Unit I
1. Find the length of a simple pendulum for which the period of oscillation is equal to 1 second.
Time period of oscillations t = 1 s
𝑔
Natural frequency ωn=√( )
𝑙
2𝜋 𝑔
=√( )
𝑡 𝑙
2𝜋 9.81
= √( ) l =0.248 m.
1 𝑙
6. Derive the equivalent spring constants for two springs in parallel and series combinations.
Springs in series:
Consider a system having two springs k 1 and k2 in series. If theses springs are replaced by an
equivalent spring of stiffness keq, then the total static deflection of the body in two cases under the same
load must be the same. The total deflection in the actual case is the sum of deflections in the individual
springs. Each spring has the same force mg acting on it.
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
Δst = = +
𝑘𝑒𝑞
1 1 1
= +
keq
In the case of series springs, the reciprocal of the equivalent spring stiffness is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of individual spring stiffnesses.
Springs in parallel:
The springs are said to be parallel when the absolute deflection in each of the individual springs is
equal to the deflection of the system.
Consider a system having springs in parallel combinations. The total load supported is equal to the
sum of the loads carried by individual springs
Let the spring k1 be carrying a load m1g and the spring k2 a load m2g.
if keq is the stiffness of equivalent spring,then the total deflection of the body in both cases must be
the same.
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
Δst = = = = =
𝑘
keq = k1+k2
Longitudinal vibrations: When the particles of a bar or disc move parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations as shown in fig.(a). The bar is elongated and shortened
alternately and thus the tensile and compressive stresses are inducted in the bar. The motion of spring mass
system is longitudinal vibrations.
Transverse Vibrations: When the particles of the bar or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis
of the bar, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations as shown in fig.(b) In this case, bar is
straight and bent alternately. Bending stresses are induced in the bar.
Torsional Vibrations : When the particles of the bar or disc get alternately twisted and untwisted on
account of vibratory motion of suspended body, it is said to be undergoing torsional vibrations as shown in
fig. (c). In this case, torsional shear stresses are induced in the bar
12. Find the natural frequency of a simple spring mass system using energy method.
1
Kinetic energy T =
2
1
Potential energy U = 𝑘x2
2
Using energy method, T + U = constant
1 1
∴ + 𝑘x2 = constant
2 2
Differentiating with respect to time,
m𝑥̇ 𝑥̈ + kx𝑥̇ = 0
𝑘 𝑘
𝑥̈ + 𝑥=0 ωn2 =
𝑚 𝑚
ωn = √𝑘/𝑚
Ans : larger
Unit II
Hamilton’s principle for the conservative system or motion states that “the motion of a
particle acted on by conservative forces between two arbitrary instants of time t1 and t2 is such that the line
integral over the Lagrangian function is an extremum for the path motion.”
4. D e f i n e s e m i d e f i n i t e s y st e m .
The system having one of their natural frequencies equal to zero are known as semi
definite systems.
6. Write down the Lagrange’s equation and state the use of the equation.
The general form of this equation in terms of generalized coordinates is,
𝑑 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑈
( ) - 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 = Qj
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗̇ 𝑗 𝑗
j= 1, 2, 3 ……… n
𝑑 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑈
∴ ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗̇
- 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 = 0
𝑗 𝑗
Lagrange’s equation can be used to obtain the equations of motion of the vibratory systems.
Case 1: Considering, i.e., point C and G coincides, the equation of motion can be written as,
In this case the system is statically coupled and if k1l1=k2l2 , this coupling disappears, and
Uncoupled x and θ vibrations are obtained.
Case 2: If, k2l2=k1l1 , the equation of motion becomes
Hence in this case the system is dynamically coupled but statically uncoupled
Case 3: If l1=0, i.e. point C coincide with the left end, the equation of motion will become ,
Unit III
𝑇
Where , c = √
𝑚
T = tension in the string
m= mass per unit length
4. Draw the first three mode shapes of a stretched string and indicate the corresponding frequencies.
T is the tension in the string
m is the mass per unit length
l is the length of the string
𝜋 𝑇 2𝜋 𝑇 3𝜋 𝑇
ωn1 = √
𝑙 𝑚
ωn2 =
𝑙
√𝑚 ωn3 =
𝑙
√𝑚