Unit 1

Atomic Number - Number of protons in an atom of an element (1) -

don't get confused with RAM
Mass Number - The number of protons and neutrons in an atom of
an element (1) - don't get confused with RAM
Isotope - Atom of the same element but with different amounts of
neutrons (1)
Relative Atomic Mass - The average mass (1) of an atom of an
element compared to 1/12th the mass of Carbon-12 (1)
Relative Molecular Mass - The average mass (1) of a molecule
compared to 1/12th the mass of Carbon-12 (1)
Avogadro Constant - The amount of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams
of carbon-12 (1)
Molarity - The concentration of a solution measured in moles per
decimetre cubed (1)
Percentage Yield - The percentage of the actual mass of the product
over the theoretical mass (1)
Percentage atom economy - The percentage of the mass useful
products over the entire mass(1)
Metallic Bonding - A giant lattice of positive ions (1) surrounded by a
sea of delocalised electrons (1)
Ionic Bonding - Positive ions and negative ions (1) attracted to each
other by strong electrostatic forces (1)
Covalent Bonding - When a pair of electrons is shared (1) with one
electron coming from both (1)
Dative Covalent Bonding - When the shared pair of electrons (1)
come from one of the atoms sharing (1)
Electronegativity - The ability of an atom to attract electron density
(1) towards itself in a covalent bond (1)
Polar Molecule - Electrons are unevenly spread (1) due to partial
charge differences (1)
Fractional Distillation - When crude oil is heated (1) separating it
into it's independent fractions(1)
Fraction - A hydrocarbon with a certain length carbon chain (1)
Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
(1)
Homologous Series - A family of carbon compounds that contain the
same functional group (1)
Functional Group - Part of a carbon compound that is responsible
for the chemical reactions which occur (1)
Structural Isomers - Compounds that have the same molecular
formula (1) but different structural formula (1)
Chain Isomers - Compounds that have the same molecular formula
(1) but different length carbon chains (1)
Positional Isomers - Compounds that have the same molecular
formula (1) but the functional group is in a different place on the
carbon chain(1)
Functional Group Isomers - Compounds with the same molecular
formula (1) but different functional groups (1) - generally alkenes and
cycloalkanes
Cracking - The breaking (1) of a larger, less in demand fraction into
smaller, more in demand fractions (1)
Homolysis (Homolytic Fission) - Equal splitting of a covalent bond
(1) producing free radicals
Heterolysis (Heterolytic Fission) - Unequal slitting of a covalent bond
(1) producing ions
Free Radical - Species that has an unpaired electron (1)
Unit 2
Reduction: a gain of electrons (1)
Reducing agent: something that donates electrons (1)
Polymerisation: the joining together of monomers (1) to form long
chains (1)
Electrophile: electron pair acceptor (1)
Addition: reaction which increases number of substituents (1)
Dehydration: the elimination of water from a compound (1)
Structural isomers: compounds with the same molecular
formula (1) but different structural formulae (1)
Position isomers: compounds with the same molecular
formula (1) but different structures due to different positions of the
same functional group on the same carbon skeleton (1)
Biofuel: a fuel made from plants or organic matter (1)
Oxidation: loss of electrons (1)
Oxidation state: the charge on the ion or element or atom (1)
Oxidising agent: a substance which accepts electrons (1)
Dynamic equilibrium: rate of forward reaction = rate of backward
reaction (1) concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant (1)
Compromise temperature: balance between rate and yield (1)
Activation energy: minimum energy (1) to start a reaction (1)
Catalyst: speeds up a reaction but is chemically unchanged at the
end (1)
Mean bond enthalpy: enthalpy change when a bond is broken (1) in
a covalent bond (1) averaged over all molecules containing that
bond(1)
Standard enthalpy of formation: enthalpy change when 1 mol of
compound (1) is formed from its elements (1) all substances in their
standard states (1)
Standard enthalpy of combustion: enthalpy change when 1 mol of
a substance (1) is completely burned in oxygen(1) under standard
conditions (1)
Enthalpy change: heat energy change (1) under constant
pressure (1)
Stereoisomers: compounds with the same structural formula (1) but
a different arrangement of atoms in space (1)
Rate of reaction: the change in concentration per unit of time (1)
Nucleophile: an electron pair donor (1)
Carbon neutral: an activity which has no net carbon emissions to the
atmosphere (1)
Hess’s Law: enthalpy change is independent of the route taken (1)