(a) The hotness of an object is determined by its temperature.

(b) Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a clinical thermometer.

(c) Temperature is measured in degree Celsius.

(d) No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of Radiation.

(e) A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. It transfers heat to its other end by the
process of conduction.

(f ) Clothes of dark colours absorb heat better than clothes of light colours.

Questions: Match the following :

(i) Land breeze blows during à night
(ii) Sea breeze blows during-àday
(iii) Dark coloured clothes are preferred during à winter
(iv) Light coloured clothes are preferred during-àsummer

Questions: What is heat?

Heat is a form of energy, entry or exit of which correspondingly increases or decreases

internal energy of a body when no work is done on the body or by the body.

Questions: What is temperature?

A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its temperature. Temperature is measured by
a device called thermometer.

Questions:What is clinical thermometer?

The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called a clinical thermometer
A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb at one
end. This bulb contains mercury.

Questions: Why clinical thermometer ranging 35oC to 42oC.?

The normal temperature of human body is 37°C.The temperature of human body normally
does not go below 35oC or above 42oC. That is the reason that this a clinical thermometer has
the range 35oC to 42oC.

Questions: What is the use of the m a x i m u m - m i n i m u m thermometer?

Different types of thermometers are used for different purposes. The maximum and minimum
temperatures of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are measured by a
thermometer called the m a x i m u m - m i n i m u m thermometer.

Questions: What is the range of a laboratory thermometer?

The range of a laboratory thermometer is generally from –10°C to 110°C

Questions: Why does the mercury not fall or rise in a clinical thermometer when taken out
of the mouth?

Kink prevents mercury level from falling on its own.

Questions: What is conduction?

Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object. The process by which heat is transferred
from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is known as conduction.

Questions: Why conduction is only possible in solids

In solids, generally, the heat is transferred by the process of conduction because particles of
solids are closely packed and heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an
object.

Questions: What are conductor and insulators?

The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. For
examples, aluminum, iron and copper

The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of
heat known as insulators such as plastic and wood.

Questions: Explain how water heated by convection?

The water is poor conductors of heat so do not heated by conduction.

When water is heated, the water became lighter. Hot water rises up. The cold water from the
sides moves down towards the source of heat This water also gets hot and rises and water
from the sides moves down. This process continues till the whole water gets heated. This
mode of heat transfer is known as convection

Questions: What is land and sea breeze explain?

During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over theland becomes
hotter and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its place.
The warm air from the land moves towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air from the
sea
is called the sea breeze.

At night , The water cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the land
moves towards the sea. This is called the land breeze

Questions: How does the heat from the sun reach us?

It cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no medium such as air in most part
of the space between the earth and the sun. From the sun the heat comes to us by another
process known as radiation.

Radiation can take place whether a medium is present or not.

Questions: In summer we prefer light-coloured clothes and in winter we usually wear dark-
coloured clothes. Why

Dark surfaces absorb more heat and, therefore, we feel comfortable with dark coloured
clothes
in the winter. Light coloured clothes reflect most of the heat that falls on them and, therefore,
we feel more comfortable wearing them in the summer.

Questions: How Woolen clothes keep us warm in winter

Woollen clothes keep us warm during winter. It is so because wool is a poor conductor of
heat and it has air trapped in between the fibres

Questions: Why one thick blanket is less warm up than two thin blankets joined together?

There ia a layer of air in between the blankets..Since air is bad conductor of heat prevent
body heat to escape out.

Questions: How is heat transferred in solids, liquids and gases?

The heat flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature
In solids, generally, the heat is transferred by conduction. In liquids and gases the heat is
transferred by convection. No medium is required for transfer of heat by radiation

Questions: Why we wear light cloths in summer?

Dark-coloured objects absorb radiation better than the light-coloured objects. That is the
reason we feel more comfortable in light-coloured clothes in the summer

Questions: What are the different thermometer scales?

Different thermometer scales

(a) The centigrade or Celsius scale: It is introduced by Celsius, is usually used in scientific
laboratories. In this scale the lower fixed point or the ice-point is 0°C and the steam-point
100°C. The fundamental interval is divided in 100 equal parts; each part is called 1°C
(one degree Celsius).

(b) The Fahrenheit scale: It is suggested by Gabriel Fahrenheit, is usually used in clinical and
meteorological purposes. Here, the ice-point and the steam-point are correspondingly marked
as 32°F and 212°F, and the fundamental interval is divided into 180 equal divisions. Each
division is called one degree Fahrenheit. (1°F).

(c) Absolute scale or Kelvin scale: It is designed by Lord Kelvin, is used internationally in
modern scientific world. In this scale the ice-point is marked 273K and the steam-point 373K,
the fundamental interval is divided into100 equal divisions, like that in the Celsius scale.
Each division is read as one degree absolute or one Kelvin (IK). In fact, Kelvin scale of
temperature starts from the temperature corresponding to -273°C, taken as zero Kelvin
Questions: What is the Relation between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales?

Since the range of temperature from ice-point to steam-point is equal in all the three scales,
100 centigrade degrees = (212 - 32) or 180 Fahrenheit degrees = (373 - 273) or 100 absolute
degrees.
We consider three thermometers in the above three scales are dipped simultaneously in a
liquid of certain temperature.
Let the temperatures recorded in the Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin thermometers
respectively be C, F and K.
Now it can be proved that C / 5 = F- 32 / 9 = K- 273 /5

Questions: What is the unit of heat

Units of Heat
(a) C.G.S. unit of heat is Calorie.
(b) The M.K.S. or S.I. unit of heat is Joule

1 calorie equals 4.18 or 4.2 joules approximately.

Questions: The quantity of heat absorbed or given out by a substance during a

thermal change depends on what factors?

The quantity of heat absorbed or given out by a substance during a thermal change depends
on
(a) mass,
(b) difference of temperature and
(c) Specific heat of the material of the substance.

(a) Mass: A larger mass of a substance absorbs or gives out more heat than a smaller mass of
it for a certain change of temperature. So, if 'H' be the quantity of heat absorbed or given out
by a substance of mass 'm’ for a given change of temperature, H = m.

(b) Temperature: The heat absorbed or released by a certain quantity of a given substance
increases or decreases accordingly as the difference between the initial and final temperatures
is large and small. Thus, H= (T-t) where, (T-t) is the difference between the initial and the
final temperatures of the body.

(c) Specific heat: This is a fundamental property of matter. An equal mass of different
materials absorb or give out different quantities of heat, even if they are heated or cooled
through the same range of temperature.This is also called specific heat capacity (abbreviated
as SHC) in S.I. system.

Heat (H) absorbed or given out by body of mass (m) for rise or fall of temperature through t
is given by H = mst.

Questions: State similarities between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical
thermometer
1. Laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer consist of a long, narrow, uniform
glass tube.
2. Laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer have a bulb containing mercury at
the end of the tube.
3. Laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer are marked with Celsius scale on the
glass tube.

Questions: Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer
than wearing just one thick piece of clothing.

In between the layers of cloths there is trapped air. As air is bad conductor of heat so the out
side low temperature do not get transferred to body as well as prevent our body heat to escape
out side. Hence more layers of cloths keep us warmer during cold winter.

Questions: In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted
white. Explain.

In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white because a
light colour absorb very less radiant heat and we feel comfortable inside such houses due to
lower temperature inside house.

Questions: Why stainless steel cooking utensils are usually provided with copper bottoms?

The reason for this could be that copper is the best conductor of heat than the stainless steel.

Seven Science Class note; CBSE NCERT

Physical and Chemical Changes

We see different types of changes; everyday in our surrounding. Growth of tree,

rising of sun, setting of sun, different shape and size of moon, burning of coal, paper,
wood, etc. are the examples of changes around us.

Before knowing the scientific meaning of changes; it is necessary to understand

some terms, i.e. physical properties, chemical properties, reversible and irreversible.

Physical Properties: Shape, Size and State of substance are known as physical
properties. For example; when a sheet of paper is folded, its shape changes and this
is an example of change in physical property.

Chemical Properties: The internal properties of a substance are known as chemical

properties. For example curd is the product of milk but the internal properties of milk
and curd are completely different.

Reversible: Things or processes which can be reversed are called: Things or

processes which can be reversed are called reversible. For example, a folded sheet
of paper can be unfolded and hence folding a sheet of paper is reversible.
Irreversible: Things or processes which cannot be reversed are called irreversible.
For example, when milk turns into curd; it cannot be changed back to milk and hence
is an irreversible change.

Types of Changes: - Physical Change and Chemical Change.

Physical Change:

Change in which only physical properties of a substance change and no new

substance is formed is called Physical Change.

Most of the physical changes are reversible, this means we can get the substance
back even after the change.

Examples:

Folding of a paper sheet: A paper can be folded or unfolded and hence it is an

example of physical change. Moreover, no new substance is formed in this process,
so it is a physical change.

Tearing of paper sheet: Even after being torn in very small pieces; each piece is a
piece of paper. Since no new substance is formed in this process, so it is a physical
change.

Melting of wax: In melting, only the state of the wax changes; from solid to liquid.
Solid wax can be obtained from molten wax. This i: In melting, only the state of the
wax changes; from solid to liquid. Solid wax can be obtained from molten wax. This
is an example of physical and reversible change.

Melting of ice into water: In melting, only the state of water changes. Water can be
changed to ice and vice-versa. This is an example of physical and reversible change.

Freezing of water:After freezing, water changes into ice. In this change; there is only
the change in the state of water. Water can be obtained back from ice; by melting.

Change of water into vapour (Vaporisation): Vapour is another state of water. Water
can be obtained after condensation of vapour. This is a physical and reversible
change.

Change of vapour into water (Condensation): This is also a physical and reversible
change as water can be changed into vapour again by the process of vaporization.

Stretching of a rubber band: In this change, only the size of the rubber band
changes. The rubber band comes back in its original shape and size, once it is
released. This is a physical and reversible change.

Chemical Changes:

Changes in which chemical properties of substance change and a new substance is

formed are called chemical changes. Some of the chemical changes are irreversible.
Even in case of reversible chemicalChanges in which chemical properties of
substance change and a new substance is formed are called chemical changes.
Some of the chemical changes are irreversible. Even in case of reversible chemical
change, the change cannot be reversed by simple physical processes.

Examples:

Burning of paper, wood, fuel or anything:

When something is burnt, many new substances are formed; especially carbon
dioxide is formed in most of the cases. Once something is burnt, the ash or carbon
dioxide cannot be turned into the original substance. Hence, burning oWhen
something is burnt, many new substances are formed; especially carbon dioxide is
formed in most of the cases. Once something is burnt, the ash or carbon dioxide
cannot be turned into the original substance. Hence, burning of anything is chemical
and irreversible change.

Melting of wax and burning of wax are different kinds of change. Burning of wax is
chemical change while melting of wax is a physical change. Burning of wax is
irreversible while melting of wax is reversible.sed back.

Reaction between vinegar and Baking Soda:

Vinegar is an acid (Acetic acid). The chemical name of baking soda is sodium
hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.

When vinegar reacts with acetic acid, it gives carbon dioxide. A hissing sound is
produced when baking soda is added to vinegar. This happens because of
production of carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water
(calcium hydroxide), it turns the lime water milky. This happens because of formation
of calcium carbonate. Water is also formed; along with calcium carbonate. The
reaction involved in this can be written as follows:

Class seven science Chemical and Physical Changes Reaction between acetic acid
and calcium hydrogen carbonate
These are the examples of chemical changes. In the first case, a new substance;
carbon dioxide is formed. In the second case, a new substance; calcium carbonate is
formed. The lime water turns milky because of formation of calcium carbonate.

These reactions are irreversible, as original substance cannot be retrieved from

these by simple physical processes.

Burning of magnesium ribbon:

Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling light in air and forms magnesium oxide. The
ash of magnesium oxide gives magnesium hydroxide when mixed with water.
Solution of magnesium hydroxide turns blue litmus paper red; this shows its basic
characteristic. Reaction involved in it can be written as follows:
Class seven science Chemical and Physical Changes Reaction of burning of
magnesium ribbon in air
These are chemical changes as new substances are formed after change. Original
substances cannot be retrieved by simple physical processes.

Reaction between solution of copper sulphate and iron: Copper sulphate solution is
blue in colour. Copper sulphate is also known as blue vitriol. When an iron nail or
shaving blade is left in copper sulphate solution; for some time; the colour of solution
changes from blue to pale green. This happens because of the formation of iron
sulphate. Additionally, a layer of brown copper gets deposited over the iron nail or
blade. The reaction can be written as follows:

Class seven science Chemical and Physical Changes Reaction between solution of
copper sulphate and iron
Rusting of Iron: Deposition of a brown layer on iron is called rusting. In rusting, a new
substance is formed. The chemical structures of iron and rust are completely
different. Rust is iron oxide. Iron is a grey-black material while rust is reddish brown

Thus, this is a chemical and irreversible change. Reaction in rusting can be written
as follows:

Class seven science Chemical and Physical Changes Reaction of rusting of Iron
When articles made of iron come in contact with moisture present in air, they get
rusted. Iron is converted into iron oxide, i.e. rust. The iron article becomes weak in
due course as all the iron slowly turns into rust. This is corrosion of iron. Rusting
gives a huge monetary loss to the people and nation.

Prevention of rusting: For rusting, both water and oxygen should come in contact
with iron. If anyone of these is prevented to come in contact with iron, rusting can be
prevented. So, rusting is prevented using following methods:

Painting: articles such as; iron gates, grills, etc. are painted at regular intervals of
time.

Applying of layer of grease: Applying a layer of grease prevents the iron articles from
coming in contact with moist air. This prevents rusting. That is why grease is applied
over the chain of bicycle and also over many machine parts.

Galvanisation: In the process of galvanization; a layer of non-reactive metal, such as

zinc is deposited over iron articles. The layer of non-reactive metal prevents the iron
articles from coming in contact with moisture. Thus it prevents rusting. Water p

Crystallisation: Common salt is obtained by the vapourisation of sea water, but

crystals of common salt are very small. When a small crystal of common salt is left
dipped in the saturated solut In the process of galvanization; a layer of non-reactive
metal, such as zinc is deposited over iron articles. The layer of non-reactive metal
prevents the iron articles from coming in contact with moisture. Thus it prevents
rusting. Water pipes, which are made of iron, are galvanized to prevent rusting.
Crystallisation:Common salt is obtained by the vapourisation of sea water, but
crystals of common salt are very small. When a small crystal of common salt is left
dipped in the saturated solution of common salt for some time, big crystal of common
salt is obtained. Formation of big and pure crystal of a substance from the saturated
solution is called CRYSTALLISATION.

Characteristics of Physical change:

Only physical properties of substance change.

No new substance is formed in this change.
Most of the Physical changes are reversible.
Characteristics of Chemical change:

Chemical properties of substance change.

New substance is formed.
Some of the Chemical changes are irreversible.
Chemical change cannot be reversed by simple physical means.
Signs of Chemical Change:

Evolution of heat.
Production of sound.
Change in colour.
Change in smell.