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One-Way Analysis of Variance

(Testing if Means of more than Two Groups Differ)

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One-way ANOVA

One-way ANOVA, also called F-test,


is used to test the hypothesis that more
than two group means are equal.

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Hypotheses: One-way ANOVA
When performing an F-test, you are testing the null
hypothesis

“Ho: All group means are equal.”

against the alternative hypothesis

“Ha: Not all the group means are equal.”

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Hypotheses: One-way ANOVA

H0 : μ1  μ2  μ3  μc
H1 : Not all μ' s are equal

All means are equal:


The Null Hypothesis is True
(No Group Effect)

μ1  μ2  μ3
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Hypotheses: One-way ANOVA
At least one group mean is
H0 : μ1  μ2  μ3  μc different from the other
group means.
H1 : Not all μ' s are equal The Null Hypothesis is NOT
true (Treatment Effect is present)

or

μμ μ μ 1  μ 2  μ3
1 2 3

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DECISION RULE:

• Reject the Ho if the p-value associated with


the computed F is less than .05

• Do not reject Ho if the p-value associated with


the computed F is equal to or greater than .05

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Analysis after ANOVA (Post Hoc Test)

Once you have determined that significant


differences exist among the means, a pairwise
multiple comparison test is conducted to
determine where the differences lie.

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Post Hoc Tests for
Equal Variances Assumed
LSD Tukey
Bonferroni Tukey’s b
Sidak Duncan
Scheffe Hochberg’s GT2
R-E-G-W-F Gabriel
R-E-G-W-Q Waller-Duncan
S-N-K Dunnet

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Post Hoc Tests for
Equal Variances not Assumed

Tamhane's T2
Dunnett's T3
Games-Howell
Dunnett's C

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Example 1: Comparing Birth Weights of Babies

• Research Question: Do the birth weights of


babies differ across the mother’s history of
premature labor groups?

• Hypothesis (Null form): The birth weights of


babies do not differ significantly across the
mother’s history of premature labor groups.

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Data set: birthwt.sav, n=378

Dependent Variable: Birth weight of baby


(in grams)

Independent Variable: History of Premature


Labor (none, one, two)

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Step-by-Step Procedure in SPSS
Step 1: CLICK Analyze > Compare Means > One-way ANOVA

Step 2: MOVE bweight to the Dependent list box.

Step 3: MOVE ptl (History of Premature Labor) to the factor box.

Step 3: CLICK the Options button. CHECK Descriptive, Homogeniety


of variance test, Brown-Forsythe, and Welch. CLICK Continue.

Step 4: CLICK PostHoc button, then CHECK Scheffe. CLICK Continue.

Step 5. CLICK Ok.

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One way ANOVA SPSS
Descriptives
bweight
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
None 318 3013.03 702.660 39.403 2935.51 3090.56 1021 4990
One 48 2495.88 749.374 108.163 2278.28 2713.47 709 4174
Two 12 2911.83 708.899 204.641 2461.42 3362.25 1885 3637
Total 378 2944.15 727.630 37.425 2870.56 3017.74 709 4990

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

bweight

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.


.149 2 375 .862

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ANOVA

bweight
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1.117E7 2 5583477.551 11.112 .000
Within Groups 1.884E8 375 502490.903

Total 1.996E8 377

Robust Tests of Equality of Means


bweight
a
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Welch 9.859 2 26.137 .001
Brown-Forsythe 10.583 2 41.770 .000
a. Asymptotically F distributed.

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Multiple Comparisons
bweight
Scheffe
(I) History of Premature Labor (J) History of 95% Confidence Interval
Premature Labor Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
*
None One 517.156 109.767 .000 247.40 786.91
Two 101.198 208.457 .889 -411.10 613.49
*
One None -517.156 109.767 .000 -786.91 -247.40
Two -415.958 228.785 .193 -978.21 146.29
Two None -101.198 208.457 .889 -613.49 411.10
One 415.958 228.785 .193 -146.29 978.21
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Summary of SPSS Results
Table 2a
F-test of the Birth Weights of Babies according to Mother’s History of Premature Labor
None One Two

n 318 48 12
mean 3013.03 2495.88 2911.83
Standard Deviation 702.660 749.374 708.899
F-value 11.112**
df 2 and 375
* *The F-value is significant at .01 level. Levene’s test of equal variances is non-
significant (F=.149, p>.05)

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Post Hoc Analysis Using Scheffe Test
Multiple Comparison Mean Difference
None versus One 517.156**
None versus Two 101.198
One versus Two -415.958
** significant at .01 level

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Exercise 1:
Dataset: hatco.sav; n = 100

Dependent Variable: Usage Level (X9) - How much of the firm's


total product is purchased from HATCO (HATCO is a company),
measured on a 100-point percentage scale, ranging from 0 to 100
percent

Independent variable: Type of buying situation (X14) -Type


of situation facing the purchaser:
1 = New task,
2 = Modified Rebuy,
3= Straight Rebuy

Objective: Test the hypothesis that the three types of


buying situation have the same usage level.
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Exercise 2:
Dataset: hatco.sav; n = 100

Dependent Variable: Satisfaction Level (X10) - How satisfied the


purchaser is with past purchases from HATCO.

Independent variable: Type of buying situation (X14) -Type


of situation facing the purchaser:
1 = New task,
2 = Modified Rebuy,
3= Straight Rebuy

Objective: Test the hypothesis that the three types of


buying situation have the same satisfaction level.

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