097 63.81
32 CP CP20 112869.677 360695.423 52.443
33 CP PRA22 112865.895 360715.091 52.065
Table 5.6: List of Control Points along the Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi
34 CP DAP12 112899.286 360858.083 48.734
35 CP CP21 112775.752 361380.789 47.23 No. CODE NORTH EAST ELEVATION
36 CP CP22 112713.657 361756.347 41.926 1 CP KMA1 223261.388 208199.921 237.889
37 CP DAP8 112630.017 362264.755 45.714 2 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/10 223855.437 208703.017 259.844
38 CP PRA25 112635.42 362337.663 48.863 3 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/11 223821.479 208627.879 255.194
39 CP DPRA13A 112600.32 362437.093 48.253 4 CP PFR21 223760.188 208894.938 265.432
40 CP DPRA12B 112610.603 362345.271 48.297 5 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/9 223982.464 209255.444 251.727
41 CP CP23 112557.804 362873.267 44.803 6 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/8 224087.958 209322.309 243.525
42 CP PRA28 112555.266 362913.577 45.041 7 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/8 224087.958 209322.309 243.525
43 CP PRA29 112556.843 363079.247 50.799 8 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/7 224464.282 209918.431 247.854
44 CP SGGA33 112525.687 363234.483 55.349 9 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/6 224477.889 209970.298 246.742
45 CP DAP2 112526.954 363320.269 58.303 10 CP PFR13A 224565.668 210158.161 240.573
46 CP SGGA30 112551.983 363536.345 62.408
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Arterial Road Development Project
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11 CP PFR11 224722.743 210711.631 260.416 PFR21 CP PFR21 223760.188 208894.938 265.432
12 CP PFR10 224745.824 210851.781 262.593 PFR3 CP PFR3 224655.693 213668.912 277.157
13 CP PFR9 224779.456 211137.59 267.164 PFR4 CP PFR4 224665.964 213546.9 278.159
14 CP PFR8 224784.953 211500.791 270.17 PFR5 CP PFR5 224908.868 213156.872 273.31
15 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/5 224903.449 212235.233 257.232 PFR6 CP PFR6 224955.768 213015.989 273.644
16 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/4 224962.651 212435.56 248.032 PFR7 CP PFR7 224797.084 211637.516 265.811
17 CP PFR5 224908.868 213156.872 273.31 PFR8 CP PFR8 224784.953 211500.791 270.17
18 CP PFR3 224655.693 213668.912 277.157 PFR9 CP PFR9 224779.456 211137.59 267.164
19 CP PFR1 224387.369 214266.625 280.133 DPRF52 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/52 224197.66 212615.867 256.89
20 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/3 224142.433 214407.796 265.819 DPRF53 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/53 224206.178 212555.809 256.497
21 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/2 224048.226 214477.129 264.023 DPFR71 DUR/PFR/1/09/71 223366.923 211876.449 242.996
22 CP PFR7 224797.084 211637.516 265.811 DPFR70 DUR/PFR/1/09/70 223229.113 211895.81 248.54
23 CP PFR6 224955.768 213015.989 273.644 DPFR80 DUR/PFR/1/09/80 223162.109 209962.182 256.295
24 CP PFR4 224665.964 213546.9 278.159 DPFR81 DUR/PFR/1/09/81 223224.719 209951.305 256.131
25 CP PFR2 224473.27 214197.142 278.722 DPFR90 DUR/PFR/1/09/90 223417.581 212425.081 258.519
26 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/1 224096.225 214532.595 264.206 DPFR91 DUR/PFR/1/09/91 223503.059 212430.819 257.834
27 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/52 224197.66 212615.867 256.89 DPRF50 CP 223662.862 213400.736 258.303
28 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/53 224206.178 212555.809 256.497 DPRF51 CP 223752.42 213389.812 260.957
507 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/71 223366.923 211876.449 242.996
508 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/70 223229.113 211895.81 248.54
A detailed topographic survey was carried out to determine the existing vertical and horizontal alignments of
509 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/80 223162.109 209962.182 256.295
the selected roads and intersections. Details of all physical features, within the road corridor, such as drains,
510 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/81 223224.719 209951.305 256.131
manholes, electric poles, telephone poles, fence walls, buildings, trees etc were captured during this survey.
511 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/90 223417.581 212425.081 258.519
512 CP DUR/PFR/1/09/91 223503.059 212430.819 257.834 An Electronic Total Station surveying equipment was used and the data transferred in digital form to LAND
735 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/52 224197.66 212615.867 256.89 DESKTOP design software
736 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/53 224206.178 212555.809 256.497
All the survey maps are attached in a soft format appendix 1
DPFR1 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/1 224096.225 214532.595 264.206
DPFR10 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/10 223855.437 208703.017 259.844
DPFR11 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/11 223821.479 208627.879 255.194
DPFR2 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/2 224048.226 214477.129 264.023
DPFR3 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/3 224142.433 214407.796 265.819
DPFR4 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/4 224962.651 212435.56 248.032
DPFR5 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/5 224903.449 212235.233 257.232
DPFR6 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/6 224477.889 209970.298 246.742
DPFR7 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/7 224464.282 209918.431 247.854
DPFR8 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/8 224087.958 209322.309 243.525
DPFR9 CP DUR/CP PFR/1/09/9 223982.464 209255.444 251.727
KMA1 CP KMA1 223261.388 208199.921 237.889
PFR1 CP PFR1 224387.369 214266.625 280.133
PFR10 CP PFR10 224745.824 210851.781 262.593
PFR11 CP PFR11 224722.743 210711.631 260.416
PFR13A CP PFR13A 224565.668 210158.161 240.573
PFR2 CP PFR2 224473.27 214197.142 278.722
14
Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6 Traffic Surveys & Analysis
Table 6.1: Classified Volume Survey Locations
6.1 Traffic Surveys STATION
CORRIDOR LOCATION
CODE
The consultant conducted various traffic surveys along each of the Project roads. The primary objectives of the MS 01 Blue Lagoon
traffic data collected was to Dansoman Highway/
MS 02 Exhibition Roundabout
Guggisberg avenue
Assess the potential use of the arterial roads as priority public transport routes MS 03 Guggisberg Avenue
Project the design year traffic flow MS 01 Accra New Town (Pig Farm)
Accra New Town
Determine design year pavement loading characteristics Road/ Hill Street MS 02 Hill Street
Undertake economic evaluation of the project MS 03 Accra New Town (City Lights)
MS 01 Tema Hospital Road (Busy Internet)
MS 02 Tema Hospital Road (General Hospital)
MS 03 3rd Avenue (First Baptist Church)
The traffic surveys conducted were:
Tema Roads MS 04 Herman Gmeiner Road (Tepas)
Manual Classified Volume Counts MS 05 5th Avenue (St Joseph the Worker)
Junction turning movement counts MS 06 Route 51 (Unity Spot)
Pedestrian Volume Counts MS 07 6th Avenue (Methodist Day Sec Sch.)
Terminal Performance and Parking Studies Pokuase‐ Ritz MS 01 Kwabenya/ ACP Junction
Origin‐ Destination Surveys Junction‐ Ashalley
Botwe Road MS 02 Deeper Life Junction
Bus journey Studies
Pencil factory Road MS 01 Pencil Factory Road
The raw traffic surveys and measurements are attached in Appendix 2 (soft format).
During the survey, both non‐motorized and motorized vehicles were counted. Vehicles were classified into
6.1.1 Manual Classified Counts fourteen (14) categories that is
15
Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6.1.2 Junction Turning Movement Counts destination matrices were developed for each project road and from these, the amounts of local and
transit trips could be estimated.
Turning movement surveys were undertaken at the junctions along each of the road sections. A field visit to the
Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and the Accra New Town road / Hill Street sites revealed a 6.1.6 Spot Speed
proliferation of junctions along the route which were identified to be potential bottlenecks to the arterial
functioning adequately. Most of these intersections which were at very short intervals were seen to have been This was a study conducted to obtain the average speed of travel by vehicles traversing the road of
developed by the residents to provide them access to the road with some of the accesses being cul‐de‐sacs. To study. The knowledge of the travel speed helped in concluding on the idea of providing traffic calming
aid in solving this problem, the consultant has in mind proposing suitable traffic management schemes that measures to reduce the speed or upgrading the road to increase the travel speed. It was carried out
could be adopted by the client along these corridors to ensure a well‐functioning arterial road. The major by marking out a known length of the road section and recording the individual times taken for
intersections along the routes were therefore identified and junction turning movement counts conducted at vehicles to pass the marked points.
these locations. These counts were conducted at 15 minute intervals for three (3) hours each in the AM and PM
peak periods, that is, from 7.00‐ 10.00am and 4.00‐ 7.00pm respectively. Each location was studied for a 6.1.7 Bus Journey Studies
weekday. Below is a list of the junctions that were studied:
This study was carried out to assess the travel times and stop frequency of the passenger buses that traverse
6.1.3 Pedestrian Volume Counts the road corridor. The survey was conducted by boarding the bus from one end of the road corridor to the
other. The enumerator recorded the start time of the journey, the stops, time spent and reason for each stop.
A survey to determine the interaction between pedestrians and the mainstream traffic was conducted along The data collected helped in identifying frequent bus stop locations for layby provision and also identified
the project road to serve as a basis for proposing adequate measures to safeguard road users, both motorized bottlenecks within the corridor resulting in delays to bus travel which needed attention to improve traffic
and pedestrian. The study identified crossing points and volumes, pedestrian volumes on the sidewalks and operation.
composition of pedestrian flow, mainly men, women and children, in major locations along the project roads.
The study locations were selected on account of observed high pedestrian activities and presumed large
volumes.
6.2 Traffic Growth
The pedestrian volumes were counted for a fifteen (15) minute interval for a twelve (12) hour period between
the hours of 6am to 6pm. 6.2.1 Normal Growth
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
These data were obtained from the “Upgrading of the N1: Mallam‐ Kasoa Section” and the “Engineering Design Table 6.3: Percentage composition of each vehicle category for Lot 1
of the Kumasi outer Ring road Project report”. The table below shows the levels of traffic diversion as
anticipated on the two roads ACCRA NEW DANSOMAN GUGGISBERG
Vehicle Category HILL STREET
TOWN HIGHSTREET AVENUE
Table 6.2: Calculated Diverted Traffic Volumes onto Project Roads Cycles 2.15 1.67 1.91 2.47
Motorbikes 3.91 6.98 5.44 1.9
% of traffic Diverted 75.56 63.81 64.32
Project Road Road contributing diverted traffic AADT Cars/Taxi 52.06
diverted Traffic
Pickup/4wd 9.11 6.83 7.97 10.59
Pokuase‐ Ritz junction‐ N1‐ Between Tetteh Quarshie & Dzorwulu 20.10 35,267 7090
Small buses/Medium buses 31.31 7.78 19.54 19.55
Ashalley botwe road N1‐ Between Apemkwa & Nyamekye 9.77 34,483 3369
Large buses, light/med trucks 1.30 0.93 1.11 1.11
TOTAL 10,459
Heavy Vehicles 0.16 0.24 0.20 0.05
The Pencil factory road in Kumasi‐ Accra Road 47.00 37,871 17,799
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Kumasi
6.2.3 Generated Traffic Lot 2 which comprised Tema Hospistal road and five (5) link roads recorded an AADT volume of 25,457 for the
Hospital road. The link roads namely 3rd Avenue, 5th Avenue, 6th Avenue, Herman Gmeiner and Route 51
The estimation of generated traffic is difficult to forecast with accuracy. However, the Consultant has recorded AADTs of 17,777 vehicles, 7,495 vehicles, 10,849 vehicles, 5,633 vehicles and 26,576 vehicles
estimated generated traffic that would arise after design improvements on the project roads. For the respectively. Commercial vehicle percentage composition for these roads was also seen to be very high. Along
Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue, Accra New Town/ Hill street and Tema Hospital road and the link the Hospital road, taxis recorded the highest composition of 37% along the route.
roads as well as portions of the Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe which are existing roads, generated
traffic on these routes are not expected to be high. Hence, a percentage of 1 has been used. The Pencil Factory
Road however is a new construction within a developing section and so is expected to generate higher levels of
Table 6.4: Percentage composition of each vehicle category for Lot 2
traffic. Past experience from similar newly constructed roads has shown that the traffic volumes that are
generated have almost always exceeded that which was anticipated. The consultant in order not to under TEMA
3RD 5TH 6TH HERMAN ROUTE
estimate this has used a factor of 10 to project the existing traffic in order to obtain the expected generated Vehicle Category HOSPITAL
AVENUE AVENUE AVENUE GMEINER 51
traffic volumes along this corridor. ROAD
Cycles 2.33 1.35 1.6 2.77 1.63 0.24
6.3 Traffic Analysis Motorbikes 2.78 1.11 1.2 1.55 1.03 1.08
6.3.1 Traffic flows Cars/Taxi 64.20 79.22 79.00 73.70 79.85 76.70
Pickup/4wd 9.94 13.94 13 15 13.6 12.7
From the classified volume counts conducted, the average daily traffic (ADT) fr eachof the roject roads were Small buses/Medium buses 19.59 3.11 3.70 4.77 2.13 7.77
obtained. These were converted to the average annual daily traffic (AADT) by the use of monthly variation Large buses, light/med trucks 1.11 0.92 1.60 1.96 1.47 1.17
factors. A factor of 1 for the project roads in Accra and 0.98 for that in Kumasi was used and this was obtained Heavy Vehicles 0.08 0.34 0.30 0.32 0.29 0.29
from a review of reports of previous traffic data collected by other consultant within the project areas i.e. the TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100
“Detailed Design and Construction supervision of Kumasi Techiman Road Project”, (GHA) and “Traffic data
collection in Accra”, (GHA).
The Pouase‐Ritz junction‐ Ashalley Botwe road whichmakes up Lot 3 recorded an average annual daily traffic of
For Lot 1 of the project roads, Accra Newtown road and Hill Street recorded an average annual daily traffic 23,359for the developed section and 4,638 vehicles for the undeveloped section of the road. The high volumes
(AADT) of 18,612 and 6,258respectively. The Dansoman Highway and Guggisberg Avenue also recorded an can be attributed to the developments that exist within the project road influence zone resulting in high
AADT of 24,210 and 3,842 vehicles respectively. The composition of the traffic plying the route revealed that vehicular trips along the corridor.
taxis recorded the highest percentage along all the routes with the least being 31.08%. This is indicative of the
Lot 4, Pencil factory road in Kumasi recorded vehicle volume as low as 804 vehicles as the average annual daily
high commercial transport volumes along these routes. Truck volumes recorded extremely low percentages
traffic. The road is an earth road and traverses an area with low levels of development along the corridor. This
along these corridors.
accounts for the low vehicular trips along this road.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Table 6.5: Percentage composition of each vehicle category for Lots 3 & 4 Timberland Junction
PENCIL FACTORY The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the morning and evening peak are 1,606
Vehicle Category POKUASE
ROAD and 1,772 vehicles respectively. The major turning movement at the intersection during the evening
Cycles 2.19 7.21 peak was the through traffic recording over Seventy‐six percent of the total vehicular volume entering
Motorbikes 3.67 4.35 the intersection.
Cars/Taxi 64.40 57.20
Exhibition Roundabout
Pickup/4wd 9.28 9.95
Small buses/Medium buses 19.50 13.68 The total vehicular volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 1,605 vehicles per hour.
Large buses, light/med trucks 1.11 5.85 The major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 773 vehicles which represents
Heavy Vehicles 0.13 1.24 48.16% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach legs were the
TOTAL 100 100 Exhibition and Last stop approaches accounting for 43.18% and 39.81% of the entry volumes
respectively.
6.3.2 Junction Peak Hour Volumes Last Stop Junction
The total traffic volumes entering the intersections during the peak periods and the major turning movements The total traffic entering the intersection during the peak period is of the order of 1,577 vehicles per
have been given below. hour. The major turning movement was the right‐turn traffic accounting for 836 vehicles which
6.3.2.1 Lot 1a: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue represents 53.01% of the entry vehicles at the intersection. The Beach and Graffe approach leg was the
major contributing approach accounting for 1,126 vehicles which represents 71.40% of the vehicles
Sakaman Junction recorded.
The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the morning and evening peak are 4,467 TM 07b
and 3,234 vehicles respectively. The Mallam approach to the junction was the major contributor to the
junction contributing over fifty‐nine (59) percent of the entering volume during the morning peak. The total vehicular volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 1,889 vehicles per hour.
The major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 871 vehicles which represents
Dansoman Roundabout 46.1% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was Beach
approach accounting for 1,210 vehicles which represents 64.05% of the vehicles recorded.
The total traffic entering the intersection during the peak period is of the order of 2,455 vehicles per
hour. The major turning movement was the through traffic which contributed to 44.3% of the volume
entering the intersection at the peak period. The major contributing approach to the intersection was
the First stop –approach which contributed 39.31% of the volume of vehicles entering the intersection 6.3.2.2 Lot 1b: Accra Newtown Road/ Hill Street
at the peak period. GT/ Vodafone Junction
Mama’s Inn Junction The total traffic entering the intersection during the peak period is of the order of 2,918 vehicles per
The vehicular flow through the intersection was 1,531 vehicles per hour and its occurrence was in the hour. The major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 77.93% of the entry vehicles
morning peak. The major turning movement was the right‐turn traffic which accounted for 759 vehicles at the intersection. The Achimota approach leg was the major contributing approach accounting for
representing 49.58% of the traffic volume entering the intersection. 52.43% of the vehicles recorded.
Control ( Shell) Junction Joy FM Junction
Two thousand eight hundred and seventeen (2,817) vehicles per hour were recorded during the peak The total vehicular volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,139 vehicles per hour.
period which was the morning peak. The major turning movement was the through traffic. It accounted The major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 1,573 vehicles which represents
for 1,243 vehicles which was over forty percent of the volume recorded at the intersection. 73.54% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach legs were the Joy
and Kotobabi approaches accounting for 614 and 604 vehicles of the total entry volumes respectively.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Mr Reiss Junction The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the morning and evening peak are 2,719
and 2,160 vehicles respectively. The major turning movement at the intersection was the through
The total vehicular volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,748 vehicles per hour. traffic which accounted for 62.96% of the total entry volumes.
The major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 2,233 vehicles which represents
81.26% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach legs were the Community 8/ 11 Junction
Circle and Kokomlemle approaches accounting for 33.59% and 34.57% of the entry volumes
respectively. The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 2,282. The major
turning movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 81.68% of the total
Alajo Junction entry volumes. The major contributing approach leg was the Community 5 approach recording 592
vehicles which represented 43.73% of the total entry volume at the intersection.
The vehicular flow entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,078 vehicles per hour. The major
turning movement was the left‐turn traffic accounting for 741 vehicles which represents 35.66% of the Community 10 Junction
total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was Kotobabi Police station
approach accounting for 44.03% of the vehicles recorded. The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 2,543. The major
turning movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 64.92% of the total
Kotobabi Police Station entry volumes.
The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 1,817 vehicles per hour. The Community 5 Junction
major turning movement was the right‐turn traffic accounting for 875 vehicles which represents 48.1%
of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the Alajo The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,563vehicles per hour. The
approach accounting for 46.78% of the vehicles recorded. major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 1,544 vehicles which represents
60.24% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the
Pig Farm Junction Community 5 approach.
The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the morning and evening peak are 3,322 Rotary Avenue Roundabout
and 3,494 vehicles respectively. The major turning movement at the intersection was the through
traffic which accounted for 57.36% of the total entry volumes. The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,237 vehicles per hour. The
major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 1,044 vehicles which represents
Nima Roundabout 46.67% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the
Community 1 approach accounting for 796 vehicles.
The vehicular volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 1,877 vehicles per hour. The
major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 697 vehicles which represents 37.13% Meridian Road Junction
of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the Mammobi
approach recording 592 vehicles. The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 1,389. The major
turning movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 63.50% of the total
entry volumes.
Hospital Roundabout Cosway (Agbogba) Junction
The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,470 vehicles per hour. The The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 1,678. The major
major turning movement was the left‐turn traffic accounting for 1,024 vehicles which represents turning movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 58.10% of the total
41.46% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the entry volumes. The major contributing approach leg was the Top herbal approach recording 689
Industrial area approach accounting for 38.70% of the vehicles recorded.Community 9/12 Junction vehicles which represented 41.06% of the total entry volume at the intersection.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Ritz Junction 6.3.3 Pedestrian studies
The vehicular flow entering the junction at the peak period was 1,756. The major turning movement at The focus of this study was on the assessment of pedestrian facilities whether adequate where provided or
the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 61.67% of the total entry volumes. The whether they should be provided at other locations based on the assessed needs. From the results of the
major contributing approach leg was the Adenta approach recording 680 vehicles which represented studies, it was realized that there high pedestrian activities along the project roads especially the well‐
38.72% of the total entry volume at the intersection. Deeper Life Junction developed corridors hence requiring adequate provision of facilities for such road users.
The total per hourly traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 2,037. The major
turning movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 47.6% of the total
6.3.3.1 Lot 1A: Dansoman Highway / Guggisberg Avenue
entry volumes. The major contributing approach leg was the Ashalley Botwe approach recording 1,210
vehicles which represented 59.4% of the total entry volume at the intersection. Pedestrian counts were carried out at two locations namely the Dansoman Last Stop bus terminal and Alpha
Beta at Control.These locations were chosen because of their high activity generation characteristics as the
School Junction (Nmai Dzorn)
former served as a boarding point for most commuters and the latter also had a number of institutions such as
The vehicular traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 1,885. The major turning schoos, banks and other commercial facilities which generated trips within the area. The two counts recorded
movement at the intersection was the through traffic which accounted for 43.13% of the total entry high pedestrian activities. The highest hourly sidewalk volume recorded at Alpha Beta was 306 which occurred
volumes. The major contributing approach leg was the Zoom lion approach recording 1,210 vehicles between 7 and 8 am. Of this about 30% were children. The Last Stop study recorded higher sidewalk volumes
which represented 64.19% of the total entry volume at the intersection. the highest of which was 623pedestrians with 40% of children. Crosswalk volumes as high as 514 were also
recorded.
6.3.3.2 Lot 1B: Accra Newtown / Hillstreet
6.3.2.5 Lot 4: Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi Counts were done at two locations on this highly commercial road namely Odo Rise near Vodafone Head Office
and also at the Amalbank Office area (Hill Street Junction) on the Newtown Road. Very high pedestrian volumes
Kumasi/ Accra Road Junction
were recorded at the Odo Rice section with an average of not less than 1000 pedestrians/ hour. This is
The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,246 vehicles per hour. The attributable to the highly commercial nature of the section characterized by numerous road‐side businesses
major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 1,989 vehicles which represents and shops. The Hill Street Junction end also recorded high volumes as a result of the presence of the Mallam
88.56% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the Accra Attah Market which attracts a lot of trips to the location and also due to the presence of residences and schools
approach accounting for 1,201 vehicles of the total entry traffic at the intersection. within the vicinity. Sidewalk volumes as high as 942 pedestrians/ hr and crosswalk volumes as high as 1075
pedestrians/hr were recorded between the hours of 12 and 2pm.
Nsenie Junction
6.3.3.3 Lot 2: Hospital Road, 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenues, Herman Gmeiner road and Route 51 in Tema
The recorded traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 49 vehicles per hour. The
major turning movement was the right‐turn traffic accounting for 46.94% of the total entry volume. Counts were conducted along the Hospital road at the General hospital, Community 9/12 signalized junction,
Community 10 Junction and Community 5 signalized Junction. The General Hospital and Community 5 Junction
Charismatic Church Junction
pedestrian studies recorded the highest pedestrian sidewalk volumes averaging about 528 and 650
The vehicular traffic volumes entering the junction at the peak period was 576. The major turning pedestrians/hour respectively.
movement at the intersection was the left‐turn traffic which accounted for 34.9% of the total entry
The highest hourly volumes were observed to occur during the morning peak periods. The General Hospital
volumes. The major contributing approach leg was the Asawaaba approach recording 163 vehicles
count location however recorded fairly distributed hourly volumes which can be attributed to the presence of
which represented 28.3% of the total entry volume at the intersection.
the Hospital (the main public hospital in Tema) which attracts a lot of visits.
Komfo Anokye Road Junction
6.3.3.4 Lot 3: Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe‐ Tema/ Accra Motorway Road
The total traffic volume entering the intersection at the peak period was 2,724 vehicles per hour. The
The count was conducted at the School Junction located within the Nmai Dzorn area towards the Zoom Lion
major turning movement was the through traffic accounting for 2,653 vehicles which represents
head office along the project road. At the time of the study educational institutions in the area had vacated so
97.39% of the total entry traffic at the peak period. The major contributing approach leg was the
Anloga junction approach accounting for 1,425 vehicles of the total entry traffic at the intersection.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
the expected movement in children was not realised. Yet the volumes recorded substantiate the fact that Figures below (from 6.1 to 6.6) show the accumulation for the weekday and weekend. The weekday
pedestrians need to be protected. The average hourly volume was about 563 ped/hr. accumulation is sustained whereas the weekend is more erratic due to the fact that the later is much busy.
Turnover rates are 7 and 5 vehicles per space for weekend and weekday respectively. Parking spaces are not
marked but 10 vehicles can be accommodated on the average.
6.3.3.5 Lot 4: The Pencil factory Road in Kumasi
No Pedestrian Volume Counts were conducted along this corridor due to the undeveloped nature of the
corridor which results in currently very low pedestrian trips. It is envisaged that with the improvements in the
road however, the associated increase in development along the corridor would result in increased pedestrian
trips. The needed measures that would be required to ensure pedestrian safety have been considered and
provided where necessary.
6.3.4 Terminal Performance and Parking studies
6.3.4.1 Dansoman Highway
The main bus terminal in Dansoman is located on‐street at Last Stop. There are several units within the
terminal. These units are destination based so that destinations along a route are clustered together. The
Figure 6.1: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Kasoa (Weekday)
terminal is hybridised in the sense that due to lack of space the drivers have created parking areas on‐street
and off‐street for the vehicles as they wait to load passengers. In other cases both waiting and loading are done
at the same area.
The study was completed over a period of 12 hours for two days (one weekday and one weekend).
Some of the identifiable units are
Kasoa
Awoshie, Mallam
Achimota, Lapaz
Circle, Kaneshie
For study and analysis purposes the units are grouped as
1. Kasoa (Kasoa)
2. Awoshie (Awoshie, Mallam, etc) Figure 6.2: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Kasoa (Weekend)
3. Infront of vulcanizer (Circle, Kaneshie, Mataheko, etc)
Kasoa
This unit is not very active. Bus capacities of 33 passengers are used and the average duration is 142 minutes
(2hours 22 minutes) for the weekday. About 45 vehicles were observed. On the contrary, 69 vehicles were
observed on the weekend with an average duration of 75 minutes.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Awoshie In front of Vulcaniser Taxis and buses load passengers on the right hand side of the road from chainage 0+000.
It is on a stretch in front of a prominent tyre service centre.
Bus capacities of maximum 23 passengers are used. This unit is much active than the Kasoa unit. Average
weekday duration is 23 minutes for 250 vehicles captured whereas the duration for 210 vehicles on the This unit is more hybridised; the passenger bus section operates as a loading bay with waiting buses parked at
weekday is 28 minutes. different locations on‐street or off‐street.
About eight (8) vehicles can be accommodated at a time the unit. Weekday and weekend turnover are 32 and The weekend turnover rate is 63 vehicles per space, though loading spaces are not clearly marked, averagely
27 vehicles per space respectively. five (5) stalls are utilised. About 315 vehicles were observed over the period with an average duration of 19
minutes.
During the weekday turnover rate is 61 vehicles per space. An average duration of 22 minutes was recorded for
305 vehicles observed. Highest accumulation of 6 was recorded during the weekday at 14:30 GMT.
Figure 6.3: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Awoshie (Weekend)
Figure 6.5: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Vulcanizer (Weekend)
Figure 6.4: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Awoshie (Weekday)
Figure 6.6: Plot of Accumulation against Time for Vulcanizer (Weekday)
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6.3.5 Origin Destination Analysis 6.3.5.2 Lot 2: Hospital Road in Tema
From the results of the road side interviews conducted, the Consultant developed a zoning scheme for each Table 6.8: Tema Hospital Road
surveyed route. The zoning was done ultimately separating areas within the project road influence area and
that of those outside the influence zone in order to identify local and transit trips. With the help of the zones Trip Type Vehicles Percentage
created, Origin destination trip matrices (see Appendix 1) were created in spreadsheet and these helped know Transit 139 18.49
the trip patterns along the project roads. Presented below are the results of the study carried out along the
project roads. Local 611 81.51
Table 6.6: Dansoman Highway
About 81.51% of the vehicles interviewed during the survey used the project road as transit to or from
Trip Type Vehicles Percentage locations outside the project area. Most of these vehicles were either from or to Ashaiman and its environs.
Also about 18.49% of the vehicles used the project road for local trips with Community1, Community 5 and
Transit 337 60.50
Community 2 as major trip contributors.
Local 220 39.50
Total 557 100.00
6.3.5.3 Lot 3: Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road
Table 6.9: Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe‐ Tema/ Accra Motorway Road
From the table above, about 60.5% of the interviewed road users either originated or were headed for
Trip Type Vehicles Percentage
locations outside the project area such as Mallam, Kaneshie and Madina. It was also observed that about
39.50% of the trips generated or were also bound for places within the Dansoman Community. Transit 412 65.89
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Though its function is a minor urban arterial road, the results obtained from the survey suggested otherwise. This can be due to the fact that the Kwame Nkrumah Circle is a central business district and thus has a high trip
Vehicles travel at an average of 26km/hr with the 85th percentile speed approximately 31km/hr. The poor riding attraction rate than Pigfarm junction which is mostly residential.
surface conditions existent along the road coupled with the high levels of congestion add up to affect the traffic
operations generally along the road resulting in the low speeds experienced. From Circle to Pig farm junction, the average travel time for the morning and evening peaks was 18m11s
(Eighteen minutes and eleven seconds) and 22m54s (Twenty‐two minutes and fifty‐four seconds) respectively.
The Hospital Road however produced very contrasting results as compared to the Dansoman and New Town The regression of activities in the CBD with its consequent high trips away from the CBD in the nights compared
roads. The study was conductedalong the Latter Day Saints Church stretch o f the road. Due to the good ridings with the relatively low trips away from the CBD in the mornings may be a contributing factor to the apparent
surface nature that exists along the Hospital Road, vehicles were seen to drive at quite high speeds with an difference in travel times. The average number of stops for both morning and evening peaks were 17 and 12
average speed of 70 km/hr and an 85th percentile speed of approximately 77km/hr. respectively.
The results of the spot speed studies undertaken have been considered in establishing suitable speed limits and The average travel time recorded for travel in the opposite direction (i.e. from Pig farm to Circle) for the
making provision for appropriate safety measures along the project roads such as provision of adequate traffic morning and evening peaks was 22m45s (Twenty‐two minutes and forty‐five seconds) and 22m17s (Twenty‐two
calming measures (introduction of speed humps and speed limit signs placed at appropriate locations along the minutes and seventeen seconds) respectively. The average number of stops was 20 and 21 for the morning and
length of the roads). evening peaks respectively.
Most of the stops were due to the boarding and alighting of passengers in the bus. Vehicle queuing, broken
down vehicles, poor road conditions and the crossing of pedestrians were other causes of the stoppages. The
6.3.7 Bus Journey Studies average delay per bus stop for the morning and evening peak was Nineteen (19) and fourteen (14) seconds
Bus Journey studies were conducted along the Dansoman Highway and Accra New Town roads where high bus respectively. Based on the findings from this study the consultant was well informed into taking measures and
volumes and congested traffic conditions have been observed to occur regularly. decisions to improve the travel conditions on the survey route.
6.3.7.1 Dansoman Highway
The average travel time recorded for a bus (commercial) to traverse between Sakaman junction and Dansoman
last stop during the survey for the morning peak was 23 minutes and 42 seconds whereas twenty two minutes
and forty three seconds was recorded as the average travel time for the evening peak. The travel times can be
attributed to the high traffic volumes at these peak periods and also the frequency of stops made by the bus.
The average number of stops made by the buses during survey for both morning and evening peaks were 10
and 13 respectively. It was realised that most of the stops were due to the boarding and alighting of passengers
in the bus. Vehicle queuing, stops at signals and mechanical faults accounted for very few of these stops.
Boarding and alighting of passengers were activities that happened haphazardly along the corridor. The average
delay per bus stop for the morning and evening peak was Seventeen (17) and Twenty (20) seconds respectively.
The findings from this study informed the consultant into taking measures and decisions to improve the travel
conditions on the survey route. A typical measure taken by the consultant was the strategic positioning of lay‐
byes to abate indiscriminate stoppages at unacceptable locations.
6.3.7.2 Accra Newtown
The study involved a commute via a small bus between Pigfarm junction and the Circle (GT‐junction). Unlike the
Dansoman highway, the results of the study with regards to the different directional movements between the
Pigfarm junction and Circle (GT‐junction) showed remarkable difference.
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6.3.8 Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) Table 6.11: Projected AADT Values for Project Roads
AADT
The Consultant in assessing the damaging effect of vehicular traffic along the project roads has made reference ` BASE YEAR 10TH 20TH
to previous axle load studies undertaken by other Consultants. From these reports, ROAD (2009) YEAR YEAR
Dansoman Highway 24210 34518 46389
Upgrading of N1 Highway between Tetteh Quarshie interchange and Mallam road junction in Accra,
Guggisberg Avenue 3,842 5477 7361
Ghana, 2008 1
Accra New Town 18,612 26536 35663
Design of the Kumasi Outer Ring Road Project, ABP, 2008 Hill Street 6,258 8922 11991
Tema Hospital Road 25,457 36296 48779
The following equivalent standard axle load factors have been determined for different vehicles that use the Herman Gmeiner 5,633 8031 10793
project roads:Table 6.10: Equivalent Standard Axles Load Factors 3rd Avenue 17,777 25346 34063
2
5th Avenue 7,495 10686 14361
ESAL/veh
Vehicle 6th Avenue 10,849 15468 20788
Accra Kumasi
Route 51 26,576 37891 50922
Cars/Taxis 0.000034 0.000034
3 Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe 34,052 61152 99610
Vans,Pick-Ups/4WDs 0.018410 0.018410
4 Pencil Factory Road 26467 47531 77423
Small bus 0.068796 0.068796
Mummy Wagon/Medium Bus 0.064125 0.064125
Large Bus 12.530764 12.530764 The Highway Capacity Manual method of determining the number lanes for highways was used. To undertake
Light Truck 1.250530 0.304289 this, the Directional Daily Hourly Volume (DDHV) was determined form the formula,
Medium Truck 9.879788 2.554355
22.529642 7.562139 DDHV = AADT x K x D
Heavy Truck
16.170001 11.945603 Where K= proportion of traffic occurring during the peak hour
Semi-Trailer
29.594747 24.214051 D= proportion of peak hour traffic travelling in the peak hour direction of flow
Truck-Trailer
Large Truck & Others 54.885470 41.058355 From HCM tables provided for urban facilities K= 0.1 and D= 0.51. The service flow rate on the project roads
were thus calculated and compared. Thus,
6.4 Route capacity and Operational Conditions SF = DDHV
The Consultant has used the base year traffic flows to project the expected traffic volumes on each of the PHF x N
project roads to the design life of 20 years. For purposes of analysis, the 10th year volumes have also been The values obtained were compared to the Maximum Flow Rates that are possible at Free Flow Speeds of
calculated. Below is a table of the projected traffic volumes. 70km/hr and the corresponding Level of Service (LOS) at that speed.
From an assessment of the anticipated traffic volumes on the arterial roads and the available right of way has
proposed the Tema Hospital, Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe and the Pencil Factory Roads be multilane
Table 6.12: LOS and Maximum Servcie Flow Rate values for Speeds of 70km/hr
lane arterials. For these, the Consultant using the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) as a guide has determined
the suitability of the proposed two lane arterials to meet an acceptable level of service (LOS). LOS A B C D E
MSF 490 770 1120 1530 1900
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
6.4.1 Hospital Road capacity (lowest), travel time and travel speed are the performance indices that have been evaluated. Below is
a summary of the existing traffic characteristics at the various intersections for each of the project roads.
For the hospital Road, the DDHV obtained during the base, 10th year and 20th year projections were
1,298veh/hr, 1,851veh/hr and 2,488 veh/hr respectively. The Service flow rates obtained for the two lane
Table 6.13: Existing Traffic Characteristics(AM) for Accra Newtown Road
arterial using a peak hour factor of 0.9 resulted in 749.5875pc/hr/ln, 1053.588pc/hr/ln and 1415.935pc/hr/ln. It
is thus anticipated that at the 10th year of the project road’s design life, a level of service of C will prevail. Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
However, this will decrease to a level of service D at the end of the design life of the road. saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
The Consultant proposes that the 10m median reservation for future high priority bus sevice be so utilized by GT Junction F 1.442 61.3 ‐45 78 15.5
the 20th year in order to arrest LOS D operating conditions along the corridor as the current numbers of small Joy Fm Junction F 1.116 70.4 ‐19 82.9 7.5
public transport buses which ply the route would be reduced. Mr. Riz Junction F 8.171 2668.5 ‐90 2682.5 0.2
Alajo Junction F 2.036 375.2 ‐61 388.7 1.6
Kotobabi Police station F 1.003 34.9 ‐20 48.5 12.8
6.4.2 Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road Pigfarm Junction C 0.798 34.1 ‐13 46.6 13.4
Nima Roundabout B 0.846 12.1 0 25.9 26.6
This corridor which connects the N1 (Motorway) to the N6 (Nsawam Road) is expected to experience high
traffic volumes from diversions within its 20 year design life. Traffic flows of 3,119veh/hr and 5,080veh/hr for Table 6.14: Existing Traffic Characteristics(PM) for Accra Newtown Road
the 10th and 20th year projections respectively are expected along this corridor. An analysis of the capacity of Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare
the proposed two lane arterial carry the projected traffic flows resulted in service flow rates of Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
1787.901pc/hr/ln and 2912.302pc/hr/ln respectively at a speed of 70km/hr. These flow rates correspond to a (sec.) (km/h)
Level of service of E and this is unsuitable. GT Junction C 1.000 24.6 ‐20 40.3 29.7
Joy Fm Junction C 0.794 28.4 13 40.8 15.3
The Consultant has thus made provision of a 6m access road on both sides of the arterial to separate local
Mr. Riz Junction F 7.949 2746.9 ‐90 2760.8 0.2
those making local trips and thus reduce the traffic flows on the arterial to improve its operating conditions. It
Alajo Junction F 3.249 727.2 ‐75 740.5 0.8
is also expected that, the 10m reservation when utilized for a high priority bus service would reduce vehicular
Kotobabi Police station F 1.049 47.5 ‐24 61.1 10.2
trips on the arterial and thus result in better levels of service along the corridor.
Pigfarm Junction D 0.810 40 11 52.6 11.9
6.4.3 Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi Nima Roundabout B 0.723 10.3 18 24.3 28.7
The Pencil Factory Roa which is a major arterial as it connects the Kumasi‐ Accra Road to the Komfo Anokye
Road and also serves the Asokore Mampong, Sawaaba and other developing communities is anticipated to
have daily hourly volumes of 2,424 and 3,949 veh/hr respectively in the 10th and 20th years of its design life. The Table 6.15: Existing Traffic Characteristics(AM) for Dansoman Highway
expected service flow rates are 1284pc/hr/ln and 2091pc/hr/ln respectively. This would result in level of service Travel Travel
D at the 10th year and E at the 20th year. Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
Due to the availability of right of way, the Consultant has made provided a 6m access road on both sides of the
arterial which would reduce traffic flows along the arterial by absorbing local trips. Development of the 10m Sakaman junction act F 1.315 168.3 ‐32 206 4.8
median reservation into a 3rd lane for bus service would also reduce vehicular volumes on the arterial. Dansoman R/A maintained F 1.248 106.8 ‐32 13502 10.5
Mama's Inn F 2.078 185.3 ‐62 201.6 4
Control (Shell) act F 9.829 3130 ‐92 314607 0.3
6.5 Intersection Capacities and Performance Timberland act C 0.857 15.6 ‐7 31.6 25.4
Exhibition R/A A 0.514 6.6 65 2402 34.2
The capacities of the major intersections along the project roads at which traffic studies were conducted have Last stop A act F 2.667 209.9 ‐70 223.2 2.4
been evaluated. The Level of service (LOS), degree of saturation, average intersection delay, practical spare Last stop B act F 3.500 393.1 ‐77 406.3 1.3
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Arterial Road Development Project
Final Report
Table 6.16: Existing Traffic Characteristics(PM) for Dansoman Highway Table 6.19: Existing Traffic Characteristics(AM) for Pokuase‐ KRitz Junction‐ Ashalley –
Botwe‐ Tema Accra Motorway Road
Travel Travel Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h) (sec.) (km/h)
Sakaman junction (Fixed Time) F 1.115 91.5 ‐19 120.9 8.2 Cosway junction F 1.466 114 ‐45 131.9 6.1
Dansoman Roundabout A 0.725 9.1 17 38.2 36.9 Ritz junction F 1.885 230.6 ‐58 247.3 3.2
Mama's Inn (T Junction) F 2.058 238.4 ‐61 255.4 3.1 Deeper life junction C 0.982 24.9 ‐18 44 22.8
Control (T Junction) F 7.894 2284.7 ‐90 2301.8 0.3 School junction A 0.269 6 197 26.1 38.8
Timberland (T Junction) F 1.430 53.2 ‐44 69.4 11.6
Exhibition Roundabout A 0.482 6.1 80 23.7 34.9 Table 6.20: Existing Traffic Characteristics(PM) for Pokuase‐ KRitz Junction‐
Ashalley – Botwe‐ Tema Accra Motorway Road
Last stop A F 1.257 90 ‐36 103.7 5.2
Travel Travel
Last stop B F 2.333 209.9 ‐66 223.3 2.4 Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
Table 6.17: Existing Traffic Characteristics(AM) for Tema Hospital Road Cosway junction F 2.431 275.5 ‐67 292.2 2.7
Travel Travel Ritz junction F 2.214 406.7 ‐64 424.2 1.9
Degree of Delay Spare Deeper life
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity junction B 0.755 11.5 6 33.2 33.5
(sec.) (km/h)
School junction A 0.395 6.7 103 25.8 38
Hospital Roundabout A 0.747 8.3 14 26.4 33.1
Community 9 F 1.059 74.4 ‐15 90.5 8.9
Community 8 F 1.187 88.0 ‐24 107.8 7.5 Table 6.21: Existing Traffic Characteristics(AM) for Pencil Factory Road
Community 10 F 1.041 27.5 ‐23 43.9 18.3
Travel Travel
Community 5 F 1.490 266.8 ‐40 282.8 2.8 Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
Rotary Avenue A 0.301 2.7 183 23.7 40.9 saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
Meridian road B 0.645 12.7 24 29.8 27
Accra‐ Kumasi Road Junction A 1.0 5.8 ‐20 22.0 36.6
Kentinkrono Junction B 0.052 13.9 1442 31.6 25.2
Table 6.18: Existing Traffic Characteristics(PM) for Tema Hospital Road
Charismatic Church Junction B 0.35 14.6 128 33.5 23.7
Travel Travel Komfo Anokye Road Junction A 0.286 2.2 180 18.3 43.9
Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
Hospital Roundabout F 1.323 127 ‐36 145.4 6.2 Table 6.22: Existing Traffic Characteristics(PM) for Pencil Factory Road
Community 9 D 0.923 37.8 ‐3 53.8 14.9
Community 8 F 1.408 178.8 ‐36 203.8 3.9 Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare
Community 10 B 0.845 14.7 ‐5 30.7 26.2 Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h)
Community 5 F 1.438 231.5 ‐37 247.5 3.3
Rotary Avenue A 0.348 2.8 ‐144 23.8 40.5 Accra Kumasi Road Junction A 0.306 2.7 161 18.8 42.8
Meridian road E 1.074 41.2 ‐26 57.5 14 Kentinkrono Junction B 0.049 15.5 1540 31.2 25.5
Charismatic Church Junction B 0.158 13.1 407 32.0 24.8
Komfo Anokye Road Junction A 0.5 21.4 60 21.4 37.6
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Traffic projections of the peak hour junction volumes were made to the 10th year post construction (that is,
allowing two years for construction). These volumes were analyzed and modelled using AaSidra traffic Table 6.26: Dansoman Highway Traffic characteristics at year10 (PM)
modelling software. Results of the analysis for the 10th year volumes are shown in the tables below:
Travel Travel
Table 6.23: Accra Newtown Road Traffic Characteristics at year 10 (AM) Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
Travel Travel (sec.) (km/h)
Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity Sakaman junction (Actuated) F 2.177 271 ‐59 296.2 3
(sec.) (km/h)
GT Junction (Actuated) B 0.737 18.1 16 35.8 22.6 Dansoman Roundabout A 0.541 7 57 25.4 34.7
Joy Fm Junction (Roundabout) B 0.857 18.8 ‐1 31.6 20.3 Mama's Inn (Actuated) C 0.611 27.1 47 42 19.2
Mr. Riz Junction (Actuated) F 1.523 206.2 ‐41 231.1 2.7 Control (Actuated) B 0.850 14.3 6 30 26.9
Mr. Reiss Junction (Roundabout) F 1.100 61.6 23 74.5 8.6 Timberland (Actuated) A 0.593 105 52 26 31
Alajo Junction (Actuated) F 1.085 46.1 ‐17 62.3 13.2 Exhibition Roundabout A 0.422 4.7 101 22.9 37
Kotobabi Police station (Actuated) B 0.583 18.9 54 31.3 20 Last stop A (Actuated) B 0.529 13.7 70 26.2 23.9
Pigfarm Junction (Actuated) E 0.965 66.5 ‐7 79 7.9 Last stop B (Actuated) C 1.000 26.2 ‐10 38.7 16.1
Nima Roundabout B 0.62 11 37 24 27.2
Table 6.27: Tema Hospital Road Traffic characteristics at year 10 (AM)
Table 6.24: Accra Newtown Road Traffic Characteristics at year 10(PM) Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
Travel Travel saturation (sec.) capacity
Degree of Delay Spare (sec.) (km/h)
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h) Hospital Roundabout B 0.762 10.7 12 28.28 31
GT Junction (Actuated) C 0.893 21.8 1 34.3 18.2 Community 9 (Roundabout) A 0.500 7.1 58 37.9 45.2
Joy Fm Junction (Roundabout) B 0.566 11.1 50 24.1 26.8 Community 9 (Actuated) D 1.000 54.3 ‐10 83.8 20.2
Mr. Reiss Junction (Actuated) F 1.432 153.7 ‐37 174.1 3.6 Community 8 (Roundabout) A 0.581 7.2 46 24.4 34.2
Mr. Reiss Junction (Roundabout) F 1.760 260.9 ‐52 260.9 2.4 Community 8 (Actuated) E 1.370 71.7 ‐35 89.1 9
Alajo Junction (Actuated) F 1.113 45.2 ‐19 62.9 13.2 Community 10 C 0.879 21 2 41.9 26.9
Kotobabi Police station (Actuated) C 0.613 21.4 47 33.5 18.6 Community 5 (Roundabout) B 0.762 13.2 12 31.1 28.4
Pigfarm Junction (Actuated) E 0.988 76.7 ‐9 89.3 7 Community 5 (Actuated) E 1.000 56.3 ‐10 72.3 11.1
Nima Roundabout A 0.49 9.9 74 23.1 28.4 Meridian road B 0.669 11.1 34 34.9 36.4
Table6.28: Tema Hospital Road Traffic characteristics at year10 (PM)
Travel Travel
Table 6.25: Dansoman Highway Traffic characteristics at year 10 (AM) Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity
Travel Travel (sec.) (km/h)
Degree of Delay Spare
Intersection LOS time Speed Hospital Roundabout F 1.274 82.3 ‐33 100.7 8.9
saturation (sec.) capacity
(sec.) (km/h) Community 9 (Roundabout) A 0.729 5.5 17 34.5 45.8
Sakaman junction (Actuated) F 1.527 251.9 ‐41 280.2 3.5 Community 9 (Actuated) F 1.068 90.1 ‐16 118.6 13.7
Dansoman Roundabout C 0.972 21.5 ‐13 39.6 22.5 Community 8 (Roundabout) A 0.640 6 33 23.6 35.1
Mama's Inn (Actuated) C 0.558 23.8 61 38.6 20.8 Community 8 (Actuated) F 1.626 339.9 ‐45 368.4 2.2
Control (Actuated) B 0.850 14.3 6 30 26.9 Community 10 C 0.870 23.3 3 44.2 25.4
Timberland (Actuated) B 0.463 11.4 95 26.8 30 Community 5 (Roundabout) B 0.669 10.5 27 27.9 31.1
Exhibition Roundabout A 0.441 5.1 93 23.2 36.4 Community 5 (Actuated) E 1.000 60.3 ‐10 76.4 10.6
Last stop A (Actuated) B 0.529 13.7 70 26.2 23.9 Meridian road B 0.817 17.5 10 39.2 29.5
Last stop B (Actuated) C 1.000 26.2 ‐10 38.8 30
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For the Pokuase – Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road and the Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi however, Generally, the improvements to the project road intersections included channelization, short lanes and
interchange locations have been identified at some of the project road major intersections where high exclusive turning lanes as well signalization at some junctions. Details of the intersection geometries are
turning volumes are anticipated. The interchange locations were modelled in SYNCHRO, a traffic modelling provided in the attached Volume of Design Drawings.
software. Below is a summary of results of the intersection performance indices for the intersections.
6.6 Conflict Analysis
Table 6.29: Pokuase‐ KRitz Junction‐ Ashalley – Botwe‐ Tema Accra Motorway Road Traffic characteristics
The Consultant has made efforts to acquire accident data from the client prior to the submission of the draft
at Year 10 (AM)
final report but circumstances beyond our control has made this impossible. The Consultant has therefore in
Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare lieu of this, carried out a conflict analysis which has been incorporated in the geometric design of the project
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity roads.
(sec.) (km/h)
6.6.1 Conflict Matrix
Cosway junction(Roundabout) A 0.43 5.6 98 23.5 36.2
Ritz junction (Roundabout) A 0.579 6.1 47 24 35.4 The Table below indicates a conflict matrix of road user conflicts observed generally at all the intersections of
Deeper life junction (Actuated) C 0.919 34.7 ‐2 58.7 22.6 the project roads.
School junction (Actuated) B 0.688 16.1 31 35.3 28.9
Table 6.33: Road user movement
Table 6.30: Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley – Botwe‐ Tema Accra Motorway Road Traffic characteristics at
Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles
Year 10 (PM)
from from in
Travel Travel Pedestrian Manoeuvring Overtaking
Degree of Delay Spare adjacent same opposing
Intersection LOS time Speed
saturation (sec.) capacity direction direction direction
(sec.) (km/h)
Cosway junction (Roundabout) A 0.564 5.9 51 23.6 35.8
Ritz junction (Roundabout) A 0.55 7.2 54 24.6 34.7
Deeper life junction (Actuated) D 0.891 41.3 1 65 20.2
School junction (Actuated) C 0.859 19.7 5 39.2 25.2 Near side Cross Rear end Head on Head on
traffic
U‐turn
Table 6.31: Pencil Factory Road Traffic characteristics at year10 (AM)
Travel Travel
Degree of Delay Spare time Speed
Intersection LOS saturation (sec.) capacity (sec.) (km/h)
Far side Right far Left rear Right/left U‐turn into Out of control
Kentinkrono Junction C 0.081 26.5 431 40.4 19.9
fixed object
Charismatic Church Junction C 0.233 20.1 286 31.0 26.0
Table 6.32: Pencil Factory Road Traffic characteristics at year10 (AM)
Travel Travel Emerging Right rear Left/right Leaving Cutting in
Degree of Delay Spare time Speed
parking
Intersection LOS saturation (sec.) capacity (sec.) (km/h) Right
Kentinkrono Junction C 0.032 26.0 1224 39.8 20.2 near
Charismatic Church Junction C 0.166 27.4 159 40.3 20.0
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especially when two vehicles travelling in opposite direction meet at a critical point. This can result to
head‐on collision. Added to the width problem are broken or absence of road pavement following
Walking erosion encroachment.
With traffic Left near Lane Entering Curvatures:
change parking
right Right/righ A good number of roads in the study area have sharp curves, with inadequate sight distances. This is a
t
dangerous situation for drivers who indulge in indiscriminate overtaking as accidents could result from
these.
Facing Roadside activities:
traffic
Lane Parking only Roadside activities along most of the project roads intersection approaches and intersection zones are
change very high and obstructive at nearly all the intersections under the project. Sale of items coaxes motor
left drivers to stop in the roadway to transact business. This undoubtedly forces following drivers to make
manoeuvres which otherwise would not have been necessary. Roadside activities on the walkways
force pedestrians to use the roadway, conflicting with the vehicular traffic.
Reversing Pavement/poor shoulder/lay‐by:
At some intersection approaches of the project roads, the widths there are unusually wide allowing for
unwarranted manoeuvres. Drivers generally find it inconvenient to concede priority to each other
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Lanes and lane discipline: 7 Traffic Management
Traffic lane demarcations where they exist enhance segregation of traffic. In their absence, the 7.1 General
roadway is arbitrarily shared by motorist. A school of thought exists which believes that the absence of
lane markings can be an advantage in speed reduction. However in such a case, heavy trucks drivers Traffic management in urban corridors is very essential to maintain the levels of service and operation on the
tend to allocate road space to themselves according to the physical size of their vehicles and this result main roads and to reduce the delay time at junctions.
in accidents especially when another group of motorist defiantly insists on their right.
The Consultant recognizes the fact that improving the selected project roads in isolation would not completely
address the traffic congestion issues along the project roads and its immediate environs. Hence, the consultant
is approaching the execution of this assignment by including the network of roads that bear a relation to the
6.6.3 Safety Recommendations project roads in order to holistically manage the traffic needs.
The Consultant has made adequate provision for pedestrians and cyclists to ensure their safety and has also put A review of the existing accesses to the project roads was done to assess the extents of access management
in place traffic calming measures such as road hump to reduce vehicular speeds. Appropriate signage and road required along the project roads. This revealed the proliferation of accesses along the Dansoman Highway and
markings have also been provided in the design of the roads to enhance safety. Accra New town road at relatively very close intervals.
These two roads which also experienced high delays and congestion during the morning and evening peaks
were also assessed for the average bus journeys along the route which also identified major bottlenecks within
the corridors.
The Consultant upon assessing the collected information has proposed a comprehensive traffic management
scheme for these two routes. As a result, access to the main roads from some link roads have been restricted to
reduce their impacts; link roads which were identified to be cul‐de‐sacs were however allowed access.
Other traffic management strategies such as creation of one way systems have also been proposed along
certain streets.
A parallel route has also been identified for the Accra New Town Road which can also serve commuters who
wish to access the Obasanjo Highway from one end of the New Town or wish to access the Ring Road Central.
A model of the project road taking into consideration the traffic management schemes proposed was done
using the traffic modelling software "SYNCHRO" to analyze the arterial road performance with these newly
proposed strategies in place. The necessary improvements were made to the intersection geometries and a
simulation of the model run to analyze traffic movements.
Details of the proposed traffic management measures for all the project roads have been shown in the traffic
management drawings found in Appendix 3 (soft format). In addition, the traffic management and signal
design and timing for all project lots are included in the drawing package of each lot. These drawings show the
traffic management plan, signal phasing, signal timing, cycle times in the AM and PM periods, and design of
signal facilities
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7.2 Traffic Management schemes for Accra New Town Road
Concerning the Accra New Town Road, as shown in traffic management drawings, the traffic management 2‐ Traffic signals were proposed to control the main junctions along the route of Dansoman Highway such
scheme can be summarized into the following points: as junctions of Winneba Road (point 1), point 30, Tembaland Junction (point 64), and Old Dansoman
High St. (points 78 and 79). The traffic signal design includes the number of phases, the traffic flow in
1‐ Traffic signals will control the main junctions along the route of New Town Road such as junctions of each phase, the green time of each phase, and the total cycle time are shown in the traffic signal
Achimota Road (point 38), Asafoatse Road (point 31), two staggered junctions at points 30 a and 30 b, drawings. The signals design were conducted to regulate the traffic at these junctions and provide the
Hill St. (point 17), Goodwill Road (point 9), Faanofa Road (point 7), and Nsawam Road (point 1). The highest level of service and the minimum delay times for all turns at these junctions. Results of analysis
traffic signal design includes the number of phases, the traffic flow in each phase, the green time of by SYNCHRO software have been shown in traffic signal drawings.
each phase, and the total cycle time are shown in the traffic signal drawings. The signals design were
conducted to regulate the traffic at these junctions and provide the highest level of service and the
minimum delay times for all turns at these junctions. Results of analysis by SYNCHRO software have 3‐ Several junctions along the Dansoman Highway were proposed to operate as right in and right out on
been shown in traffic signal drawings of each lot. the service road without any effect on the through traffic on the main corridor such as points 2, 3, 8, 9,
10, 12, 13, etc.
2‐ Several junctions along the New Town Road in Accra are proposed to operate by priority as shown in
the traffic management drawings. These junctions will work properly without traffic signal. The levels of 4‐ Unsignalized roundabouts were proposed at some junctions such as points 6, Third Road (point 35),
service have been tested according to capacity analysis conducted by SYNCHRO. These junctions are and Guggisberg Ave. (point 65).
such as New Town Ln (point 2), Senya Brokum Road (point 18), point 25, 1st Kotobabi Road (point 35),
etc.
5‐ The traffic management also proposed one way system for few roads at the northern zone of
Dansoman adjacent zone as shown in the traffic management drawings to facilitate the traffic
3‐ Unsignalized roundabouts were proposed at some junctions such as Maamboni Hight Road (points 29 movements and reduce the conflicts.
and30), point 24, Odorkor Road (point19), Koka Ave. (point 4)
6‐ Since Dansoman Highway has several successive minor junctions that may cause a lot of interruption to
4‐ The traffic management also proposed one way system for several roads at the north western zone of the main traffic flow, some minor junctions were proposed to be blocked and traffic interaction
New Town Road to facilitate the traffic movements and reduce the conflicts. These roads are such as between these roads and the main corridor should be prevented. As shown in the traffic management
1stclose, 2nd close, 3rd close, 4th close, 5th close, 6th close, and 4th Asafoatse Mankate Link. drawings, these junctions are such as points 4, 5, 7, 11, 17, 19, 20, etc.
5‐ Another one way system was also proposed at the south eastern zone of New Town Road as shown in
the traffic management drawings which included Elohant Walk, Adomi St., and others.
6‐ Since the New Town Road has several successive minor junctions that may cause a lot of interruption to
the main traffic flow, some minor junctions were proposed to be blocked and traffic interaction
between these roads and the main corridor should be prevented. As shown in the traffic management
drawings, these junctions are such as Homowo Ave. (point 8), point 10, Akpapa Road (point 12), Suhum
St. (point 15), Dadzie Road (point 33), etc.
7.3 Traffic Management schemes for Dansoman Highway
Concerning the Dansoman Highway, as shown in traffic management drawings, the traffic management scheme
can be summarized into the following points:
1‐ A service road is proposed on each side along Dansoman Highway to separate the through traffic
movement away from the local traffic that may conflict and interrupt the through traffic on the main
corridor.
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8 Materials Investigations & Pavement Design A short dry spell from mid‐July to mid‐August separates the peaks. Mean air temperature is estimated
at 27oC while relative humidity generally exceeds 92% during the night and early morning and ranges
8.1 General
between 55% and 75% during daytime.
8.1.1 Introduction
The mean annual rainfall for Kumasi is estimated at 1520mm, with mean annual runoff estimated at
Pavement materials and geotechnical investigations were carried out along the study roads. As part of between 125mm and 250mm depending site specific parameters.
the study, a detailed survey of the existing pavement materials was carried out in order to ascertain The mean annual pan evaporation in the area is estimated at 1500mm for a 1240mm x 900mm x
the strength and thicknesses of the various layers constituting the pavement structure. The subgrade 425mm pan.
strengths were also determined along new road alignments.
8.1.3 Geology
8.1.2 Climate
The Dansoman area of Accra is underlain by alluvial and colluvial deposits. These are mostly sand,
The Accra‐Tema area experiences two rainfall seasons within the year. The major rainy season starts occasionally silt and gravel and are always intensely laterized.
between March and April and lasts until mid‐July. During which period over two‐thirds of the total
The geology of the Pokuase – Ritz – Ashalley Botwe road traverses the Togo Series up to a point then
annual rainfall may fall. The minor dry season starts from mid‐July to September. September to mid‐
enters the Dahomeyan Series. The Tema area is also underlain by the Dahomeyan Series.
November experiences the minor rainy season which is unreliable and may fail.
The Togo Series consists of quartzite, schists and in certain places shales and phyllites. The Togo Series
The major dry season begins in November and runs through to March. During this period, the area is
being metamorphosed rocks show a very complicated structure with various folding, shear planes,
subjected to the Northeast trade winds referred to as the ‘Harmattan’.
faults etc.
Great variability exists in the annual and monthly total amounts of rainfall and between onsets of the
The Tema area is generally underlain by the rocks of the Dahomeyan System, which form the
rainy season from year to year. The high humidity helps mitigate the severity of the dry season.
basement complex of Ghana, and consist mainly of acid and basic gneisses and schists of middle
The rainfall in the Accra‐Tema area varies considerably every year, but a range of 760 – 1020 mm can Precambrian age.
be considered average. The degree of saturation of surface soils in the area reaches almost 100
percent in May‐June. The period between January and March is comparatively dry, and the maximum The Kumasi area is underlain by rocks of the Lower Birimian System, consisting principally of phyllites,
desiccation from surface soils takes place during this period. greywackes and schists, intruded in places by quartz veins and stringers and massive granitic
batholiths which are, in turn often cut by pegmatite veins. Indeed, a substantial part of the city of
The lowest and highest annual mean temperatures in the Accra‐Tema area are 27oC and 30oC Kumasi is underlain by the so‐called Kumasi granitic batholith.
respectively. The highest temperatures are usually between February and April, just before the start
The project area has been mapped by MURRAY (1961) as being underlain by granitic rocks belonging
of the monsoons, the lowest being normally in July and August.
to the batolith which is a post‐Birimian intrusive of Pre‐Cambrian age. However no rock outcrops are
The relative humidity in Accra is usually above 90 percent throughout the year in the mornings and at visible on the project site. Residual soils formed as a result of the chemical decomposition of the
nights, and falls to about 75 percent and below in the afternoons. granites consist mainly of sand to silt‐size quartz particles in a matrix of clay formed from weathering
of the feldspar constituents, and with a mica content which is a function of the degree of weathering
The Kumasi area falls within the forest zone of Ghana with a humid tropical climate, characterized by and the amount of mica in the parent rock. Where the weathered soil profile is located in a valley, and
a relatively warm rainy and relatively cool dry season, and is determined by the movement of the subject to the availability of water, the fines are sometimes leached out, leaving deposits of relatively
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ which oscillates annually about the equator. The area is clean quartz sand and gravel.
dominated by the monsoon with the harmattan weather experienced within a short period in
December to February. Rainfall occurs mostly during the monsoon period, with occasional rains The mode of formation, mineralogy and engineering properties of residual soils in the Kumasi area
caused by the orographic effect of the hills and mountain ranges in the area. The annual pattern of have been discussed in great detail by RUDDOCK (1967). In general, residual soils derived from the
rainfall is the double peak type with the peaks occurring in June and September/October. chemical decomposition of the granites are competent as a foundation material, particularly at levels
substantially above the groundwater table, and are not associated with detrimental volcanic activity.
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8.2 Subgrade and Existing Pavement Conditions Investigation To facilitate the evaluation of the pavement integrity between the trial pits, a programme of dynamic
cone penetrometer testing was carried out at 500m intervals, using the TRL model penetrometer with
A fundamental input for our investigations and recommendations is the identification of the
the following characteristics:
engineering properties of the study roads existing structure in areas where the existing road
alignment is to be substantially maintained and the subgrade strength in areas proposed for either Weight of hammer 8 kg
road widening or road re‐alignment. To this end a pavement materials investigation was carried out Height of fall of hammer 575 mm
using modern pavement investigation techniques as represented by visual appraisal, trial pitting and
Cone diameter 20 mm
sampling, dynamic cone penetrometer testing and laboratory testing. Details of the various activities
are given in the following sections. Cone apex angle 60o
Prior to the performance of the test at each point on the road, the zero reading of the penetrometer
was determined by standing the assembled equipment at the test point and noting the zero reading
8.2.1 Visual Appraisal after ensuring that the equipment is vertical. The dynamic cone penetrometer tests were performed
by taking readings of cone penetration after a number of blows usually 10, depending on the strength
A visual assessment of the study roads was carried from a moving vehicle. At sections showing severe
of the layer being penetrated, the tests being terminated at depths of about 900 mm wherever
distress, the assessment was carried out on foot.
possible. At some test points, the test had to be terminated because the cone rested on a boulder or
8.2.2 Trial Pits some other hard formation. The number of blows was plotted directly against depth, corrected by the
zero reading taken at the start of the test. The following information was obtained from the graphs:
In order to investigate the pavement structure and subgrade condition, trial pits were excavated at
selected locations along the study roads, the sites were chosen to give representative coverage of the The thickness of the various layers of the pavement and subgrade layers by noting
various topographic and drainage conditions present. The trial pits were located on alternating edges the depths corresponding to changes in gradient of the curve, and
of the road in order to minimise traffic interruption and also to facilitate identification of zones of The CBR’s of the various layers.
weakness along the shoulders.
Figure 8.1: A completed trial pit on Accra Newtown Road Figure 8.2: Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing using TRL equipment on Pokuase – Motorway Road
8.2.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Tesing (DCPT)
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Arterial Road Development Project
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8.2.4 Recovery of Samples The visual examination of the samples and the results of the classification tests constituted the basis
on which the various samples were grouped to form “soil families” covering continuous road sections.
Selected bulk disturbed samples were taken from the trial pits. The samples were placed in air‐tight
Laboratory compaction tests, using the modified AASHTO level of compaction and California Bearing
plastic bags, labelled, carefully packed and transported to the laboratory.
Ratio (CBR) tests were performed on these samples. Compaction and CBR tests were also separately
The entire sampling operation was carried out under the supervision of qualified Pavement Engineers, performed on individual samples which did not fall into any identifiable group.
and appropriate measures were taken to ensure that the samples arrived in the laboratory with the
minimum amount of disturbance and moisture loss.
8.3 Constructional Material Investigations
Investigations were carried out to identify potential suitable sources of natural gravel material, sand
and rock materials. The details of these investigations are given in the following sections.
8.3.1 Investigations for Potential Natural Gravel Borrow Areas
The potential gravel borrow areas were initially surveyed to establish a rectangular exploration grid of
sides varying between 30m and 50m depending on the extent of the borrow area. At selected points
on the grid, trial pits were dug to expose the profile soil.
The stratigraphies revealed by the various trial pits were carefully logged, with particular reference to;
I. Thickness of overburden or unsuitable material
II. Thickness of suitable gravel material
After a careful inspection of the material exposed by all the trial pits, samples were taken at each
borrow area such that composite samples of the gravel deposit were obtained.
8.3.1.1 Laboratory Tests on Borrow Materials
Figure 8.3: Sampling from trial pit at Agbogba Junction All the gravel samples taken from the borrow areas were subjected to the following tests:
Natural moisture content
Sieve analysis
8.2.5 Laboratory Testing
Atterberg limits
The following tests were carried out on all the individual samples;
On the basis of the results of these identification tests, soil mixtures were formed for the performance
Natural moisture content
of compaction and CBR tests.
Sieve analysis by wet sieving
Atterberg limits.
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Arterial Road Development Project
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b. Thickness of overburden and the gravel layer Intermediate material is only suitable provided it is approved by the Engineer and if it has
c. Estimated quantities of the overburden to be removed and the suitable gravel available Plasticity Index less than 30%. It must be identified prior to the design stage of the wall.
d. A table summarising the relevant highway engineering properties of the gravel and an
engineering assessment of the gravel deposit.
8.3.2 Earthworks
In broad terms, it is anticipated that there will be few problems with the selection and compaction of
bulk earthworks to the required standards and with the stability of any cut slopes. One possible
exception could be the residual soils formed over phyllites and schists. These soils are generally silts or
clayey silts and rock flour, pink, purple or white in colour and often micaceous. They are weak,
especially when inundated, and therefore provide poor subgrades and are extremely susceptible to
erosion. The phyllites and schists are associated with the Togo series and Birrimian and are therefore
only likely to be encountered in the vicinity of Pokuase and sections of the Pencil Factory road.
8.3.2.1 Selected Fill Material
The Ministry of roads and Highways Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works for selected fill
requires the following:
Liquid Limit < 30% Percentage Passing Percentage Finer Than Plasticity Index Type
% Passing 75 micron sieve ≤ 30% 80 μm (%) (%)
CBR swell ≤ 1.5%
Although, a CBR value is not specified, a CBR of 10% is normally acceptable for selected fill material. < 12%
Selected fill can be obtained within economic haulage distances in the study areas. GRANULAR
< 12%
8.3.2.2 Reinforced Earth Fill Material
12 tom 35%
All selected material that will used as fill behind the panels in the Reinforced Earth volume shall >35%
comply with the following grading and chemical properties. < 30 INTERMEDIATE
> 35% < 12%
i. Grading
The material that is used as Reinforced Earth fill in Reinforced Earth structures shall fall within
the white portion of the graph and also comply with the requirements of the table below. For
Modular Concrete Block structures, the maximum particle size shall not exceed 100mm.
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Arterial Road Development Project
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ii. Chemical and Electro‐chemical Properties 8.3.3.2 Subbase Gravel
The Ministry of roads and Highways Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works for selected fill
The fill material shall comply with the following chemical requirements.
requires the following:
CLASS OF MATERIAL
TEST CLASS A CLASS B
Material Properties Requirements
CBR (%) 40
Resistivity (ohm‐mm) ≥ 10 000 ≥ 30 000
CBR Swell (%) 0.5
Grading
pH 5 to 10 5 to 10
BS Sieve Size (mm) % Passing Sieve Size
75 100
Chlorides (ppm) ≤ 200 ≤ 100
37.5 80 – 100
20 75 – 100
Sulphates (ppm) ≤ 1 000 ≤ 500
10 45 – 90
5.0 30 – 75
Sulphides (ppm) ≤ 300 ≤ 100 2.0 20 – 50
The resistivity shall be determined in accordance with the method described by the patent 0.425 8 – 33
holder.
0.075 5 – 22
The project specifications will determine whether Class A or Class B shall apply.
Grading Modulus (min) 1.5
Maximum size (mm) 75
8.3.3 Pavement Materials
Atterberg Limits
8.3.3.1 General
Liquid Limit (%) max 30
From the test results, it is possible to make an assessment of the quality of naturally occurring gravels Plasticity Index (%) max 14
within the study areas.
Linear Shrinkage (%) max 7
The particle size distributions indicate that the gravels generally exhibit a medium to coarse gravel
Plasticity Modulus (max) 250
content that is low. A number of the distributions also show a tendency to be gap‐graded in the
medium sand size.
The laboratory compaction characteristics show a broad correlation with California Bearing Ratio A high proportion of the test results meet the specified requirements for subbase. Some samples
(CBR): increasing Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and decreasing Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) exhibit a liquid limit in excess of the specified 30%, but in most cases this is only marginal.
with increasing CBR. It is considered that adequate naturally occurring gravels that satisfy subbase requirements can be
located within the study areas at reasonable haul distances.
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A reasonable proportion of the samples tested proved suitable for base course gravel. However, a
proportion of these exhibit Atterberg Limits and percentages of fines which fall outside the specified
8.3.3.3 Base Gravel
requirements.
The Ministry of roads and Highways Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works for selected fill
From the test results, it is concluded that base quality gravels can be located within the study area but
requires the following:
that great care will be required in selection and stockpiling to ensure that good quality gravels are not
contaminated with poorer material from lower within a gravel horizon.
Material Properties Requirements
CBR (%) 80
8.3.4 Investigation of Sources of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
CBR Swell (%) 0.25
8.3.4.1 Potential Sand Pits
Grading
Potential sand borrow areas were located and explored within the study areas. Due to environmental
BS Sieve Size (mm) % Passing Sieve Size
restrictions, the studies were concentrated on existing sand pits with the possibility of expansion.
75 100
The test results showed that all the sand pits are suitable for the production of structural concrete
37.5 80 – 100 apart from the sand pits in the Kumasi area. It is recommended to blend sand from these sources with
20 60 – 85 quarry dust in order to meet the required criteria for concreting sands.
10 45 – 70
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T104 and ASTM D1644‐80 respectively. All the other tests were performed in accordance with
methods stipulated in the various sections of the British Standard BS 812 (1985).
8.4.2 Accra Newtown Road/Hill Street
The results of the various tests are given in the Appendix. Brief descriptions of the outcrops where the
quarries are located are provided below: These are single carriageway paved roads. These roads have been constructed over the years using
stage construction. Some trial pits revealed a lower surface dressing beneath the road base layer.
A characteristic feature of the surface of these roads is their irregularity. The occurrence of surface
Shai Hills Outcrop
potholes is frequent. After local stripping of the bitumen skin the surface layer works loose and is
The Shai Hills outcrop is a Garnet Hornblende GNEISS belonging to the Dahomeyan formation. The eventually removed leaving shallow potholes. Where these shallow potholes remain unpatched they
rock is relatively fresh, showing only occasional discoloration (iron staining) along discontinuity grow larger. The ingress of rainwater and subsequent softening of the subgrade accelerates the
surfaces. There is practically no overburden which, together with the foliated nature, enhances the process of failure.
economics of quarrying.
8.4.3 Tema Hospital Road
This is mainly a single carriageway paved road but with some areas being dual carriageway.
Ablekuma/Nsawam Outcrop
The occurrence of surface potholes is frequent. These potholes have been patched over the years in
The Ablekuma and Nsawam outcrops are made of coarse‐grained whitish‐grey GRANITE. The rock is an ad hoc fashion. The patched areas are distinctly weaker than the original construction and are
relatively fresh. characterised by a high degree of settlement and longitudinal rutting, frequent shear failures and
considerable ravelling.
The Odumase outcrop is made of Quarzitic SCHIST material. These are single carriageway paved link roads. The surfacing of these roads is more regular than the
main Hospital road.
This outcrop is a granitic intrusion in the Kumasi area. It is located about 20km north of Kumasi on the This road is tarred from the Pokuase Junction on the Accra Nsawam road to the ACP estate junction
Kumasi – Mampong road. The rocks are light to dark grey GRANITES and GRANITIC GNEISSES, with a and also from Agbogba Junction to Ashalley Botwe. The portions in between are gravel roads.
minimum weathering. Although the surfacing of the tarred sections are good condition, the pavement layers and subgrade
Aggregates produced from these quarries along all these outcrops meet all the requirements for are not that strong. The section from Ashalley Botwe to the Accra/Tema Motorway is an earth road
surfacing aggregates and concrete works. with very moist clayey subgrade.
8.4.6 Pencil Factory Road
. This road section is an earth road and there is some gravel cover in some areas. The subgrade is in
good condition.
8.4 Pavement Condition Survey
There is swampy/marshy area between Ch. 5+100 – Ch. 5+300 which will require special treatment.
8.4.1 Dansoman Highway/Guggisberg Avenue
These are single carriageway paved roads. The road from Sakaman Junction (Ch. 0+000) to around Ch.
2+500 has an asphaltic concrete surface which is in a very good condition. The remaining portions
have surface dressing surfacing. The surface dressing portions are badly potholed thereby allowing
ingress of water into the pavement structure.
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The following ESAL have been adopted to convert the 24‐hour AADT to equivalent standard axle loads
per day (ESAD) in both directions. These are given in the table below:
Commercial Traffic Composition ESAL
Large Buses 12.53
Light Trucks 1.25
Medium Trucks 9.88
Heavy Trucks 22.53
Semi‐Trailers (Heavy) 16.17
Truck Trailers 25.59
Extra Large Trucks and Others 54.89
Figure 8.4: Accra Newtown road showing potholes, corrugations and broken edges
8.5.4 Computation of Cummulative Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA)
8.5 Pavement Design
The formula derived in the Transport Research Laboratory Report 1132 (TRL LR1132): The Structural
The pavement design has been divided into two major pavement types; flexible pavement design for
Design of Bituminous Roads was used with modification for the computation of the ESA. The
the carriageway and concrete block paving design for the lay‐bys.
modified equation is as below:
8.5.1 Flexible Pavement Design
ESA = 365 x ESAD x (1+r)n – 1 x P r
The design procedure is based on the analysis of all the data obtained from the subgrade and existing
Where,
pavement investigations in addition to the traffic data obtained as part of the this study.
8.5.2 Traffic ESA = Cumulative equivalent standard axles at the end of the design life
ESAD= initial 24‐hour equivalent standard axles per day in both directions at the base year
The traffic data used were based on the results of the traffic studies undertaken as part of this project.
r = traffic growth rate
The daily volumes of traffic for design were computed using the current traffic, comprising existing
traffic and attracted or diverted traffic, and increase in traffic consisting of normal traffic, generated n = the design life; and
traffic and development related traffic expected after rehabilitation or construction of the proposed P = proportion of equivalent standard axles using the slow lane.
roads.
For example, using the values for Dansoman Highway,
ESAD = 1,866
8.5.3 Equivalent Standard Axle Load Factors (ESAL)
r = 3.0%
Axle load surveys were not undertaken as part of this project but results from recent axle load surveys
n = 20 years
carried out in various cities in the country have been used for our analysis.
P = 7%
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ESA = 365 x 1,866 x (1+0.03)20 ‐ 1 x 0.07 a. The subgrade strength (CBR) of the existing roads and areas of new road alignment
0.03 b. Traffic data and computation of the cumulative number of equivalent standard axles
that will use the road over the selected deign life.
= 365 x 1,866 x 26.87 x 0.07
c. Selection of the most economical combination of pavement materials and layer thicknesses
6
= 1.28 x 10 for both directions. that will provide satisfactory service over the design life of the pavement.
In accordance with TRL Road Note 31 the above falls within traffic class T3. 8.5.5.1 Dansoman Highway
The Cummulative Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA) for the various roads are given in the following
The existing road pavement has been analysed below using based on the results of our investigations
table.
and the procedures in the Transport Research Laboratory Overseas Road Note 31. :
Name of Road AADT ESAD ESA Min. Subgrade CBR (%)
Mininimum
Dansoman Highway 343 1,866 1,280,933 13 AADT ESAD ESA
SubgradeCBR (%)
Guggisberg Avenue 47 249 170,950 6 343 1,866 1,280,933 13
The existing road pavement has been analysed below using based on the results of our investigations
and the procedures in the Transport Research Laboratory Overseas Road Note 31. :
8.5.5 Pavement Layer Thicknesses
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA
The Transport Research Laboratory Overseas Road Note 31: A Guide to the Structural Design of CBR (%)
Bitumen‐Surfaced Roads in Tropical and Sub‐Tropical Countries pavement design method was 47 249 170,950 6
adopted for this study. This design procedure is based on the following:
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From the above data, this road falls within the T1 traffic class and S3 subgrade strength class. In areas of new road alignment, the full pavement structure has to be constructed.
Due to the poor subgrade and the relatively high cumulative traffic volumes expected over the design
period, it is recommended that only minimal residual strength be accorded to the existing pavement
8.5.5.4 Hill Street
layers. It is further recommended that a new full pavement design be used, with reprocessing of the
existing materials where appropriate. The following pavement design is thus recommended: Computing the ESA as before, we have:
Double surface dressing
Mininimum Subgrade
150mm Granular roadbase, G80 AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
150mm Granular subbase, G40 80 726 409,457 23
The low lying areas require additional cover (selected fill) to make levels.
8.5.5.3 Accra Newtown Road From the above data, this road falls within the T2 traffic class and S5 subgrade strength class.
With the good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement
The existing pavement structure has been analysed below based on the results from our study and the
design:
procedures given in the Transport Research Laboratory Overseas Road Note 31. Based on the AADT,
the ESAD was calculated and the TRL LR1132 formula was used to compute the ESA as given in the Double surface dressing
table below: 150mm Granular roadbase, G80
Mininimum Subgrade 100mm Granular subbase, G40
AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
450 3,315 2,276,108 9 8.5.5.5 Tema Hospital Road
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
From the above data, this road falls within the T4 traffic class and the subgrade classification varies the table below:
between S4 and S6. An S4 design has been chosen for the full length of this road. Although the CBR
values of the existing layers are high, this is an old road which has potholed badly and patched at Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA
certain locations with others open to the ingress of water. We recommend that only minimal residual CBR (%)
strength be accorded to the existing pavement layers. 1,110 10,851 7,449,510 8
It is further recommended that a new full pavement design be used, with reprocessing of the existing
materials where appropriate.
From the above data, this road falls within the T6 traffic class and the subgrade classification varies
The recommended pavement design is given below:
between S4 and S6. An S4 design has been chosen for the full length of this road. Although the CBR
50mm Asphaltic concrete wearing course values of the existing layers are high, this is an old road which has potholed badly and patched at
50mm Asphaltic concrete binder certain locations with others open to the ingress of water. These failures have been caused by poor
150mm Crushed stone base, stone class A subgrade. We recommend that only minimal residual strength be accorded to the existing pavement
layers.
200mm Granular subbase, G40
The existing basecourse must be scarified and re‐compacted to 95% Mod AASHTO MDD, formed to
line and level and the subbase layer can be reduced to 100mm.
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With the good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement 200mm Granular roadbase, G80
design: 200mm Granular subbase, G40 (The existing pavement layers are to be used for this)
50mm Asphaltic concrete wearing course
50mm Asphaltic concrete binder th
8.5.5.8 5 Avenue
200mm Crushed stone base, stone class A
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
200mm Granular subbase, G40
the table below:
In areas of new road alignment, the full pavement structure has to be constructed.
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
8.5.5.6 Hermann Gmeiner Road 144 1,087 746,304 10
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
the table below: From the above data, this road falls within the T3 traffic class and S4 subgrade strength class. With the
good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement design:
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA Double surface dressing
CBR (%)
99 619 425,134 8 200mm Granular roadbase, G80
150mm Granular subbase, G40 (The existing pavement layers are to be used for this)
From the above data, this road falls within the T2 traffic class and S4 subgrade strength class. With the th
8.5.5.9 6 Avenue
good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement design:
Double surface dressing The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
150mm Granular roadbase, G80 the table below:
175mm Granular subbase, G40 (The existing pavement layers are to be used for this)
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
rd
8.5.5.7 3 Avenue 580 4,258 2,923,033 9
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
From the above data, this road falls within the T4 traffic class and S4 subgrade strength class. With the
the table below:
good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement design:
AADT ESAD ESA Mininimum Subgrade Double surface dressing
CBR (%)
200mm Granular roadbase, G80
224 2,632 1,807,215 8
200mm Granular subbase, G40 (The existing pavement layers are to be used for this)
From the above data, this road falls within the T4 traffic class and S4 subgrade strength class. With the
good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement design:
Double surface dressing
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8.5.5.10 Route 51 8.5.5.12 Ashalley Botwe – Accra/Tema Motorway Road Section
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
the table below: the table below:
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA Mininimum Subgrade
CBR (%) AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
372 3,774 2,590,919 8
784 6,196 5,699,378 4
From the above data, this road falls within the T4 traffic class and S4 subgrade strength class. With the
This road section is untarred but has some gravel cover up to around the University Farms junction
good condition of the existing layers, it is possible to recommend the following pavement design:
but generally the subgrade soils are weak and wet.
Double surface dressing
From the above data, the pavement can be designed as a T6 on S2 with the resulting pavement
200mm Granular roadbase, G80
structure:
200mm Granular subbase, G40 (The existing pavement layers are to be used for this)
50mm Asphaltic concrete wearing course
50mm Asphaltic concrete binder
8.5.5.11 Pokuase – Ashalley Botwe Road Section
200mm Crushed stone base, stone class A
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in 250mm Granular subbase, G40
the table below:
200mm Selected fill
Mininimum Subgrade
AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
784 6,196 5,699,378 8 8.5.5.13 Pencil Factory Road
The traffic classification was determined using the same approach. The results obtained are shown in
There are sections of the existing road which are tarred (Pokuase to ACP Estate Junction and Agbogba the table below:
Junction to Ashalley Botwe) but the quality of the pavement layers are not adequate, the sections in Mininimum Subgrade
between are gravel roads up to formation level. Majority of the areas of new alignment, have not yet AADT ESAD ESA
CBR (%)
been ‘formed’. Thus it is recommended to reconstruct this section. 5260 44, 826 41,235,537 11
From the above data, the pavement can be designed as a T6 on S4 with the resulting pavement
structure: This road section is a gravel surface road. The subgrade is in good condition. With the good condition
50mm Asphaltic concrete wearing course of the subgrade, the pavement can be designed as a T8 on S4 with the following resulting pavement
50mm Asphaltic concrete binder structure:
200mm Crushed stone base, stone class A 50mm Asphaltic concrete wearing course
200mm Granular subbase, G40 100mm Asphaltic concrete binder
250mm Crushed stone base, stone class A
In areas of new road alignment, use selected fill to make up levels 175mm Granular subbase, G40
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The swampy/marshy area between CH. 5+100 – CH. 5+300 must be given the following treatment; Standard penetration tests (SPT) were performed in accordance with ASTM D1586‐99 and BS 5930
during the drilling of the boreholes. In this test, a 63.5kg hammer was used to drive a standard split
a. The area must be drained if possible by constructing ditches and temporary culverts spoon a total distance of 450mm. The number of blows to drive the last 300mm was recorded as the
b. Vegetation and unsuitable material must be removed N‐value.
c. Embankment of road at this location must be formed with free draining rockfill of maximum
size 400mm
d. The embankment must be completed above the water level by 500mm with normal rockfill.
8.6 Bridge Site Investigation
A number of grade separated interchanges with bridges have been proposed in the project.
Geotechnical investigations were therefore carried out at the locations of these bridges. The complete
geotechnical investigation programme consisted of desk studies, sub‐surface exploration and
laboratory testing. The details of these activities are given in the following sections
8.6.1 Desk Studies
A comprehensive review of the pertinent available published literature relating to the geology,
seismicity and geotechnology of the project area, in particular, was undertaken as part of the study.
Information from sources on previous geotechnical investigations in the project area was reviewed. To
complement the data acquired from the desk study, a walkover survey was also undertaken over the
entire bridge site, in order to identify the existence of any obvious areas of unfavourable sub‐surface
Figure 8.5: Percussion drilling at Pokuase Junction
conditions. The findings of the desk studies are presented in relevant portions of this report.
8.6.2 Location Survey of Investigation Points
The investigation points were located so as to obtain enough information for the foundation design of
the bridges.
8.6.3 Sub‐surface Exploration
The sub‐surface exploration programme consisted of percussion drilling, excavation of trial pits and
the performance of dynamic cone penetrometer tests. Details of the various activities are given in the
following sections.
8.6.3.1 Drilling of Boreholes
Boreholes at various locations to rock formation were sunk using a 1.5‐ton mobile cable percussion‐
boring rig (“Pilcon Wayfarer”) specially designed for ground investigation works. The percussion
boreholes were drilled using a 150mm diameter percussion cable tool through a 200mm caisson to
prevent collapse of the borehole if groundwater is encountered.
Figure 8.6: Percussion drilling at Ritz Junction
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8.6.3.2 Sinking of Trial Pit 8.6.3.4 Recovery of Soil Samples
A number of trial pits were sunk manually to a maximum depth of 3.0m at each bridge site to enable a Both disturbed and undisturbed samples were taken at appropriate levels from the boreholes and trial
good visual examination of the sub‐soil formation to be carried out. The sub‐surface conditions pits. The disturbed soil samples were placed in air‐tight plastic bags, while the undisturbed soil
revealed by the trial pit were carefully logged by a qualified Geotechnical Engineer. samples were recovered in thin‐walled U100 core‐cutters and sealed with wax to prevent the loss of
moisture. Fresh groundwater samples were also taken and sealed in air‐tight sampling bottles in
accordance with recommended practice. The entire sampling operation was carried out under the
8.6.3.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing (DCPT) supervision of a qualified Geotechnical Engineer, and appropriate measures were taken to ensure that
the samples arrived in the laboratory with the minimum amount of disturbance and moisture loss.
In order to evaluate the spatial and vertical variations in strength properties of the surficial soils and
also determine the allowable bearing capacity of the surficial soils with depth, dynamic cone 8.6.3.5 Laboratory Exploration
penetrometer testing (DCPT) was carried out close to each borehole and trial pit using a light dynamic
Routine soil identification, classification and strength tests were performed on selected disturbed soil
cone penetrometer device made to German Specifications (DIN 4094). The details of the
samples recovered during the investigations. It was not possible to obtain good undisturbed samples
penetrometer are given below:
for the performance of undrained triaxial compression test and one‐dimensional consolidation test.
Weight of Hammer 10kg
All laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with methods stipulated in the latest British
Weight of Anvil 6kg
Standards (BS 1377: 1990) and other pertinent standards for the testing of soils for civil engineering
Height of fall of Hammer 500mm
purposes.
Cone Diameter 24mm
Cone Surface Area 5cm2
Apex Angle of Cone 30o
8.6.4 Discussion of the Results of the Sub‐Surface Exploration
The dynamic cone penetration “r”, defined as the number of blows required to advance the cone by
8.6.4.1 Surficial Soils
10cm, determined at the various elevations, may be converted into ultimate bearing capacities (qult)
using the Dutch formula (SANGLERAT, 1972) with the approximate expression: The sub‐surface conditions at Pokuase and Kwabenya bridge sites have a thin layer of hard sandy or
silty clay which is considered a drift material. At the Pokuase site, this layer is underlain by a thick
qult = 30r (kPa)
layer of laterized quartz gravel. It is considered that quartz in these layers is a weathered product of
Thus an estimate of the bearing capacity may be obtained at any desired depth, using the appropriate bedrock mixed with transported sandy and silty clay. The sandy silty clay are laterized, due to the
values of the dynamic penetration, “r”. impregnation of iron of iron oxide derived from the bedrock as a result of continuos wetting and
dessication. The hydrated iron within the pores acts as a cemented material and turns the soil mass
It can also be shown that the dynamic cone penetrations, “r” may be converted into standard into hard lateritic layers. Due to the leaching of the upper layers of gravel, the material is generally
penetration blow counts. (N‐values) using the following relationship. less plastic near the surface, but increases with depth. The quartz structure clearly indicates stress,
folding and pressure within the profile. The weathered mica makes the soil layers within the profile
N= 0.8r
very soft, expansive and compressible in some areas. The Kwabenya site is underlain by very hard
The dynamic cone penetrometer testing was terminated where there was obvious “refusal” as rocks which are resistant to weathering and possess good bearing capacity.
indicated by the “jumping” of the penetrometer rods or where the dynamic penetration “r” exceeded
The drilling programme undertaken as part of this investigation at Agbogba Junction, Ritz Junction and
50. The dynamic penetration “r” has been plotted as a function of depth in Figs. 8 to 10 to give
Motorway bridge sites revealed that although these areas lie within the Dahomeyan Series, the
qualitative indication of the variations in the competence of the foundation soils with depth.
superficial deposits vary considerably with depth. The Agbogba and Ritz junction sites have a layer of
deposited material comprising sands, silty sand, silty sand with gravel and boulders.
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The deposited material is underlain by a mottled heavy clay layer which is a product of the insitu 8.6.5.1 Allowable Bearing Capacity and Depth
weathering of micaceous GNEISS and SCHIST. The clay shows the presence of fine angular quartz
The tables below give the bearing capacity at various depths at each bridge site.
pieces, uniformly distributed within the layers.
Pokuase Bridge Site
The basic sequence of surficial soils underlying the Tema Motorway bridge site consists typically of a
light greyish brown fine sandy CLAY overlying a hard light grey to reddish brown decomposed GNEISS
and a dense grey to light reddish brown weathered GNEISS which is further underlain by hard,
Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of
fractured and foliated iron stained dark grey weathered to fresh GNEISS. The clayey soil has very poor
No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks
foundation properties because it expands and contracts according to moisture contents.
Value Capacity Reaction
8.6.4.2 Groundwater kPa MN/m3
GWL (0.85)
Groundwater was encountered in some of the boreholes at some bridge sites as indicated on the
borehole logs. Since the investigations were undertaken at the end of the major rainy season, 1.00 – 1.50 5 5 20 4.5
fluctuations in water levels should be expected with variations in factors such as the season,
precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff, construction activity and other similar factors. Chemical BH1 2.50 – 2.95 2 2 10 2
analyses of the groundwater show that the use of sulphate resisting cement for the construction of 5.05 – 5.50 17 16 130 15
the foundation and substructure would not be required.
6.50 – 6.65 >62 38.5 >360 56 Refusal
8.6.5 Recommendations for Foundation Design
The analyses of bearing capacity are based on the Standard Penetration Tests. Due to the granular
nature of most of the soils encountered at probable foundation depths, it was not possible to recover
“undisturbed samples” for laboratory shear strength tests.
The SPT tests were done using an automatic trip donut hammer and should be corrected to the N 60
values as detailed in “Performance and use of Standard Penetration Test in Geotechnical Engineering
Practice”
Using C E = 1.0 for the sites, therefore, no correction is required.
The following recommendations for the design of the foundations of the proposed bridges/overpasses
are based on the findings of this investigation, supplemented with relevant experience with the
engineering behaviour of the residual soils in these areas.
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Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of The prevailing geological conditions at the site and the importance of the proposed structure as a
No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks lifeline structure require the use of deep foundations for this structure. The following
Value Capacity Reaction recommendations are therefore made for this structure:
kPa MN/m3
a. The use of bored piles therefore is recommended to a minimum depth of 13.5m with an
1.00 – 1.50 56 56 510 50
allowable bearing capacity of 360 kPa.
2.50 – 2.95 15 15 120 14 b. Raft foundations are feasible for retaining walls at a depth of between 1.50 – 2.00m with
an allowable bearing capacity of 120 kPa. There may be need for foundation undercuts
GWL (3.50) which will have to be filled with concrete class 15 in order to achieve the bearing capacity
of 120 kPa.
4.35 – 4.80 11 11 80 10
There will be the need for additional rotary drilling at construction stage to confirm foundation
5.90 – 6.35 4 4 20 4
BH2 depths.
7.50 – 7.95 24 19.5 160 22
Kwabenya Bridge Site
9.00 – 9.45 50 32.5 300 45
Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of
10.50 – 10.95 58 36.5 330 52 No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks
Value Capacity Reaction
12.05 – 12.50 37 26 220 33 kPa MN/m3
13.50 – 13.95 63 39 360 57 BH1 1.00 – 1.10 60 60 550 54 Refusal
iii. Raft foundations are recommended for the retaining walls at a depth of between 1.50 – 2.00m
with an allowable bearing capacity of 480 kPa.
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Agbogba Bridge Site
7.00 – 7.45 27 21 180 24 5.50 – 5.95 65 40 370 59
8.50 – 8.70 >50 >32.5 >300 >45 Refusal 7.00 – 7.35 >50 32.5 300 45 Refusal
2.55 – 3.00 72 72 > 600 65 2.50 – 2.95 30 30 280 27
BH2
4.10 – 4.55 16 16 130 14 4.00 – 4.25 38 38 350 34
BH2
5.50 – 5.95 28 28 260 25 5.50 – 5.60 >60 60 550 54 Refusal
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.Motorway Bridge Site
1.50 – 1.95 17 17 140 15 BH4 3.00 – 3.45 18 18 150 16
3.00 – 3.45 69 69 >600 62 4.50 – 4.95 22 22 195 20
BH1
4.50 – 4.95 25 25 215 23 6.00 – 6.45 58 58 535 52 Refusal
6.05 – 6.50 36 36 320 32 1.50 –1.95 12 12 100 11
7.50 – 7.85 >50 >50 >480 45 Refusal 3.00 – 3.45 26 26 220 23
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iii. Raft foundations are feasible for the retaining walls at a depth of between 1.50 – 2.00m with 200 kPa. Foundation undercuts using concrete class 15/20 in areas around BH1 to a suitable depth will
an allowable bearing capacity of 110 kPa. be required.
Raft foundations are feasible for the retaining walls at a depth of between 1.50 – 2.00m with an
Undercutting of subgrades may be required in some areas of the site. The undercut should be allowable bearing capacity of 150 kPa.
backfilled with mass concrete class 15 to achieve the recommended safe bearing pressure of 320kPa.
Undercutting of subgrades may be required in some areas of the site around BH1. The undercut
Accra – Kumasi Road Bridge Site (St. Loius Junction) should be backfilled with mass concrete class 15 to achieve the recommended safe bearing pressure
of 150kPa.
Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of
No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks Komfo Anokye Road Bridge Site (Aboabo Junction)
Value Capacity Reaction
kPa MN/m3 Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of
2.00 – 2.45 12 12 74 11 No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks
Value Capacity Reaction
3.50 – 3.95 21 18 130 20 kPa MN/m3
1.00 – 1.45 13 13 80 12
BH1 6.50 – 6.95 23 19 142 21
2.00 – 2.45 28 28 173 25
7.50 – 7.95 24 19.5 148 22
3.00 – 3.45 35 35 216 32
9.55 – 10.00 27 21 167 24 BH1
4.00 – 4.45 40 40 247 36
7.50 – 7.95 42 42 259 38
Borehole Depth Allowable Modulus of
No. (m) N‐ N corr Bearing Subgrade Remarks 9.00 – 9.95 44 44 272 40
Value Capacity Reaction
kPa MN/m3
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9 Hydrology & Drainage
Settlement of a structure is a function of the compressibility of the natural soils, the design bearing Desk studies were conducted with the aid of topographical maps acquired from the Ghana Survey Department
pressure, loads, fill depths, and the elevation of the foundation with respect to the original ground and other hydrological data obtained. These desk studies consisted mainly of the following:
surface.
Identification of crossing points of streams along project roads and demarcation of the contributing
Considering the essentially granular nature of the soils underlying the various sites, the bulk of the catchment areas
settlement is expected to be immediate and should keep pace with the construction. Post Determination of stream lengths and slopes
construction total and differential settlements within the founding layers would therefore be
The data obtained was used in the calculation of the necessary hydrological parameters such as time of
negligible concentration, rainfall intensity, etc.
9.2.2 Field Studies
A detailed drainage condition survey has been undertaken by visual inspection along the project roads and an
inventory of the identified structures put together. During inspection, the following details were recorded
Type of drainage structure
Size
Shape
Length
Location
Physical condition
Any other additional remarks needed were also noted.
9.3 Hydrological analysis
9.3.1 General Rainfall Characteristics
The mean annual rainfall for the project roads ranges between 74 and 90 cm for the project roads within Accra;
33.4 and 142.44cm for those in Tema; 120‐ 200cm for those in Kumasi. The prime rainfall season for the project
roads regions begins in March and ends in mid‐ July.
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9.3.2 Catchment Area Road side drains designed for 15 yrs return period
Hydrological analysis of the different catchment areas has been carried out from a study of the topographical Culverts designed for 25yrs return period
maps of the project road areas. A digital planimeter was used in determining the catchment areas.
9.3.6 Section of Drains
The time of concentration is the time taken for water to travel from the remotest part of the catchment area to Table 9‐1: Manning’s Coefficients Factors for various surfaces
Concrete lined channel 00.013 ‐ 015
the entry point of the culvert. It is determined from the parameters gathered from the topographic maps. The
Sandcrete block 0.015 ‐ 0 .020
equation below is used to estimate the time of concentration, T c Masonry 0.017 ‐ 0.030
Earth new 0.018 ‐ 0.030
T c = 58.5*L Earth existing 0.022 ‐ 0.060
(60*(A0.1)*(S0.2))
Where Flow velocities in drains: Minimum velocity in all drains 0.60m/s
Maximum velocity open earth drain 1.7m/s
A= Area of catchment basin (km2)
Block masonry lined 2.5m/s
L= Length (m)
Reinforced concrete 2.5 ‐3m/s
S= Slope (m/km)
Freeboard Open drains 30% of capacity
Culverts 30% of capacity
9.3.4 Runoff Coefficient
9.4 Hydraulic analysis
During the field inventory the vegetation / ground and land use along the project road were observed.
Hydraulic capacity calculation for each culvert was carried out to ascertain the adequacy of existing culverts
Geological maps of the area were also studied in detail and the information gathered was used to estimate the
and where necessary new sizes were recommended using spreadsheet software analysis. In the spreadsheet
run off coefficient from the available and relevant tables. analysis, standard cross‐sectional areas and wetted perimeters of culverts are input to determine the hydraulic
radius, from which the flow velocity and discharge capacity are subsequently determined. Nothwithstanding, a
9.3.5 Design Standards free board of 30% is allowed for.
The standards set in the Urban and Highway drainage Design Manual developed for the Ministry of Roads and Final sizing of culvert is done when discharge capacity is found to be more than the estimated runoff.
Department of Urban Roads have been adopted. The following criteria as summarized below were adopted for
9.4.1 Culvert Size Selection Criteria
the designs
The criteria used of the drainage structures are detailed below
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1. For flow less than 10m3/sec – pipe culvert were recommended 9.4.2.2 Box Culverts:
2. For flow greater than 10m3/sec but less than 60m3/sec box culverts were recommended
3. For flows greater than 60m3/sec bridges have been recommended
9.4.2 Standard culvert sizes used
9.4.2.1 Pipe Culverts:
Figure 9.2: Typical section of Box Culvert
Table 9‐3: Standard box culvert section dimensions
Table 9‐2: Standard pipe culvert section dimensions These standard culvert sizes used were either 1No, 2No or 3No culverts depending on the discharge demand
(estimated runoff).
Pipe Diameter (D) B H T
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 9.5 Interchange drainage
600 1050 1125 75
900 1350 1425 75 9.5.1 Riding surface drainage
1200 1800 1825 100
Runoff on the road riding surface shall be collected through the V‐channels along the kerbs and drained off
1800 2600 2575 150
through PVC pipes positioned at regular intervals along the road and near the piers. PVC pipe sizes and their
intervals depend on factors such as the run‐off and the slope of the alignment.Pipes sizes range between 150‐
200mm and are spaced 5.0‐10.0m. Underpasses and the loops are provided with covered U‐drains of minimum
size 600mm by 600mm.Run‐off from the underpasses and the main corridor are collected through curb
openings and then into the covered U‐drains. The curb openings are spaced at 10.0 m intervals.The drains are
provided with man‐holeswhich are also spaced regularly at 25.0m
9.5.2 Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road Interchanges
9.5.2.1 Nsawam Road – Pokuase Junction 3 Tier Interchange
Nsawam Road which is the underpass (tunnel) is a recently constructed highway and has adequate drainage
provision to cater for the runoff needs.
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For the Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe project road which is the (overpass/bridge), side gutters are 9.5.2.5 Motorway interchange
provided along the bridge deck edge to drain of the runoff from the upstream end (East) to the downstream
section (West). The project road which is the overpass (bridge) will have triangular gutters of same cross‐slope as the travel
lane on both sides of the deck to drain the runoff. Pipes are to be placed at pier locations from an inlet box to
The Bridge ramps and loops are also provided with side gutters to drain runoff from the road surface. Ramps drain the runoff from the road to be discharged into drains along the motorway.
from the project road drain the runoff to the middle tier level which is then discharged through gutters on the
ramps from the middle tier to the Nsawam road drains. The Motorway which is the underpass is maintained at its existing level and the current drainage provision
which is a trapezoidal drain in the median is to be maintained.
gutters drain are provided along both sides of the road to drain runoff from Nsawam Road ( tunnel) through a
pipes to be discharged to the (600*600mm) covered U drain located at Chainage 0+750 on Nsawam Road All ramps and loops are provided with side gutters to collect runoff to drains along the motorway.
Adenta‐legon Road which is the underpass (tunnel) and to drain the sag in the vertical curve, four pumping
units are provided to drain runoff from the tunnel through a pump station to be discharged via force main pipe
500mm to the (600*600mm) covered U drain on the main road
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9.6.2 Structural Design for Box Culverts 9.6.2.3.2 Design Loads
9.6.2.3.2.1 Dead Loads and Earth pressure
9.6.2.1 General 9.6.2.3.2.1.1 The load on the top of culvert:
The structural design of culverts began when the Culverts survey, Hydraulic Design Report, Roadways plans Vertical load due to backfill was assumed to be uniformly distributed. The load is expressed by the following
were completed. All culverts were designed and detailed as cast‐in‐place. For the group of culverts that need equation:
extension, no as built or original structural design drawings or calculation notes were available, hence the
structural design of the extension of culverts was not depending on specific concrete dimensions with the P v = α . γ . D
assumption that all parts of the original culvert have adequate dimensions and reinforcement to safely resist all
the applied loads. Where:
P v : Load on the top of culvert
9.6.2.2 Design Standards γ : Unit weight of fill material, 1.9 t / m3
D : Height of fill above the top of the culvert
The design of civil structural works is in accordance with the following British standards: B o : Width of the box culvert
BS5400 part 1: General Statement α : Coefficient of the vertical earth pressure
BS5400 part 2: Specification for loads
BS5400 part 3: Code of practice for design of concrete bridges
BS8002: Code of practice for earth retaining structures Value of α is changed accompanied with value of D / B o
BS8004: Code of practice for foundations The relation between α and D / B o is shown in Table 9.4
BS8007: Design of Concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
Table 9.4: Relation between α and D / Bo
9.6.2.3 Design Criteria of Culverts
D / B o D / B o < 1 1 ≤ D / B o < 2 2 ≤ D / B o < 3 3 ≤ D / B o < 4 4 ≤ D / B o < 5
The scope of this statement is to clarify the loads and specifications adopted to complete the design of the
Α 1.0 1.2 1.35 1.5 1.6
culverts of Department of Urban Roads to achieve the acceptable levels of safety and endurance.
9.6.2.3.1 Allowable working Stress
Weight of the top slab of culvert:
The extended parts of the culverts are not affected by the HB loading, hence, no over‐stressing is allowed,
W d = γ c . T L t / m3
while for the new culverts which are affected by the HB loading, it was permissible in considering the effect of
HB loading to allow 25% over‐stress in compressive stress of concrete, shearing stress of concrete and tensile
Where,
stress in steel.
γ c : Unit weight of Reinforced Concrete (2.4 t / m3)
T L : Thickness of top slab (m)
9.6.2.3.2.1.2 The Bottom Reaction (q d ):
Bottom reaction assumed to be uniformly distributed and an it is expressed by the following equation:
q d = P v + W d + (2T 3 . H . γ c ) / B o
Where,
T 3 : Thickness if the side wall (m)
H : Inner Height of the box culvert
B o : Overall width of the box culvert base.
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9.6.2.3.2.2.3 Lateral Pressure to the side wall
9.6.2.3.2.1.3 The Lateral Earth pressure to the side wall (P h ):
The lateral pressure to the side wall is constant as follows
P h = K . γ . Z
P hl = 0.6 x q = 0.6 x 1.66 t /m2 = 1.00 t / m2
Where,
K : Coefficient of earth pressure where,
Z : Depth from the surface of pavement to an arbitrary point.
q : Surcharge (16.25 KN / m2) ……. B.S
It is assumed to be sufficient that the coefficient of earth pressure of backfill material for the culvert is
9.6.2.3.3 Temperature and Shrinkage effect
0.6, as the backfill material is generally crushed stone or good sandy soil.
The effect of temperature and shrinkage is neglected as culverts are constructed underground.
9.6.3 Design output
9.6.2.3.2.2 Live Load:
9.6.2.3.2.2.1 Vertical Load on Top Slab 9.6.3.1 Calculation Notes
The chosen number of units of the HB loading adapted as live load is 37.5 units; the live load per meter of the The calculation notes for the structural design of Box and pipe culverts are attached in Appendix No. 3 (CD only)
longitudinal direction of the box culvert is calculated by the following equation:
9.6.3.1.1 Summary of Culverts Design output
P = (4 x T 1 ) / 3.50
- The summary of the structural design outputs for the box culverts are shown in Tables 9.5, 9.6, 9.7,9.8
The contact length of tire is assumed to be 0.075 m and applied wheel load is distributed downward in the form
of a 45 degree cone. and 9.9 for Lots 1A, 1B,2,3 and 4 respectively.
The vertical load to the top slab is expressed by the following equation:
Table 9.5: Output summary for Culverts at Lot(1A)
P vl = (P(1 + i)) / W 1 = (P(1 + i)) / (0.075 + 2.0)
Base Wall Slab
Where, Station from start Size of
Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long.
point culvert
W 1 : Width of distributed live load mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT.
D : Earth covering (m) (DANSOMAN ROAD)
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
i : Coefficient of Impact when the HB Loading is considered it is neglected. 2+340 1 x 2.0 x 2.0 400
d.125 d.165
300
d.125 d.165
300
d.125 d.165
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
2+849 1 x 2.0 x 2.0 500
d.100 d.125
300
d.125 d.165
300
d.125 d.165
Table 9.6 : Output summary for Culverts at Lot(1B)
9.6.2.3.2.2.2 Bottom reaction Wall Slab
Station Base
from start Size of culvert
The bottom reaction by live load is expressed by the following equation: point Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Thick.m Main Long.
mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. m RFT. RFT.
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Table 9.7: Output summary for Culverts at Lot (2) Table 9.9: Output summary for Culverts at Lot (4)
Station
Base Wall Slab
from start Size of culvert
point Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Station
Size of Base Wall Slab
mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. from start
culvert Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long.
point
(TEMA HOSPITAL ROAD) mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT.
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
1+012 1 x 2.50 x 1.50 400 300 300 (PENCIL FACTORY ROAD)
d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 4+975 1 x 2.5 x T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
1+386 1 x 2.50 x 1.50 400 300 300 500 300 300
d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 5+025 2.5 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 2 x 2.5 x T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
2+437 1 x 1.40 x 1.50 400 300 300 2+125 500 300 300
d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 2.5 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12 2 x 2.5 x T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
2+225 500 300 300
3+270 3 x 1.50 x 3.0 500
d.100 d.125
400
d.125 d.165
400
d.125 d.165 2.5 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
4+280 T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12 2 x 2.5 x T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
3 x 3.0 x 3.0 500 400 400 4+350 500 400 400
3.0 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
4+340 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
(5th AVENUE WEST ROAD) 4+525 2 x 2.5 x T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
500 300 300
4+600 2.5 d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
0+347 3 x 2.50 x 2.50 500 300 300 2 x 2.0 x T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 5+425 400 300 300
2.0 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
(6th AVENUE EAST ROAD)
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
0+253 1 x 2.50 x 2.50 500 300 300
d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
(6th AVENUE WEST ROAD)
T12 T12 T12 T12 T12 T12
1+800 2 x 150 x 1.00 400 300 300
d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
(HERMAN GMEINER ROAD)
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
0+852 3 x 3.0 x 3.0 500
d.100 d.125
400
d.125 d.165
400
d.125 d.165
Table 9.8: Output summary for Culverts at Lot (3)
Station
from Size of
Base Wall Slab
start culvert
Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long. Thick. Main Long.
point mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT. mm RFT. RFT.
(POKUASE ROAD)
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
3+077 1 x 3.0 x 3.0 500 400 400
d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
13+876 1 x 3.0 x 3.0 500
T16 T12
400
T16 T12
400
T16 T12
d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
8+614 2 x 3.0 x 3.0 500
d.100 d.125
400
d.125 d.165
400
d.125 d.165
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
2+114 3 x 3.0 x 3.0 500 400 400
d.100 d.125 d.125 d.165 d.125 d.165
T16 T12 T16 T12 T16 T12
8+046 3 x 3.0 x 4.0 500 400 400
d.100 d.100 d.100 d.125 d.100 d.100
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10 Geometric Design Minimum curve length ‐ 40m
Minimum Grade ( to allow for drainage) ‐ 0.4%
10.1 General Maximum Grade ‐ 6%
Critical Length of Grade ‐ 500
The geometric designs of the project roads have been done in accordance with the Ghana Highway Authority
Design Guide (1991). Reference has been made to the Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Cross slope
(2004) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO. All specifications have
been made to comply with the Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (2007) published by the Carriageway ‐ 2..5%
Ministry of Roads and Highways, Ghana. Sidewalk/ Bicycle track ‐ 1.5%
Due to the lack of adequate and appropriate design standards for the provision of cycling and pedestrian
facilities, reference has been made to the Guideline for Cycle Network Design (1993) by the Delft University of
Technology and Traffic Consultants Diepens and Okkema and the Guidelines for Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic 10.3 Cross Sections
in African Cities (2000) prepared as part of the World Bank’s Sub‐Saharan Africa Transport Programme. The Consultant from the Conceptual Design proposed cross sections for each of the arterial roads for the
client’s viewing and approval. From discussions, the following cross sections have been adopted for the arterial
roads designs.
10.2 Design Speed and Alignment
10.3.1 Lot 1: Dansoman Highway/ Guggisberg Avenue and Accra New town/ Hill Street
A design speed of 50km/hr has been used for the design of the arterial roads owing to the urban nature of the
Dansoman Highway
roads as they generally traverse residential and business areas where high travel speeds are discouraged due to
safety. This is a single carriageway with a 3.25m lane in each direction of traffic. Provision of a service road has been
made on both sides of the road due to the proliferation of accesses in order to absorb these and enhance the
The alignment design has been done to meet the following design criteria for the chosen design a speed of overall traffic operation along the corridor. The available ROW which is about 25m has been used for the
50km/hr
design. A 1.5m walkway and 2.5m cycle lane have been provided along each side of the carriageway. Road side
Cross Section parking (to create revenue and provide employment) has also been provided along the access road for the
highly commercial section of the carriageway. A “green concept” where trees are planted at 5m intervals as a
Minimum Lane width ‐ 3.25m separator between each parked vehicle has been adopted. Below is a picture of a similar concept as used on
Storage lane width ‐ 3.0 streets in Vesterbrogade, Copenhagen.
Minimum walkway width ‐ 2m
Minimum bicycle lane width ‐ 1.5m
Horizontal Alignment:
Minimum curve radius ‐ 150m
Minimum Curve length ‐ 80m
Maximum Curve length ‐ ∞
Maximum Super elevation ‐ 5%
Radius where transition is not required – 230m
Minimum length of transition ‐ 28m
Vertical Alignment
Minimum radius
o Hog ‐ 800m
o Sag ‐ 700m Fig 10.1: Picture of On‐Street parking concept as used in Vesterbrogade, Copenhagen Denmark
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The Consultant also proposes the parking be metered as this will serve as a way of checking indiscriminate 10.3.2 Lot 2: Hospital Road and Link Roads in Tema
parking by road users whilst also creating revenue for the city. Below is a picture of a parking meter
The Hospital Road in Tema as designed by Twum Boafo and Partners was a dual carriageway with 2m cycle lane
and walkway provided along each side of the carriageway. A median reservation of 8m was also made with the
service road on the Eastern side maintained. A review of this design has been carried out by the consultant.
From the review done, the dual carriageway with 6m service road on the Eastern side has been maintained as
proposed in the previous design by TBP. The median reservation of 8m has been widened to 10m in order to
accommodate any future introduction of high priority bus service along the corridor. Cycling lanes and
pedestrian walkways have been provided along the service road and the Western side of the carriageway with
a reservation of 4.5m made for provision of utilities.
It is worthwhile to mention that the planning included a pedestrian tunnel serving pedestrian crossing to and
from the hospital adjacent to Hospital Road. This tunnel is about 105 m long and 11.00 m width to allow some
commercial activities in one side. The height of the tunnel is 2.75 m. The pedestrian tunnel has an access on the
Eastern side on the sidewalk of Tema Hospital Road, and another access inside the hospital. The tunnel also
Fig 10.2: Picture of parking meter for on‐street parking has a separated utility area with clear width of 0.75m. Drawing No. DR‐THR‐78 includes details of this
pedestrian tunnel such as the cross section, the profile, and the plan.
Guggisberg Avenue
The cross section for Guggisberg Avenue is a two lane single carriageway (3.5m width lanes). Pedestrian
walkways and cycle lanes of 3m and 1.5m widths have been provided along the corridor to meet pedestrian The 3rd, 5th and 6th Avenues and Herman Gmeiner Road have been designed as two lane single carriageway
and cyclist needs. roads. Provisions of cycle lanes and walkways have been made along each route.
Route 51 has also been designed as a dual carriageway with two 3.65m lanes in each direction. 1.5m and 2.5m
cycle lane and pedestrian walkway respectively have also been provided along each side of the carriageway.
Accra New Town Road
For the Accra New Town Road where there is a high level of commercial activity coupled with high non‐
motorized transport volumes, due consideration has been made to provide as much infrastructure for 10.3.3 Lot 3: Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley botwe Road
pedestrians and cyclists. The road cross section is a four lane dual carriageway with provision o f a service road on both sides of the
Thus, the consultant has provided two lanes of 3.25m width each contra flow with a cycling lane of 1.5m and road. The design has been made to accommodate future high priority bus service along the route and also
walkway of 3.5m on both sides of the carriageway. Sections of the corridor observed to be highly commercial provide for pedestrian and cyclist needs. Hence, a 10m median reservation has been made together with a 3m
have been provided with metered road side parking on one side of the carriageway. Parking is however cycle lane and 2m walkway along the service roads. Utilties reservation of 5m has also been provided.
restricted to small vehicles such as cars, pick‐ups, vans and small buses. The ROW available is quite constricted
hence; the on‐street parking locations have not been provided throughout the entire stretch but are only at
highly commercial areas where they are needed. Trees are to be planted at every 9m interval along the 10.3.4 Lot 4: The Pencil Factory Road in Kumasi
walkway to enhance the aesthetic quality, provide shade and serve as noise barriers for adjacent residences.
The Pencil Factory road has been designed as a dual carriageway with two lanes in each direction as a result of
Hill Street the anticipated traffic on this road.
The Hill Street is a single carriageway with two lanes (3.5m width each) contra flow with provision of walkways The cross section is essentially made up of a two 3.5m lanes in each direction of traffic separated by a median
and cycle lanes of 1.5m and 3.0m respectively. Trees are to be provided along the walkway edge to offer shade reservation of 10m. Service roads have also been provided separated from the main carriageway by a verge
and serve as noise breaks along the road. with a 3m cycle lane and 2m walkway provision on both sides of the carriageway.
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Table 11.1 weight per unit volume of materials
11 Bridge Designs Materials weight per unit volume (t / m3)
11.1 SCOPE Steel 7.85
A return period of 50 years for the medium span bridges is assumed. The carriageway is the running surface of the road, including all traffic lanes, hard shoulders, and white line
markings. Where there are raised kerbs it is the width between kerbs. In the absence of kerbs it is the width
11.4 DESIGN LOADS: between safety barriers less a clearance of 0.6 metres in front of each barrier.
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The nominal knife edge load (KEL) per nominal lane shall be taken as 120 KN.
The nominal uniformly distributed load and the nominal knife edge load shall be taken to occupy one notional
lane, uniformly distributed over the full with of the lane.
Single nominal wheel load alternative to UDL and KEL; one 100kn wheel, placed on the carriageway and
uniformly distributed over circular contact area assuming an effective pressure of 1.1n/mm2, shall be consider.
The HB loading for all public highway bridges in Great Britain, The chosen number of units of the HB
loading is 37.5 units as the BD 37/01 (Department of Transport UK).
Nominal HB loading figure 2 shows the plan and axle arrangement for one unit of nominal HB loading .One unit
shall be taken as equal to 10kn per axle. (2.5kN per Wheel)
(Fig. 11.1 H.B vehicle)
Type HA loading consists of uniformly distributed load a knife edge load combined, or of a single wheel
11.4.2.2 Secondary Live Loads:
load.
Live loads due to changes in speed or direction of the vehicle traffic, e.g. lurching, nosing, centrifugal,
The nominal uniformly distributed load (UDL) shall be taken as 30 KN per linear meter of notional lane for
longitudinal, skidding, and collision loads.
loaded length up to 30m, and for loaded lights in excess of 30m it shall be derived from equation:
W = 151 (1/L) 0.475
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11.4.3 Dynamic Loads: The maximum pressure are due to gusts that cause local and transient fluctuations about the mean
wind pressure design gust pressure are derived from the mean hourly wind speed which is taken as
The dynamic effects of rotating, vibration or impacting machinery and equipment is taken in accordance with follows:
the requirements of specification.
- Coast ‐ 160Km Inland : 21m/s In Open Country and 19m/s In Built‐Up
11.4.4 Effect of Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete: - 160Km‐480Km Inland : 27m/s In Open Country and 29m/s In Built‐Up
Where it is necessary to take into account the effects of shrinkage or creep in concrete. stresses in steel due to - More Than 480Km Inland: 36m/s In Open Country and 24m/s In Built‐Up
rolling , welding or lack of fit , variations in the accuracy of bearing levels and similar sources of strain arising 11.4.8 Braking Forces
from the nature of the material or its manufacture or from circumstances associated with fabrication and
erection , requirements are specified in the appropriate parts of the British Standards. ‐ The effect of the braking force on the abutments and piers supporting the fixed bearings of bridges
shall be taken into consideration. No increase for dynamic effect shall be made in the stresses due to
11.4.4.1 Shrinkage of Plain and Reinforced Concrete: the braking force.
Shrinkage of plain and reinforced concrete shall be considered to have the same effect as decrease of ‐ The longitudinal load due to braking of vehicles is equal to 1/20 of the load obtained by multiplying
temperature of 250C or 350C for desert or very dry weather, on condition that the concrete been the surface area of the carriage way (bridge width multiplied by bridge length which should not be
sufficiently cured. Reduced values may be assumed if accepted special means are proposed to minimize taken more than 200 ms) by a load intensity 0.3 t/m2 or 25% of the weight of the standard vehicle
the shrinkage effect. whichever is greater.
The upper values may be reduced by 10oC if effect of creep is considered.
‐ The braking force should act at the level of the crown of the bridge floor and no allowance should be
11.4.4.2 Creep: made for impact.
The effect of creep is taken in compliance with the British standards. ‐ For parts on curves, the stresses due to the centrifugal force and to the lateral shock effect shall not
be added, only the greater stress shall be taken into account.
11.4.5 Settlement of Foundations:
11.4.9 Centrifugal Force
Unless mentioned in the soil investigation report then;
‐ Total settlement of 2.0 cm shall be considered. ‐ For Curved parts, allowance for centrifugal action of moving loads shall be made in designing the
‐ Differential settlement of 1.0 cm shall be considered. members. Centrifugal forces shall be applied in any two notional lanes at 50 ms. centres, acting in
radial direction at the surface of the road and parallel to it. The nominal centrifugal force "F c " shall be
calculated from the following formula:
11.4.6 Temperature Effect
F c = (30000) / (R + 150)
When any portion of the superstructure is not free to expand or contract under variation of
temperature, allowance shall be made for the forces resulting from this condition. The coefficient of Where: F c is in KN
expansion for each degree centigrade in variation of temperature for structural steel and for concrete R is the radius of curvature in meters
may be taken as 12 X 10‐6/°C, except when limestone aggregates are used in concrete, when a value of
7 X 10‐6/°C shall be adopted for the concrete. The effective temperature range is +80C and 510C. When Each load F c shall be either taken as single load or subdivided into two parts of one‐third F c and two‐
any portion of the superstructure being at a temperature different from the rest of the structure, due thirds F c at 5m centres longitudinally, whichever gives the lesser effect.
to the effect of sun and shade, allowance shall be made for forces resulting from a non‐uniform
11.4.10 Collision with piers
variation of plus 50C for concrete structures and 150 C for steel structures.
Where bridge piers are constructed on road sides and in the waterway, special loads acting on piers
11.4.7 Wind Loads:
sides should be taken due to traffic passing crosswise under the bridge. In case of loaded piers
The wind pressure on a bridge depends on the geographic location, the local topography, the height of (columns or walls) horizontal loads replacing the sudden collision of road vehicles or sailing ships
the bridge above ground and the horizontal dimension and cross section of the bridge.
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11.4.11 Railing of bridges
The bridge is designed to withstand the effect of a transverse horizontal force of 150 kg/m'.
11.4.12 External forces
Account shall be taken of all external forces, such as earth pressure, water‐pressure, Buoyancy, etc., which may
subject the various parts of a structure to an increase of stress.
For abutments of road bridges, the earth pressure due to the action of the live load shall be considered equal
to a surcharge 1.2 t/m2 and in case of width less than 12 m it should be taken = ( 15 / width ) in t/m2 .
These types of loading are treated as main loads.
11.4.13 Seismic Forces
The effect of seismic loading is taken as 8% of the total dead load.
11.5 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS:
11.5.1 LOADING COMBINATIONS:
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11.5.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS: For Steel 24/35 (normal mild steel):
Min. Yield Stress: 240 N/mm2
11.5.2.1 Plain & Reinforced Concrete: Min. Tensile Stress: 350 N/mm2
11.5.2.1.1 Plain Concrete for Foundations: Min. Elongation: 20%
‐ Grade : 20/20.
‐ Sulphate resisting cement must be used. For Steel 40/60 (Ribbed high tensile steel):
Min. Yield Stress: 460 N/mm2
11.5.2.1.2 Reinforced Concrete for Piles:
Min. Tensile Stress: 600 N/mm2
‐ Grade : 35/20.
Min. Elongation: 10%
‐ Sulphate resisting cement must be used with minimum cement content of 400 kg/m3.
11.5.2.1.3 Reinforced Concrete for Pile Caps & Footings: 11.6 Structural Design findings
‐ Grade : 35/20.
‐ Sulphate resisting cement must be used. The precast concrete girders are used for its strength, durability and versatility. There are significant
cost savings as precast girders reduces initial construction costs, accelerates build programs and
11.5.2.1.4 Reinforced Concrete for Columns and frames: requires lower level of maintenance over a project’s life.
‐ Grade : 40/20.
‐ Ordinary Portland cement must be used. 11.6.1 Foundation and substructures
‐ Sulphate resisting cement must be used for parts exposed to natural soil or earth fill.
Based on the soil investigation report and to assure the accepted level of safety and endurance for
the bridges due to its loads and site conditions, Piles foundations were used for all bridges except
11.5.2.1.5 Reinforced Concrete for Abutments & Retaining Walls:
for the bridges at the following interchanges:
‐ Grade : 35/20.
‐ Sulphate resisting cement must be used. - Kwabenya grade separation: where soil investigations showed a very stiff Rock foundation soil.
- Agboogba grade separation: where According to planning requirements, the natural ground is
11.5.2.1.6 Reinforced Concrete for Superstructure of the Bridge: excavated to a depth of about 8.0 m. At that depth, the soil is sufficiently capable for
‐ Grade : 35/20 for Approach Slabs. supporting the structure.
‐ Grade : 40/20 for Deck Slabs. - Tema‐Accra Motorway end interchange: where soil investigations showed a very stiff Rock
‐ Grade : 50/20 for pre‐cast Concrete Girders types (SY1, Y5, Y6). foundation soil.
‐ Grade : 60/20 for pre‐cast Concrete Girders types (SY6).
‐ Ordinary Portland cement must be used. 11.6.2 Superstructure
The Standard Precast concrete Girders has been chosen for the design,
11.5.2.2 Pre‐stressing Cables:
The spans involved in the projects are nearly 17.0, 18.0, 24.0 and 36.0 meters.
Strands and wires sizes and types are indicated on the design drawings The design showed that these spans required the following girders types:
‐ 1100mm deep “type Y5” Girder for 17.00 meters span
11.5.2.3 Steel ‐ 1200mm deep “type Y6” Girder for 18.00 meters span
‐ 1500mm deep “type SY1” Girder for 24.00 meters span
Steel reinforcement shall be:
‐ 2000mm deep “type SY6” Girder for 36.00 meters span
* Hot rolled mild steel bars and hot rolled high yield steel complying to the requirements of BS
4449. 1600mms to 2000mms spacing between girders has been established, supporting deck slabs of
200mms or 250mms.
* Cold worked bars complying with the requirements of BS 4482.
Steel reinforcement complying with the requirements of BS4449
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The Girders are supported on reinforced (laminated) elastomeric bearings (type 5), Bearings were designed to Table 11.4: Output summary for Structural Design output of Interchanges at Lot (3)
be appropriate to the loadings and movements they are liable to.
BRIDGES
The followings Type 5 reinforced (laminated) elastomeric bearings were chosen for the spans: Items Pokuase grade separation
Kwabenya grade separation
‐250x400x83/48 “type 5” Bearings for 17.00 and 18.00 meters span Bridge Tunnel
‐300x400x116/72 “type 5” Bearings for 24.00 meters span No. Of Axes 3 6 2
‐350x450x136/88 “type 5” Bearings for 36.00 meters span
Spacing Bet. Aexs(m) 17.50 36.00 ‐ 35.55 18.50
Deck Width(m) 24.00 17.00 22.00
11.6.3 Design output
Slab thickness(m) 0.25 0.20 0.25
No. Of Axes 3 15 2 3
Table 11.5: Output summary for Structural Design output of interchange at Lot (4)
No. Of Pile 99 99
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12 Electrical Design c‐ Cables for feeding lighting poles will be 4C ‐16mm2
12.1 General d‐ Cables for feeding distribution boxes will be 4C – 35mm2 or above to achieve the requirement
voltage drop 10% as required in the MRH.
The intent of this report is to give the description of the electrical systems which shall be installed in the
project, all these systems shall be designed according to the General Electricity Company Of Ghana
12.4 Street Lighting Principles
12.2 Electrical Design
‐ The principle of road lighting for both vehicles and pedestrians is to create a comfortable night time
The design shall include all the electrical requirements, such as design drawings, B.O.Q, specifications, environment to improve traffic safety and achieve efficient traffic movement.
control panels, cable sizing, etc. ‐ The principles mentioned above indicate the importance and function of road lighting design.
12.3 Power Supply for Road Lighting
12.4.1 Lighting poles
b‐ M.V side
- The lighting fixtures (250 watt high pressure sodium lamps) will be used.
- Degree of protection (IP‐65)
12.3.2 Lighting Distribution Boxes
a‐ The distribution box will supply all the lighting poles, and will contain primary circuit breaker 63A 12.4.3 Lighting control methods
(MCCB) and secondary circuit breakers 40A (MCCB).
‐ A timer control and photocell control will be applied
b‐ The number of branch circuits per distribution box shall not exceed six.
c‐ The distribution box will be provided with indicating lamps.
12.5 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL
d‐ The degree of protection will be IP‐65.
12.5.1 INTRODUCTION:
b‐ All cables will be direct buried or in conduits in case of road crossing. The system shall consist of intersection traffic signals, a communications network to tie them together, and a
central computer or network of computers to manage the system.
PVC : Polyvinyl chloride.
Coordination shall be implemented through a number of techniques including time‐base and hardwired
SWA : Steel wire armoured interconnection methods.
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12.5.2 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER: 13 Cost Estimate
The controller shall come as a fully fitted cabinet assembly with its own equipment mounting frame, mounting Cost estimates were based on measured quantities from the design drawings and the specifications. The
stool, mains distribution, power supplies, electronic control and phase switching. The cabinet assembly can also principal works and items for which cost estimates were made are:
accommodate I/O (Printed Circuit Board) PCB, manual panel, master switch Assembly and a Dimming
Transformer. Clearing of land
Earthworks
The cabinet shall be ground mounted and small in size, it has front, sides and top access when the cabinet lid is Pavement material (subbase, base)
removed. Surfacing
The power supply should be 100 ‐240 V (Nominal Voltage), (50Hz or 60Hz) ±2Hz. Structural works (Drains, Bridges)
13.2 Cost Data & Derivation of Unit Rates
All timings shall be transferred to battery supported RAM (Random Access Memory) during initialization. Once in The consultant conducted market surveys for current prices of materials, plant and equipment. Labour charges
RAM, most timings can be varied by handset commands. Once the configuration data has been loaded into the were based on the Collective Agreement between the Contractor’s Associations and the Construction and
same configuration cannot be loaded again. This shall prevent the accidental overwriting of any configuration building Materials Workers Union of the TUC. Based on the information from the surveys, unit rates for the
data that may have been set up using the handset. various work items described in the BOQ were built.
Some timings shall be considered fixed timings and cannot be changed by handset. These are typically the
Amber and Red/Amber periods.
13.3 Relocation of Services
Some timings considered to be safety timings and can only be changed by a person at the write enable ‘level 3’
The cost of relocation of utilities (water, electricity, telephone etc.) affected by the project was included in the
push button.
cost estimates. It is expected that the Client would arrange to relocate these before construction works begin.
All timings, except Master Time Clock, are derived from the crystal frequency. Provision has also been made for planting trees in the project area.
Cables from controller to signal lamps shall run in underground PVC conduits with a A detailed separate report will be submitted to the Client as part of the Final Report.
Conduits under road crossing shall be protected with concrete slab.
Cables shall be 7x2.5mm2 cupper cable PVC/PVC sheaths.
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14 Environmental Impact Assessment The vegetation consists of short grassland with small clumps of bush and a few trees, namely, Baobab
(Adonsonia digitata), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and the fan and wild oil palms.The grass species include
This is a summary of the Preliminary Environmental Report was submitted to the EPA and is attached as Andropogon gayanus (ganbagrass),Panicum maximum(Guinee grass),and others.
"Environmental Impact Assessment Report”. It highlights the project roads baseline condition and presents an
assessment of the potential environmental impacts together with an outline of measures to mitigate these The diverse species of fauna inhabiting the project area include:
impacts. An Environmental and Social Management Plan is included to address responsibilities of stakeholders
Birds‐such as the Common Hooded Vulture (Neophran Monachus), Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides Radiatus), and
and the expected outputs.
West African Black Kite (Milvus Migrans);
The study was done in compliance with the requirements as set out in the following:
14.1.5 Air Quality
World Bank guidelines set out in Operational Directive 4.01, revised in November 1997 as OP 4.01 Air quality assessment by EPA in 2003 indicated that road side users in urban centers like Accra experience air
Environmental Assessment; and OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. pollution (EPA 2004). Particulate matter concentration along seven major roads in the city of Accra and its
EPA Act 490 (1994), Environmental Regulations LI 1652(1999) and Amendment LI 1703 (2002) environs ranged from 33.7µg/m3 to 309.18µg/m3 and that of lead also ranged from 2µg/m3 to 188µgm3. The
overall mean value of 26.4µg/m3 for a population 396 sampled in Accra was higher than the World Health
14.1 Baseline conditions
Organization’s recommended level of 20µg/m3 (EPA 2005).
14.1.1 Climate
The project roads which fall within the experimental air quality zone by the EPA are expected not to have air
All the three project roads lie within the dry equatorial climatic zone and are characterised by two rainfall peaks quality which would be much different form the existing situation in Accra. With the construction of the roads
and more marked dry seasons. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 74 and 90 centimeters with the prime air pollution will increase unless mitigation measures are put in place.
season (which begins in March and ends in mid ‐ July) accounting for about 67% of the annual rainfall. The
14.1.6 Noise Levels
second season starts in mid‐August and ends in October.
The principal sources of noise along all the three project roads are from vehicular movement including hooting
Mean monthly temperature is highest (about 300C) between March and April and lowest (about 260C) in
of horns by drivers, music shops and other activities by artisans. Day time noise in all these areas will increase
August. Average monthly relative humidity is higher in the rainy seasons than during the rest of the year.
significantly with construction. Most of the increase will come from the running of large construction
However, the highest monthly relative humidity in the project corridor does not exceed 75%, while the lowest
equipment.
is about 60%
Studies have shown that in general, sound levels in excess of 70dB(A) start to become intrusive to the human
14.1.2 Topography and Drainage.
ear and at levels of 85dB(A), the human hearing can be damaged if the exposure continues for eight (8) hours
The project corridor is located in the south‐east coastal plains which are generally flat with few isolated hills. or more. The Consultant has a noise model (Del Sound) to assess the levels of noise pollution that would exist
On the whole, the general elevation is not more than 75 metres above sea level. The coastline is often cliffed or during the design life of the project roads. The Noise model assesses vehicle generated sound that is noise
fairly smooth and marked by sandbars and lagoons. There are, however, no major streams or rivers in the generated from the vehicle power train (engine, shaft, gears) and tyre/fixed facility contact also known as
study area. rolling sound (sound from the interaction between the vehicle tyre and the pavement surface). The model
assesses the effect of noise based on the distance of a receiving object away from the centreline of the road. It
14.1.3 Geology and Soils measures the intensity as near as 3.7m and over 2km away from the road. At the existing volumes of traffic
The rocks underlying the project area are of the Dahomeyan series of the Precambrian era which forms the along the project roads, an average of 76decibels (dB) of sound is experienced at a distance of 3.7m from the
basement complex of Ghana. The rocks are mainly metamorphic, consisting of gneisses and schists. The major road whereas at 20m and beyond, an average of 65dB of sound is experienced (which is below the limit of
soil groups found in the project corridor include coastal savanna, ochrosols, lateritic sandy soils, tropical black 70dB). Projected traffic volumes over the 20year design life are seen to produce as high as 82dB of sound for
clays or Akuse soils and coastal sands. distances of 3.7m away from the road on some of the project roads.
14.1.4 Flora and Fauna The Consultant thus proposes the use of green tree strips to serve as noise breaks in order to mitigate the
overall effect of noise on the neighbouring facilities and also for pedestrians and cyclists who are the closest
The roads proposed for rehabilitation are all within the Coastal Savanna, Shrub and Grassland vegetational and most exposed road users.
zone.
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14.2 Socio‐economic Characteristics 14.2.5 Economic Activities
14.2.1 Population and Settlement Both the Dansoman road and Newtown roads are fully built‐up. A lot of business activities in the form of
banking trading catering services drinking sports are located along the road, (see Annex 3b). Other service
The table below shows the population of the settlements along the project corridors. The main communities providers like hairdressers, tailors and seamstresses are also operate from their shops along the road.
are: Pokuase, Dansoman and New Town. The average intercensal growth rate for the study area is 4.2%.
Unlike the Dansoman and Newtown roads, the Pokuase‐Ritz Junction Ashalley Botwe road, greater part of the
Table 14.1: Population along Some of the Project Roads existing road passes through an undeveloped land (from Pokuase to Ritz and from Ashalley Botwe to the end of
the project) Economic activities along the road is minimal. Pockets of workshops for artisans are found. The
Locality Male Female Total
artisans include block manufacturers, carpenters, and mechanics.
Pokuase 5,543 5,315 10,858
14.2.6 Assessment of impacts
Dansoman 23,403 25,827 49,230
Environmental impact forecasts are normally based on the expected activities on the various environmental
New Town (Including Mamobi and 60,860 61,698 122,558 and socio‐economic impact indicators identified. These impacts could either be positive or negative, short‐
Kokomlemle) term or long‐term, beneficial or detrimental, direct or indirect, reversible or irreversible, etc.
Much of the land immediately along the project roads is heavily built‐up comprising residential, commercial, Air Pollution
industrial, civic and culture. Water Quality
Hydrology
14.2.3 Road Infrastructure Noise and Vibration
Flora and Fauna
The project roads have various types of road infrastructure. These facilities are roadside drains culverts, street Construction waste generation and disposal
lighting, traffic signals (two on the Newtown/Hill street and one on the Dansoman Highway) among others. Public Health and Safety
Utility poles for electricity and telephone are erected along the length of the roads. Pipes and cables lie buried Local Transportation
in the road corridor to provide water electricity and telephone service for surrounding communities. Landscape and Aesthetics
Occupational Health and Safety
14.2.4 Public Health Care Disruption to Utilities
Disruption to Properties
There are health care facilities along the three roads. There is a at poly clinic Mamobi (near New Town) There is Disruption to Traffic
also the Mamprobi Poly clinic (near Dansoman). Apart from these two main government facilities there are
others which are privately owned. In formation obtained from the management of the poly clinics as well as the
hospital revealed that common ailments reported include the following: Malaria, Diarrhoea, and Intestinal The above negative impacts are common features associated with road construction. The standard procedures
worms. for controlling such impact have been outlined and would require adherence by the Contractor and other
stakeholders.
Records from the Ghana Aids Commission show some statistics on regional as well as district on the prevalence
of HIV/AIDS for 2007. In Greater Accra where the projects are located the rate is 2.3%. The ratio of female to 14.2.8 Positive impacts
male HIV/AIDS infection is 2:1. The impact analysis shows that the rehabilitation of the proposed project will create some benefits for road
users, those who live and work in the corridor and of the country as a whole.
Below are some of the main anticipated positive impacts that the project will create:
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provision of all‐weather roads; 14.4.2 Site Offices and Temporal Structures
reduction in dust pollution;
reduction in vehicular‐pedestrian conflicts; All site offices and temporal structures will be dismantled and carried away from site. The Contractor is
decrease in traffic congestion; expected to obliterate all signs of temporary construction facilities.
improved road safety and pedestrian facilities;
availability of on‐street parking spaces and bus bays 14.4.3 Machinery and Equipment
reduction in travel time;
All machinery and equipment, both broken down and working will be moved from the site.
improved surface and driving condition; and
reduction in vehicle operating cost Part of the Contractor contract is to ensure that the area in which he worked is restored to its state before the
construction.
14.2.9 Mitigation of impacts
14.5 Conclusion
The above negative impacts are common features associated with road construction. The standard procedures
After critically identifying, analysing and evaluating the potential environmental impacts expected to result
for controlling such impacts have been detailed in the Preliminary Environmental Report and would require
from the proposed project, relocation of properties and businesses, disturbance to businesses, waste disposal,
adherence by the Contractor and other stakeholders.
disruption to utility supply, transportation of road building materials, air pollution, noise and vibration, were
14.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan found to be the main potential adverse impacts.
The main objective of the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) is to provide practical guidance Mitigating measures have however been recommended to help eliminate or minimize the adverse impacts
to DUR on how to effectively implement the ESMP for the project. The ESMP has incorporated clauses and identified and enhance the environmental benefits of the project. Some of the factors that dictate the
conditions from the standard specifications for road and bridge works. The document prepared by MRH in strategies for the choice and implementation of the mitigation measures include; technical know‐how, finance
1991 has a section on environmental and social management which specifies responsibility of the Consultant/ and cultural beliefs.
Engineer to ensure that the Contractor complies with the dictates of the manual i.e. addresses the negative
Proposed programme for managing and monitoring the mitigating measures have been outlined. This is to
environmental effects the project.
ensure effective and efficient implementation of the project on a sustainable basis without causing any adverse
The ESMP should be carried out during all stages of the project and will involve all the stakeholders in effects on the environment.
environmental and social management, e.g. the Consultant, the Contractor, Government Agencies, the Ga East
There are several potential socio‐economic benefits to be derived from the implementation of the project,
District Assembly and the General public.
which far outweigh the potential negative impacts most of which can be avoided or mitigated. The impacts of
The responsibilities of key stakeholders have been outlined in the PER. the proposed project on the environment will therefore be minimal and negligible if the mitigation measures
proposed are fully implemented.
14.3.1 Cost of Environmental and Social Impact Monitoring
It is important that actions and mitigation measures proposed be monitored to ensure that anticipated impacts
are reduced if not completely eliminated. However the monitoring activities would involve cost from the pre‐
construction to the post‐construction phase of the project. The total cost is estimated at $ 573,500.00
14.4 Decommissioning Plan
14.4.1 Borrow Pits
The borrow pits will be filled up with the spoil material from the project site and covered with the topsoil which
was stockpiled. The land can therefore revert back to farmland.
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15 Economic Evaluation
This is a summary of the Preliminary Economic Report was submitted to submitted to the EPA and is attached
as "Economic Evaluation Report" . It highlights the economics of the project and presents the economic
evaluation.
An economic analysis of the project roads based on the Cost Benefit Analysis has been done using the
difference in the costs and benefits for both the “Do Nothing” and “With Improvements” scenarios.
The HDM model developed by the World Bank has been utilized for the Tema Hospital Road and Link Roads,
Pokuase‐ Ritz Junction‐ Ashalley Botwe Road and the Pencil Factory Road. The Dansoman Highway and Accra
New Town Roads have however been assessed based on the savings in journey times and delays that currently
exist on these heavily congested project roads during the peak hour periods.
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Appendix 1 Survey Maps
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Appendix 2 Traffic Survey
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Appendix 3 Traffic Management
Measures Synchro Files
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