REVIEWED BY:
Dr. NORAZLI BINITI OTHMAN
PREPARED BY:
MAGED MOHAMMED AHMED QASEM PRS173005
MOHAMED MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMED YOUNOS PRS153011
MOUSA ABDULLAH MOHMMED HASAN PRS173006
HAMDI ABDULRAHMAN SAIF SALEM PRS173004
i
1.3.11 Conflicts and Wars ................................................................... 12
ii
1.9.2 Management Issues. .................................................................... 31
1.12 Conclusions................................................................................... 34
REFERENCES............................................................................................... 35
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: population Growth Trend From 2010 to 2040 (DOSM, 2016). 1
Figure 1.2: Age Structure of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040. 2
Figure 1.3: Population Distribution in Each State for Year 2016 (DOSM, 2016) 3
Figure 1.4: Malaysian Ethnic composition in in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016). 4
Figure 1.5: Sex Ratio of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016). 5
Figure 1.6: Energy Demand Growth from 1990 to 2050. 14
Figure 1.7: Coal Required by Malaysia from 2008 to 2030 16
Figure 1.8: Oil Consumption in Malaysia from 2007 to 2016. 17
Figure 1.9. Malaysian Renewable Energy Sources 17
Figure 1.10: Energy Demand in Malaysia from 1990 to 2009 19
Figure 1.11: National Biofuel Policy Malaysia 2006 with 5 Strategic Trust and
Expected Benefits 21
Figure 1.12: Energy Generation & Energy Recovery 22
Figure 1.13: Municipal Solid Waste Being Disposed to Landfill. 23
Figure 1.14: Taman Beringin Landfill Site. 24
Figure 1.15: Malaysia National Biofuel Policy and Implementation 25
Figure 1.16: Timeline of Technological Availability in Malaysia 26
Figure 1.17: Regulations/Orders under EQA 1974 27
Figure 1.18: DOE Reporting & Monitoring System 30
Figure 1.19: Deforestation 32
iv
1. POPULATION GROWTH AND ENERGY DEMAND
1.1 Introduction
In 1963, the population of the whole Malaysia was nearly nine million. The
over-all population increased to more than 10.8 million in 1970 and 13.7 million in
1980. The growth rate of population had declined gradually from a high level of 3.0
percent per year in 1966 to 2.30 percent in 1980. With the high influx of immigrants
during the period of 1980-1991, the average yearly growth rate has risen to 2.64
percent per annum giving the total population of Malaysia in 1991 to more than 18.5
million. The 2000 population survey gives a population of 23.3 million, growing at an
annual growth rate of 2.60 per cent per annum for the period 1991-2000.
Figure 1.1: population Growth Trend From 2010 to 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
1
In terms of age structure, the present population of Malaysia can be described
as “youthful”. Due to high fertility in the last two decades coupled with declining
mortality, as many as 33 percent of the present population are under age of 15 years
old. The current median age of the population is less than 24 years. With regard to the
aged population (65 years and older), there has been a clear trend towards ageing
population.
Figure 1.2: Age Structure of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
2
In terms of spatial distribution, the proportion of the population living in urban
areas has increased from 50.7 per cent in 1991 to 61.8 per cent in 2000, growing at an
annual average rate of 4.8 per cent. This increase was due to rural-urban migration,
spurred by expectations of jobs opportunities and a better quality of life, growth of
new urban areas and extension of existing administrative boundaries (Peng et. al,
2014). Figure 1.3 shows the population distribution in each state of the country. It can
be seen that Selangor is the most populated state with 19.9 %, followed by Sabah as
the second largest populated state with percentage of 12 % of the total population.
Figure 1.3: Population Distribution in Each State for Year 2016 (DOSM, 2016)
The decline in fertility and mortality levels in Malaysia has been consistent
with the rapid economic growth that the country has been experiencing. While there
has been general awareness of the need to integrate population factors within the broad
framework of development, the vision of attaining an industrialized and developed
nation status by the year 2020 would necessarily require closer understanding of the
implications and consequences of future changes in population trends and dynamics.
3
Among the main ethnic groups, Bumiputera showed the highest percentage
increase of 4.8 percentage points, from 67.3 percent (2010) to 72.1 percent (2040). On
the other hand, chines population account the total population by 24.5 percent in 2010
which put it in the second highest place in the country. This portion of population will
be reduced by 4.5 %. The portion of population from the Indian origins is only 7.3
percent of the total population in 2010. This figure is expected to decrease by 0.9
percent by 2040. Figure 1.4 shows the ethnic composition in Malaysian population.
The factors that might contribute to the increase of Bumiputera are due to the high rate
of the births and slow rate of mortality.
Figure 1.4: Malaysian Ethnic composition in in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
The sex ratio in 2010 was 106 males for every 100 females and will increase
to 108 in 2020 and shall remain unchanged until 2040. The sex ratio is 103 by citizen
and will be sustained over the period of 30 years. On the other hand, the sex ratio of
noncitizens is higher, namely 156 in 2010 and is expected to increase to 169 in 2040.
Figure 1.5 presents clearly the sex ratio in 2010 and the expected in 2040.
4
Figure 1.5: Sex Ratio of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
The future age structure of the population will have considerable implications
for social and economic development. In the next two decades, Malaysia will still have
a moderately “young” population, with those within the age group 0-14 constituting
30.5 per cent of the total population. This implies that much of our development
resources will still need to be devoted to cater for the needs of the younger age groups,
particularly in terms of child care, education and other social services. While attending
to the needs of the younger segment of the population, there is also concern for the
steady increase of older persons, both numerically and in proportionate terms. Steps
will have to be undertaken to plan for the needs of the projected two million elderly
by the year 2020.
Malaysia stands unique today as one of the very few countries which has,
within a relatively short period, succeeded not only in achieving growth but also in
addressing more effectively the problems of poverty and economic imbalances.
Alleviation of poverty has been in fact among the top priorities of development
programs since independence in 1957.
5
1.2 Advantages of Population Growth.
In general, there are some advantages that can be noticed for the growth of
population. The following section explains in details those merits generally and
specifically in Malaysia.
The bigger a population in a country, the bigger the domestic market of that
country. More people are able to work, which means that products are manufactured
at cheaper costs and labor costs are lower, which in turn make these products more
affordable to the general population. This creates economies of scale because volume
increases and cost per unit decreases.
With a labor force that is projected to grow in Malaysia from about 12.7 million
in 2010 to 15.1 million inm2020, the number of new jobs to be created is about 273
thousand to begin with in 2010, and17 with the slower growth of the new entrants to
the labor market, the number of new jobs required will be decreasing. The number of
child dependent will be around 7.8 to 8 million between 2010 and 2020. The GDP will
be increasing from around RM1, 000 billion in 2010 to RM1, 616 billion in 2020. Per
capita GDP will increase from about RM 35 thousand to RM 49 thousand during the
same period.
One obvious advantage that some people believe can be found in a large
population is a greater number of human resources. This will most likely not lead to
an increase in jobs in places in which unemployment has been a major issue, but with
more people there will be an increase of people willing to work for less. Whether that
6
is a good thing in a socioeconomic climate that has historically placed a great value on
class and wealth is open to debate, but some people believe that an abundance of
people willing to work may have a positive effect on society.
7
1.2.6 New Advances
With better innovative technologies, the increased demand for services and
goods will become patent because the pricing of raw materials will become more
competitive. Additionally, overpopulation provides labor in manufacturing and
processing industries leading to reduced prices of goods and services.
If a country can control its large population, it can have a significant military
advantage over smaller countries. If the economy is stable, and if the government can
properly manage its increasing number of people, the military size will increase, along
with the military supplies. Additionally, an increase in population can lead to an
increase in technology, which will allow for the production of more sophisticated
military products.
8
1.3 Disadvantages of Population Growth.
As the population of the people in a given region grows it reaches to the point
where the originally available space for the people to settle on is no longer enough
hence forcing them to move to regions originally occupied by other living species.
This consequently forces the other species to relocate to other areas that could be less
favorable in terms of their survival requirements and some have as a result gone
extinct.
9
1.3.3 Rise in Crime Rates
The rise in crime rates can also be linked to overpopulation. When the
population exceeds the capacity of the available resources to cater for the basic needs,
many will resort to illegal activities as they strive to make ends meet. They will often
involve themselves in crimes such as robbery, drug trafficking and other crime related
activities
Just as in the case of education, health is one very important basic need that
every citizen should be assured of. However, if the population of a given region or
country exceeds the support capability of the country in terms of medical equipment,
doctors, nurses or medical supplies; the lives and health quality of the people in the
overpopulated areas is at stake.
10
1.3.6 Degradation of Environment
With the overuse of coal, oil and natural gas, it has started producing some
serious effects on our environment. Rise in the number of vehicles and industries have
badly affected the quality of air. Rise in amount of CO2 emissions leads to global
warming. Melting of polar ice caps, changing climate patterns, rise in sea level are few
of the consequences that we might we have to face due to environment pollution
As the human masses inhabit the earth, the attempts to meet the food needs is
on the rise. This forces the people to find means by which to proficiently cater for the
need for food. Farming is predominantly the most preferred method to the production
of food. Increased farming activities lead to deforestation and degradation of the soils
on the lands that farming activities have been carried out for a long time. This could
lead to the question of where the people will source their foodstuff if all the farming
lands is rendered barren and cannot produce any crop anymore.
11
1.3.9 Child Labor
12
1.4 Type of Energy Demand by Society
Malaysia has a good mix of energy resources; oil, natural gas, coal and
renewable energies such as hydro power electricity, biomass, and solar. We are
interested in detailing some information towards these types of energy and the
utilization in Malaysia within 5-year time back. Instead of electricity generation, these
most popular types of energy those being used in Malaysia widely are also important
in various fields such as transportations, industries, residential and commercials, and
also being exported to some countries.
1.4.1 Industry
By 2035, natural gas will account for the largest share of the final industry
demand (33%), followed by electricity and oil, at 28% each. The final energy demand
for the industrial sector is expected to nearly double over the outlook period, reaching
28 Mtoe in 2035. The energy intensity for the industrial sector, calculated as industrial
demand divided by current GDP, is expected to reduce by 28% within the same time
period. This reflects the sector’s shift towards a structure that is less energy intensive
as well as improvements in technical energy efficiency. Figure 1.6 shows
chronological growth of the energy demand in different sector from 1990 to 2035.
13
Figure 1.6: Energy Demand Growth from 1990 to 2050.
1.4.2 Transport
14
1.4.3 Other Sectors
The final energy demand for the ‘other’ sector, which includes commercial,
residential, and agriculture sub-sectors, is projected to grow at an average annual rate
of 2.4%, reaching 16 Mtoe in 2035. Electricity constitutes the largest portion, with a
share of about 62% (10 Mtoe) in 2035. This will be heavily driven by the need for
space cooling. Generally, most urban dwellings are currently equipped with at least
basic electrical home appliances such as televisions and refrigerators. Air conditioning
is less common outside cities and townships as fans are deemed sufficient to cope with
the humid weather. This moderate growth trend will likely continue throughout the
outlook period unless there is a drastic change in climate.
There are number of energy resources being used in Malaysia such as oil,
natural gas, coal and renewable energies such as hydro power electricity, biomass, and
solar.
Malaysia’s total natural gas resources are estimated to be 100.7 tscf. Thus,
based on the current production rate, Malaysia’s natural gas resources should be able
to last up to 40 years. Natural gas therefore is expected to continue to play an important
role in helping to power Malaysia’s economy, as well as feature prominently in
ensuring security of the nation’s energy supply up to 2050.
15
1.5.2 Coal
Coal is cheaper than gas. However, Malaysia is still imported 100% from
Indonesia, Australia and South Africa. There could be exposed to risk of security of
supply due to weather, political as well as competition from developing countries such
as China and India. Figure 1.6 shows the coal required by country from 2008 t0 2030.
16
Figure 1.8: Oil Consumption in Malaysia from 2007 to 2016.
The most important sources of renewable energy in Malaysia are biomass and
solar and sustainable use of energy has been emphasized in the country's development
plans and supported by Government initiatives. Under the 10th Malaysia Plan, the
Government will be introducing the feed-in tariff (FiT) of 1% to be incorporated into
the electricity tariffs of consumers to support the development of renewable energy
figure 1.9 shows the chat of the renewable energy types being adopted in Malaysia
17
As a developing country, Malaysia would have to be continuously on its toes
in trying to meet the ever-increasing strongly requests for energy, either for domestic
used or exports, in the most cost-effective manner whilst ensuring sustainability of the
energy sector. To enhance the country’s competitiveness and resilience in the 21st
century, the energy sector must also be able to deliver adequate, reliable and quality
power supply. The Malaysian energy sector is still heavily contingent upon non-
renewable fuel; oil, coal and natural gas as a source of energy. These non-renewable
fuels are finite and gradually reducing and also contribute to the emission of
greenhouse gas. Malaysia is one of the ASEAN countries (Philippines, Indonesia,
Thailand and Vietnam) which are blessed with most of the types of renewable energy
sources. The implementation of various policies and programs by the government of
Malaysia has increased the awareness of the importance of the role of renewable
energy in a sustainable energy system. Apart from that, close cooperation within the
countries in this region can also further promote the use of renewable energy in order
to fulfill the demands of energy worldwide.
The industrial sector also one of the major energy users in Malaysia.
Furthermore, the industrial power demands from 1990 to 2009 in Malaysia are shown
in Figure 4. In addition, power demand increasing rate of industrial sector was higher
compared to whole Malaysian demand increasing rate between 1990 and 2009.
18
Figure 1.10: Energy Demand in Malaysia from 1990 to 2009
Due to the economic crisis, the energy consumption in the industrial section
has been decreased in 2009 compared to 2008. As industrial sector is one of the major
energy consumers, this economic crisis affects the overall energy consumption in
Malaysia. The overall energy consumption is less in 2009 compared to the year of
2008
Energy emission is mainly depends on the fossil fuel that produces huge
amount of emissions and changes the climate. That is substantial environmental
problem which potentially leads to rises in sea levels, loss of coastal land, and
ecological shifts. The major cause of climate change is emissions of greenhouse gases.
19
Emissions release by the burning of fossil fuels have a serious greenhouse
effect (i.e. acid rain, ice melting, temperature rises) on mankind More the energy used,
more the CO2 emission. Since the emissions is directly depends on the usage of fossil
fuels, so reduction of energy consumption is the direct way of control emission's
problem. The environmental impact can be tabulated in Table 1.1.
No Renewable
Impact
Energy
Wind Energy The visibility and noise of wind turbines and their
1
impacts on wilderness areas.
Solar Energy Some materials for example arsenic and cadmium cause
health
2
Problems and safety issues for the workers as well as the
people Encountering him.
Biomass Air pollution occurs during combustion of biomass and
3
biomass-derived fuels production
Air Pollution Combustion of biomass pollutes the air and generates
4 carbon
Monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates.
Greenhouse Carbon dioxide is released on the air while burning the
5 Gases biomass.
Global warming becomes zero
Implication for Improper management might have harmful effect on
Agriculture and environment
Forestry Impact on biodiversity by the devastation of species
6 habitats,
More intensively managed forest is more vulnerable,
and provides excuse to exploit forest in an unsustainable
manner.
20
1.7 Sustainability Technology for Energy Recovery
Energy, often known as an engine for developed and developing countries and
as an important element to support the population growth, urbanization,
industrialization and tourism industry. Thus, Energy security is defined as how to
equitably provide the available, affordable, reliable, environmentally benign,
proactively governed and socially acceptable energy services to the end-users. The
security of the supply of energy fuels, theories about peak oil, rising prices, and energy
poverty, have become the prominent concerns among the policy makers and investors.
According to the statistical analysis conducted by the International Energy Agency, a
53% increase in global energy consumption is foreseen by 2030, consisting mainly
34.8% of crude oil, 29.2% of coal and 24.1% of natural gas Ong et. al. 2011. Thus,
these growth trends have exacerbated the challenges connected to the limitations of
energy supply, and the resulting competition of natural resources. Realizing fossil fuels
as a double-edged sword, various alternative energies have been explored to satisfy
the world energy demand while simultaneously ensuring the sustainability of the
environment. Therefore, in 2006, the National Biofuel Policy has promoted biofuel to
be used in several sector as shown in Figure 1.11.
Figure 1.11: National Biofuel Policy Malaysia 2006 with 5 Strategic Trust and Expected Benefits
21
1.7.1 Energy Recovery
22
1.7.2 Waste to Energy Approach
4%
10% 18%
22% 60%
86%
23
sector had achieved a 54% of increment from year 1990 to 2008. Therefore, Waste-to-
Energy is recognized as a promising alternative to overcoming waste generation
problem and a potential renewable energy (RE) source. On the other side of fence, The
utilization of MSW as a renewable energy could overcome waste disposal issues,
generate power for fossil fuel displacement and mitigate GHG emissions from waste
treatment by converting CH4 to CO2.
24
1.7.3 Biodiesel in Malaysia
As the demands for energy is increasing and the depletion of fossil fuels have
promoted to search for alternative fuels that can be obtained from renewable energy
resources. Biodiesel as a renewable energy resource has drawn the attention of many
researchers and scientists because its immense potential to be part of a sustainable
energy mix in near future. As Malaysia is considered as one the largest biodiesel
producing countries, biodiesel produced from Jatropha is still in its incipient state
compared to palm oil biodiesel industry, even though great interest has been shown
lately by both the private sectors and government sectors. Attention has been paid to
the potential of using Jatropha as a source of biodiesel worldwide. Thus, as Malaysia
is located in the tropical zone, it is a good place to produce Jatropha. On the other hand,
Jatropha Curcas is one of the cheapest biodiesel feedstock and it possesses the
amicable fuel properties with higher oil contents compared to others. Figure 1.15
shows the strategic five thrust in terms of short, medium and long term run.
25
1.7.4 Biomass Energy
26
1.8 Pollution Control
27
1.8.2 The National Policy on Environment
28
Projects are in place to increase power generation from renewable resources, e.g.
hydro projects, bio fuel, solar power etc.
Govt. aim to add 100,000 electric cars by 2020, deploy 25,000 public charging
stations nationwide. Awareness.
Phased out use of incandescent lamp. Increase people awareness to consume less
energy by daily activities, i.e. increase air con temp setting, and switch off
light/fans when not in use.
Restriction in use of plastic bags, change the composition of plastic shopping
bags.
Focusing on more plantation
Installation of ETP. Written approval necessary prior installation of ETP,
Incinerator, Palm & Rubber mills, etc.
Place more number of dustbins. Increase volume of recycling & reuse.
Fine, incentives & reward for violation, compliance & no compliance reporting.
Besides govt. organizations, like, DOE & MARDEP, various NGO’s are working
for pollution prevention & control. ASEAN’s IWRM is addressing six key water
management issues in Malaysia & taken various projects for sustainable development. All
these elements are key factors for pollution control,.
1- Water pollution management
2- Sanitation management,
3- Flood management,
4- Storm Water management,
5- Irrigation management,
6- Supply Water Management.
Only registered EIA consultant can produce EIA report, Prohibition order or stop
work order for prescribed activities, Power of investigation & Authority card, Power to
29
arrest without warrant, field inspection for air emission & effluent control, Fine increased
from RM100K to RM500K, Reward to informers.
1.8.6 Reporting
30
1.9 Challenges for Pollution Prevention in Malaysia & Proposed Mitigation
There are some challenges that being faced not only by the government agencies
and department but exceeds to be a general issue that faced by every individual in the
society. Therefore it is imperative to have colligative work by all individuals to ease the
procedures to help protect and prevent the pollution. The following section is meant to
briefly explain those confronted issues and challenges
There is a lack of awareness within general population. Campaign not enough there
is also uncontrolled use of plastic, disposal of cooking oil to sewage system. Furthermore,
it can be noticed that citizens lacks interest in use of ecofriendly vehicles, e.g. bicycle.
Reluctant to use public transport. On the other hand, there is a lack of awareness by tourist.
Ecotourism yet to achieve professional standard. General population are not aware of the
incentives in place & how they are benefited.
Garbage bins are less in numbers & not placed in strategic location. Garbage bins
are not separated, not color coded, thereby mixing of garbage continues. Moreover, large
number of vehicle. Illegal modification of vehicles, increase in noise & air pollution. Lack
of control on neighbor country, causing haze/air pollution
The monitor issues are embodied through Large of unregistered fishing vessel,
which does not comply with regulation, causing oil & air pollution Fishing vessel of others
countries are exploring Malaysian exclusive economic zone. Deforestation for various
reasons, like, agricultural activities, logging, urbanization, desertification of land, mining,
31
forest fire, industrial, social, palm plantation etc. Abandon use of pesticide & fertilizer, lack
of monitoring
32
Initiate campaigns mass population awareness. Everyone should collectively
work to keep the energy consumption as low as possible.
All new electrical appliances purchased should have energy saving rating.
Look for maximum mileage when buying new vehicle. Try to go for EV or
hybrid vehicles.
Use public transport or carpooling. More efforts to be put on walking and in
using bicycles for short distance travelling.
Switch off electric appliances, lights etc. whenever possible, i.e. when not in
house, not in the room.
Reduced use of unconventional appliances, e.g. driers, electric ovens.
Set the air con temperature closer to outside weather. Setting too low
temperature will use more energy.
Reduce consumption of papers by avoiding printing unless necessary.
Reuse & recycle items whenever possible, e.g. shopping bags, cartridges etc.
Tree plantation, rain water harvesting.
33
Various state & organizations are actively working to control the use of
plastic bags.
General people responds to pollution prevention campaigns willingly, e.g. car
free day.
1.12 Conclusions
34
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37