Space Pressurization Do Ha

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Space Pressurization:
Concept and Practice
ASHRAE Distinguished Lecture Series
Jim Coogan
Siemens Building Technologies
ASHRAE, Oryx Qatar Chapter

March 8, 2014
Agenda
Introduction (concept, purpose, uses, scope)

Physics: Infiltration and Containment
Pressurization via HVAC
Pressurization and Contaminant Control
Designing Pressurization
Air Flow Control Components
Air Flow Control Accuracy
Review Design Process
Examples
Summary
Page 5 Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
Room Pressurization
A ventilation technology
that controls migration
of air contaminants
by inducing drafts
between spaces.

Room Pressurization
Exhaust system
removes air
Supply system
delivers less
Room pressure
is negative
Infiltration makes up
the difference
Inward air flow
contains pollutants
Introduction: Who uses it? Why?
Biological and Chemical Laboratories

prevent spread of airborne hazards
Hospital Isolation Rooms
protect patients and staff from germs
Hospital Pharmacies
facilitate sterile compounding
Clean Manufacturing
maintain product quality

Introduction: Who else uses it?
Office towers
control smoke in a fire; maintain exit path
Any Building
separate rest rooms from other spaces
Restaurants
keep kitchen smells out of the dining room
Any Building
keep unconditioned OA out of occupied spaces
These uses are out of today’s scope

How is success defined?
Success is control
of contaminants,
not flows and
pressure values

Theory and Concepts 1:
Infiltration and Containment
Infiltration: mechanical process
Velocity, Area, Pressure
Infiltration Curves
Importance of the Envelope
Select Pressurization Level
Specifying the Envelope

Theory of Pressurization
Theory: pressure blocks contaminants
Theory: net inward flow blocks contaminants
Surprisingly little work done correlating pressurization
to contaminant control
Current ASHRAE research correlates
pressure with contamination
Earlier work: Bennet, Applied Biosafety, 2005
Success is control of contaminants,
not flows and pressure values

Infiltration Process:
Pressure, Velocity, Area, Flow
Infiltration is a physical
process
Pressurization is an
engineered result
ASHRAE Handbook and
Ventilation Manual from
ACGIH model the
process

Pressure vs. Velocity
Simple approach is to model the velocity

with a discharge coefficient
ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: 7-3
v 0.6(4000) P
ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook presents
more complex model, but the result is
nearly the same

Velocity and Leakage Area
Flow is velocity times area

2011 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications,
puts it together: 53-9
Q 2610 A P
Q = infiltration flow, cfm
A = leakage area, sqft
P = pressure across envelope, inwc

Infiltration Curve –
Pressure Difference vs. Flow
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
Pressure Difference
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Infiltrating Air Flow

Infiltration Curves for
Several Values of Leakage Area
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
Pressure Difference
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter in

the pressurization system
Like knowing the hx characteristics
to apply a heating coil
Like knowing the pipe diameter
in a hydronic system

Infiltration Model for Pressurization
Air velocity through gaps
in envelope controls
contaminants
Velocity related to
pressure by orifice flow
Transfer flow and HVAC
flow difference is leak
area times velocity

Reality of Room Air Motion
Photograph of flow field (2D) in cross section of a room

“Particle Image Velocimetry”
Zhao L., ASHRAE Transactions, DA-07-044
Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter

in the pressurization system
Like knowing the hx characteristics
to apply a heating coil
Like knowing the pipe diameter
in a hydronic system

Choose the flow offset
Let it determine the pressure
0.035
0.03
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Choose the pressure
Let it determine the flow offset
0.035
0.03
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Different ways to express the level of pressurization

in terms of the pressure difference
in terms of the infiltration flow
“Specify either the pressure
or the flow offset, not both.”
Unless you are trying to specify the envelope

Specify a value for one variable
Specify a range for the other
Implies accepted range of leakage
0.035
0.03
0.025
Pressure Difference
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Set one parameter (flow or pressure)

as the intended operating point
Set an allowable range for the other
as a way to specify leakage area
ASHRAE Standard 170 suggests leakage rate
for hospital isolation rooms

Test and Adjust the Envelope
If it’s in the spec...
Cx agent or TAB contractor tests the envelope
Directs contractor to adjust leakage area
to specified range
Correction can include:
adjustable door sweep
transfer opening with restriction
seal cracks
Reference: A. Geeslin et al., ASHRAE Transactions, SL-08-044
Air Leakage Analysis of Special Ventilation Hospital Rooms

Pressurization and Migration
Positive room pressure
drives air and
contaminants out
Negative room pressure
draws air and
contaminants in
Neutral room pressure
exchanges air and
contaminants both
directions
Required Pressure Relationships

Control Methods Explained and Compared
Differential Flow Control
Pressure Feedback
Cascade Control
Selecting a Pressurization Control Method
How Tight is Tight?
Required Pressure Relationships (again)

Control Methods Compared
Three widely published methods

Space pressure feedback
Differential flow control
Cascade control
References:
2011 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications.
Chapter 16 Laboratory Systems
Siemens Building Technologies: Doc #125-2412.
Room Pressurization Control

Control Methods Compared
Some other ways

Adaptive leakage model
Trim valve
References:
W Sun, ASHRAE Transactions, NA-04-7-2. Quantitative Multistage
Pressurizations in Controlled and Critical Environments
L. Gartner and C. Kiley, Anthology of Biosafety 2005.
Animal Room Design Issues in High Containment

Pressure Feedback

Pressure Feedback
Measure pressure difference

across room boundary
Compare to selected setpoint
Adjust supply flow or exhaust
to maintain pressure difference


Carefully control air supply to room

Carefully control all exhaust from room
Enforce a difference between them
Select the size of difference
to reliably contain pollutants

Cascade Control

Cascade Control
Has other names:

“adaptive offset” “DP reset”
Measure pressure difference
across room boundary
Compare to selected setpoint
Control supply and exhaust flow
Enforce a difference between them
Dynamically adjust flow difference
to maintain the pressure setpoint

Special Methods

Selecting a Control Method
Factors affecting selection
Tightness of envelope
Number of pressure levels needed
Speed of disturbances and response
Duct conditions for flow measurement
Reference:
2011 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications,
Chapter 16 - Laboratory Systems, page 16.12

Tightness of Envelope
x
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
Pressure Difference
0.03 o
0.025
0.02
x
0.015
o
0.01 x
0.005
x
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

How Tight is Tight?
0.1
Trim Pressure
Valve Feedback
0.075
Differential Pressure (in. wg.)
Flow/Pressure
Cascade
0.05
0.025
Flow
Offset
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Offset Airflow (cfm)

How Tight is Tight?
Rough guides for selecting control method

Tight enough for pressure feedback?
pressure difference > 0.03 inwc, 8 Pa
at a practical infiltration rate
Too tight for flow offset control?
infiltration flow < 5 x flow control accuracy
example: 1000 cfm supply +/- 3%
need offset > 5 (3%) 1000 cfm = 150 cfm
for effective flow offset control

Room Leakage Spec’s
Project spec’s calling out sealing methods

ASHRAE Standard 170 lists numerical
flow/pressure relationship
CDC suggests leakage area ~40 in2 (~0.03m2)
for infectious isolation rooms
NIH Design Standard D.4.5:
47 L/s per door

Number of Pressure Levels
Relatively simple requirement

2-levels, OK for Differential Flow Tracking

Pressurization and
Contaminant Control
Contaminant control can
be very important or
only slightly important
Biosafety standards
recognize range of
hazards and range of
responses

Levels of Contaminant Control
Pressurization is one tool

Physical barrier is also
BSL 1 – Laboratories
should have doors
BSL 2 – Doors should be
self-closing
BSL 3 – Series of two
self-closing doors
BSL 4 – Airlock with
air tight doors

Pressurization and
Contaminant Control
Air contaminants can move against net inward flow
Even with good pressurization some air escapes
Lab Ventilation Standard: Z9.5
“opposes migration of air contaminants; it does not
eliminate it.”
Current research shows effects

Recent Research Projects
Projects study movement

of contaminants with:
Open doors
Moving doors
Moving people
ASHRAE RP 1344 and
1431 measured with
particle source and
counter
Wei Sun, ASHRAE Research Report, RP 1344,
Clean Room Pressurization Strategy Update

Recent Research Projects
Projects study movement

of contaminants with:
Open doors
Moving doors
Moving people
Hospital study used
water tank model
Tang JW, Nicolle A, Pantelic J, Klettner CA, Su R,
et al. (2013) Different Types of Door-Opening Motions
as Contributing Factors to Containment Failures
in Hospital Isolation Rooms. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66663.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066663

End of Part 1
Questions?
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
Pressure Difference
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Jim Coogan, PE
Jim.Coogan@Siemens.com
ASHRAE WILL GIVE
YOU THE WORLD

Jim Coogan

March 8, 2014
Agenda

Physics: Infiltration and Containment
Pressurization and Contaminant Control
Air Flow Control Components
Air Flow Control Accuracy
Review Design Process
Examples
Summary
and Control

Indicate intended direction of air flow

between all adjacent spaces

Indicate intended relative pressure levels
- --
++
-- -- --
-
+
-- -- -- --

Designing Pressure
Feedback Systems
Design control sequence
Specify the components
Consider the envelope

Design the Control Sequence
Identify the air flow terminals

Decide which one controls the room pressure
Consider start-up sequences
Consider response to failures

Specify the Components
Room pressure sensor – heart of the system?
if sensor measures critical dp,
accuracy is less critical
if sensor measures to a reference,
accuracy is more critical
check zero periodically
+/- range often selected
Air flow terminals
Do not select mechanical pressure independence.
Pressure control loop is not the place for it.

Consider the Envelope
At pressure setpoint, at nominal air flow, indicate

anticipated air flow offset
If offset exceeds spec, or if pressure setpoint is
unattainable, envelope leaks too much
Controlling air terminal hits flow limits
Room air flow out of balance
Surrounding spaces affected
Come back and seal the room!

Can the Room Be Too Tight?
What if it’s too tight?

unlikely with Pressure Feedback
calculate expected sensitivity: how much does the room
pressure change for a small movement
of the damper?
Consider adjusting leakage slightly
anticipate: select adjustable door sweep
or other adjustable feature
only feasible if planned from the start

Designing Flow Tracking Systems
Design control sequence

Consider the envelope
Select pressurization level
Select accuracy target
Specify the components
Calculate corresponding
flow accuracies
Check for practicality
Adjust as needed

Based on leakage area
Example: 150 cfm for ½ square foot
0.035
0.03
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
O
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Select Accuracy Target
Based on need to control contaminants
Not product spec’s
0.035
0.03
0.025
x
Pressure Difference
0.02
0.015
O
0.01
0.005
x
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Effect of Errors in Flow In and Out
Numerical illustration
Nominal value Error

Exhaust flow 1000 +/- 100
Supply flow 850 +/- 85
Transfer flow 150 +/- 185

Derive Flow Accuracy Spec
Use equation that combines

supply and exhaust errors
2 2
ed e s ee
Apply it with desired infiltration accuracy

Allow same error on supply and exhaust

(Arbitrary allocation, others are possible.)
2 2 2
ed e
s ee 2e s
ed 150(30%)
Example: es 30
2 1.4
Supply and exhaust tolerance = 30 cfm

Check for Practicality
Can we find flow control products

that meet the needs?
flow range / pressure drop
flow accuracy
Is the envelope too loose?
flow needed to pressurize is excessive
Is the envelope too tight?
infiltrating flow is small
compared to controlled flow

Adapting the Design
If pressurization design does not work

adjust flow offset
choose pressure feedback instead of flow
resize terminals
reselect sensors
reduce air flow ranges
add leakage, move design point
Address as soon as possible

Adapting the Design
Pressure too low for pressure feedback
Flow offset too small for control accuracy
0.035
0.03
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
O
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Adapting the Design
Increase flow difference or
Use pressure feedback
0.035
0.03
O
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Adapting the Design
Add leakage to make the system less sensitive
Increase the flow offset
0.035
0.03
0.025
Pressure Difference
0.02
0.015
O
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Adapting the Design
Improve flow control accuracy
Resize terminals, reselect sensors, reduce flow range
0.035
0.03
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
O
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Specifying Flow Control
Sample Calculation
VAV cooling load: 700 cfm
Minimum supply 50 cfm
Intended pressurization: 0.015 inwc, 4 Pa, negative
Anticipated leakage: 0.5 sqft
Calculated infiltration: 150 cfm
Desired infiltration accuracy: 30%* 150 = 50 cfm
Allocated sup/exh accuracy: 50/1.4 = 30 cfm

Specifying Flow Control
Sample Calculation: result

Flow control performance spec
calculated from pressurization requirements
Max Min
Supply 700 +/- 30 50 +/- 30
Exhaust 850 +/- 30 200 +/- 30

Air flow control components
Dampers
Flow Sensors
Controllers
Specifying components or performance

Defining Air Terminal Performance
Range of air flows

Control accuracy
Pressure drop
Sound

Flow Control Dampers
Single-blade, venturi, bladder
A IR FL O W

Cut-Away View of
Venturi/Cone/Spring/Shaft
Spring Shaft
Bracket
Shaft
Dashtube Bearing
Center
Shaft
Cone Cap
shing
(Slides on Shaft)
ides in Dashtube)

Damper’s Job:
Selectively restrict air path
Venturi Damper – fully open Blade Damper – fully open
Venturi Damper – nearly closed Blade Damper – nearly closed

Flow Control Dampers
Single-blade, venturi, bladder

Which kind do you need?
Do you need to choose?
Consider specifying performance
range of air flows
control accuracy
pressure drop
sound

Closed loop vs. open loop
If you care about airflow, MEASURE IT!
Closed loop control Open loop control

• flow rate affects • flow rate does not affect
controller output controller output
• damper curve is not • depends on calibration of
crucial damper and actuator
• uses a flow sensor • doesn’t need a sensor
• delivers flow data • delivers no data

Air Flow Sensors
3 Common types
Velocity pressure
Vortex shedding
Thermal

Specifying Flow Sensors
Specify performance: 1200

Pressurization Accuracy
Fixed Accuracy Target
ASHRAE Guideline 13 Exhaust
5% of reading? 1000 Supply

Flow Difference
3% of max relates better 800
Actual Flow Ranges

to pressurization 600
Require on-site 400
commissioning 200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Nominal Exhaust Flow

Accurate Airflow Control,
at Low & High Pressure Drop
System performance: terminal sensor, actuator
and controller
Test covers air flow range
112 cfm to 1400 cfm
55 l/s to 700 l/s
and pressure range
0.5 inwc to 5.0 inwc
125 Pa to 1250 Pa
Error at low flow usually smaller than at high flow

Rating Standards for
Air Flow Controls
ASHRAE 195P:Method of Test
for Rating Air Terminal Unit
Controls
AMCA 610: Laboratory Method of
Testing Airflow Measurement
Stations for Performance Rating

Theory and Concepts 2: Air Flow
Sensing Accuracy
Control Loop Accuracy, Sensing Accuracy
End-to-end Accuracy
Kinds of Sensing Errors
Errors in Flow Sensing System

Air Flow Sensors
3 Common types
Velocity pressure
Vortex shedding
Thermal
and “no sensor”

Sensing Accuracy Concepts
Velocity Differential Input

Physical Signal Instrument A/D DDC Sensed
Air Flow
Pressure Pressure
Pressure Current
Electronic Value Air Flow
Calculations
Probe Transmitter Circuits
Sensing system can include

multiple components
Each component has accuracy characteristics
Combined effect is what counts
Sometimes called ‘end-to-end accuracy’

To talk about accuracy,
Output
think about error
Offset
Error
Different kinds of errors actual curve
ideal curve
offset
span
non-linearity
hysteresis
cross-sensitivity
Input

Output
Output
actual curve
ideal curve
Span
Error
ideal curve
actual curve
Nonlinearity
Error
Input Input

Output
ideal curve
Spec’s may state only
overall error
actual curve
Details used to
optimizing sensing
Overall
Error
system
Input

Velocity Pressure Sensing
Flow computed from

measured pressure
Q = A k (Pv)1/2
Shape of the curve
A ir F lo w
affects sensing
performance
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Velocity Pressure

Errors in VP Sensing System
Characteristics of flow pick-up

linearity: typically good, can be affected by installation
span error: affected by installation,
corrected by balancer
offset: non-existent

Effect of Flow Pick-up Error
Numerical example to 60
illustrate the math 50
Span error: 5% after

field calibration 40
F lo w E r r o r
Offset error: 0 30
20
Flow Rate Accuracy 10
1000 cfm 50 cfm

0
400 cfm 20 cfm 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Air Flow
200 cfm 10 cfm
100 cfm 5 cfm

Errors in VP Sensing System
Characteristics of dp transmitter
linearity: not an issue
span error: various grades available,
typically 1% or better
offset: typically 1% or better

Effect of Transmitter Error
span error: 0%
offset error: 1% 40
F lo w E rro r
10 inch round duct
30
‘unity gain’ probe
0.25 inwc transmitter 20
10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1000 cfm 6 cfm Air Flow
400 cfm 15 cfm

200 cfm 27 cfm
100 cfm 48 cfm
Effect of Transmitter Error
span error: 0%
offset error: 1% 40
F lo w E rro r
10 inch round duct
30
‘unity gain’
Looksprobe
bad?
0.25 inwc
Sametransmitter
effect as 20
5% at 1000 cfm.
10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1000 cfm 6 cfm Air Flow
400 cfm 15 cfm

200 cfm 27 cfm
100 cfm 48 cfm
Errors in VP System
ROUGHLY
span error comes from the probe
offset error comes from the pressure transmitter
Velocity Differential Input

Physical Signal Instrument A/D DDC Sensed
Air Flow
Pressure Pressure
Pressure Current
Electronic Value Air Flow
Calculations
Probe Transmitter Circuits

Flow Sensing Arithmetic
Flow computed from measured pressure

Q = A k (Pv)1/2
Flow error comes from pressure error
Q + dQ = A k (Pv + dPv)1/2
Pressure error has 2 components
dPv = esPv + eoPRange
Flow error is sensitive to turndown
dQ/Q = (1+ es+ T2eo)1/2 - 1

Combined Sensing Error
60
Numerical example
duct: 10” round 50
transmitter: 1.0 inwc 40
F lo w E rro r
probe gain: 1.5
30
span error: 3% in flow

offset: 0.5% of range 20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Air Flow

Behavior at High Flow
Error is almost entirely due to the probe

and air flow issues in the duct
Transmitter errors are much less
significant at high flow
offset is completely negligible
span error is smaller than probe error

Behavior at Low Flow
Error is almost completely due

to offset in the transmitter
Span errors in transmitter and probe
are much smaller
Offset can disrupt effective control
What’s the solution?

Zero the DP Transmitter
Offset can be almost completely eliminated by

zeroing in the field
Highly reliable process, much easier
than other field calibration tasks
Manual or automatic

Combined Sensing Error
After Zeroing the Transmitter
60
Numerical example 50
duct: 10” round 40
transmitter: 1.0 inwc
F lo w E r r o r
30
probe gain: 1.5

span error: 3% in flow 20
offset: 0.25% of range 10
Makes velocity pressure 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
methods viable in pressurized spaces Air Flow

Design Process
Determine pressure relationships

Calculate required flow accuracy
Adjust as needed
Example

End of Part 2
Questions?
Jim Coogan, PE

ASHRAE WILL GIVE
YOU THE WORLD

Jim Coogan

March 8, 2014
Agenda

Physics: infiltration and containment
Design for flow tracking
Air flow control components

Design Process
room req’s
and descriptions
Start design with
pressurization needs
Then derive component
spec’s Design Process
Compile box schedule
box schedule

Designing Air Flow Tracking
room req’s
and descriptions
Determine pressurization
Select
Identify
relationships
pressurization
terminals and air
level and
accuracy flow ranges Select pressurization level
Calculate flow and accuracy
accuracy spec
for each terminal
Calculate flow accuracies
Check practicality
with available
components Adjust as needed
Adjust
design?
box
schedule

Desired Pressure Relationships
Covered in Part 1

and Accuracy Target
Covered in Part 1
Based on pressurization need (not product spec’s)
0.035
0.03
x
Pressure Difference
0.025
0.02
0.015
O
x
0.01
0.005
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Use equation that combines

supply and exhaust errors
2 2
ed e s e e
Apply it with desired infiltration accuracy
Allocate allowable error among terminals

Example 1: Simple Biological Lab
Small room, no special exhaust equipment

1 supply, 1 exhaust
Negative pressurization (150 cfm, 0.5 ft2)
VAV for cooling (maximum 700 cfm)
Minimum flow when occupied (200 cfm)

Example 1: Ventilation Schematic
Corridor
150
Laboratory
850 / 200 700 / 50
Supply Flow
Exhaust Flow
Infiltration Flow
Calculate Flow Accuracies
Choose to allow equal error
on supply and exhaust
Calculate accuracy needed
ed 150(30%)
es 30
2 1.4
30 cfm allowed on supply and exhaust
Max Min
Supply 700 +/- 30 50 +/- 30
Exhaust 850 +/- 30 200 +/- 30
30 cfm allowed on supply and exhaust

No challenge at the low flows
Exhaust is a little tight at the high end
Max Min
Supply 700 +/- 30 50 +/- 30

700 +/- 4% 50 +/- 60%
Exhaust 850 +/- 30 200 +/- 30
850 +/- 3% 200 +/-15%

Combine accuracy spec’s with flow ranges
Compare to available products:
What equipment meets the spec?
8” terminal meets spec; 10” may be acceptable
80
70
60
50
Flow Error
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Air Flow

Example 2: Same Room, More Flow

1 supply, 1 exhaust
Cooling flow irrelevant,
less than the ventilation rate
High ventilation (1250 cfm)


at supply and exhaust
30 cfm allowance on supply and exhaust
Same envelope, same pressurization,
same allowable error
Supply 1100 +/- 30
Exhaust 1250 +/- 30

Combine accuracy spec’s with flow ranges

Can’t quite meet it with these components
May need to adjust the design
80
70
60
50
Flow Error
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Air Flow

What’s the Problem?
Lots of ways to look at it

“Air change rate is too high”
“Room is too tight for offset control”
“Flow offset is too small”
“Flow control not accurate enough”

Adjust the Design as Needed
Covered in part 1
If spec’s are not practical
adjust flow offset
choose pressure feedback instead of flow
resize terminals
reselect sensors
reduce air flow ranges
add leakage, move design point

Example 3: Same Flows,
More Terminals
2 supply, 2 exhaust
Cooling flow irrelevant,
less than ventilation requirement
High ventilation rate (1200 cfm)

Example 3: Ventilation Schematic
Corridor
0
15
Laboratory
550 550
625 625
Supply Flow
Exhaust Flow
Infiltration Flow


on supply and exhaust
2 2 2 2
ed e s1 es2 e
e1 e
e2 150(30%) 45
If terminal accuracies are equal
ed 150(30%)
e s1 22.5
2 2
Or we can adjust the allocation

Allocate Error to Terminals
Exhaust flow is a little higher

Round exhaust error up
and supply error down
Terminal 1 Terminal 2
Supply 550 +/- 20 550 +/- 20
Exhaust 625 +/- 25 625 +/- 25

What equipment can meet spec?
Try 2 pairs of 8” supply and exhaust terminals
In this case, 2 terminals are
more accurate than 1
80
70
60
50
Flow Error
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Air Flow

How Does That Work?
Math to combine errors accounts for the chance

that errors cancel or add
Square root equation ‘favors’ more terms
Is it realistic?
experience says that large rooms,
with many terminals are easier to commission
than rooms with 1 in and 1 out

Summary of Examples
Worked 3 examples with the

same pressurization requirement
leakage area: 0.5 ft2
flow offset: 150 cfm +/- 30%
Increased air flow challenged the design
Supply Flows Exhaust Flows Design

1 700/50 +/- 30 850/200 +/- 30 8” or 10” supply
and exhaust
2 1100 +/- 30 1250 +/- 30 Adjust design
3 2x 550 +/- 20 2x 625 +/- 25 2 pairs of 8”
terminals
Designing for Pressurization
Determine pressurization
relationships
0.035
0.03
Corridor
150
x
Pressure Difference
0.025
Laboratory
0.02
and accuracy
0.015
O 550 550
0.01
0.005
x
0
0 50 100 15 0 200 250
625 625
Supply Flow
Exhaust Flow
Infiltration Flow
Calculate flow accuracies

ed es2 ee2
80
70
60
50
Adjust as needed
Flow Error
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 8 00 100 0 1 20 0 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000
Air Flow

Summary
Space pressurization: tool for contamination control,

not a ‘magic shield’
Envelope leakage is main mechanical parameter
Several HVAC control methods
Differential flow control is used most often
Choice usually driven by envelope
Derive air flow accuracy spec from pressurization

Thank you!
Questions?
Jim Coogan, PE

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ASHRAE, Oryx Qatar Chapter

Introduction (concept, purpose, uses, scope)

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Biological and Chemical Laboratories

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Simple approach is to model the velocity

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Flow is velocity times area

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Infiltrating Air Flow

Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter in

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Photograph of flow field (2D) in cross section of a room

Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter

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Infiltrating Air Flow

Infiltrating Air Flow

Different ways to express the level of pressurization

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Infiltrating Air Flow

Set one parameter (flow or pressure)

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Required Pressure Relationships

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Three widely published methods

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Some other ways

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Measure pressure difference

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Carefully control air supply to room

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Has other names:

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Infiltrating Air Flow

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Offset Airflow (cfm)

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Rough guides for selecting control method

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Project spec’s calling out sealing methods

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Relatively simple requirement

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