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Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer D C A D D C B A A B

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A. A protocol is a set of rules or procedures that must be understood and agreed upon
between two devices so they can transfer data successfully
B. Handshaking is the process that occurs to establish and negotiate the rules and
protocols that will be used during communication
C. An IP address is a four byte number which uniquely identifies each device on a
network that uses the internet
D. A MAC (Media Access Controller) address is a 6 byte number that uniquely identifies
each communication hardware device on a network. The MAC address is used by
low level (transmission level) protocols to identify particular NICs, switches and other
hardware devices.
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● Messages ascend the protocol stack as they are being decoded at the receiver. Each
protocol from lowest level to highest level examines the message performs any error
checks and then removes its headers. The message is then passed up to the next
protocol that performs similar processes. Eventually the original message arrives at
its destination.
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● IP is designed to route message efficiently and when problems or errors are
encountered messages are discarded. This is not a problem as many other protocols
in the stack include error correction strategies that will detect and correct dropped IP
datagrams. In addition some messages such as streamed video and audio are time
sensitive and are able to continue to display received content even when some data
is lost.
14
● The TCP sliding windows system controls the flow of data between sender and
receiver. TCP segments continue to be sent whist at the same time
acknowledgments for received segments are being returned. The width of sliding
window determines the number of segments that can be sent without any
acknowledgement being received. As acknowledgments are received the window
slides to the right and hence further segments can then be transmitted. If
acknowledgements are received slowly then transmission speed slows, conversely if
acknowledgements are received rapidly then transmission speeds will increase.

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● MAC addresses are unique everywhere they are hardwired into communication
devices during manufacture and cannot be changed.

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