Indian Journal of Health and Well-being © 2018 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare

2018, 9(1), 53-59 ISSN-p-2229-5356,e-2321-3698

http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list UGC Journal No 42787 and NAAS Ratings 4.13

Examine the relationship between level of aspiration,

believes in just world, psychological well-being
and quality of work-life
Manoj Kumar Pandey and Pankaj Tripathi
Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, A Central University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

The purpose of this study was to (a) to see the role of aspiration in relations to the employee's psychological well-
being and quality of work-life, (b) to see the relationships between beliefs in just world with employee's
psychological well-being and quality of work-life, (c) to see the inter-relationships between beliefs in just world,
quality of work-life and psychological well-being according to the police personnel's level of aspiration, and (d) to
find out the best predictor of the relationships between level of aspiration and beliefs in just world to quality of work-
life and psychological well-being. The study was conducted on 276 (179 male & 97 female) police personnel
working in U.P. Police Organization within the age range of 24 to 59 years with mean score 40.16 years and varies in
designations from Constable to Dy. SP. Following scales were used in this study: Scale of Level of Aspiration: was a
single item scale comprises of four ranks (1. Sub-Inspector, 2. Inspector 3. Dy. SP. 4. S.P.). Believes in just world
was measured by a scale consists of eight items, assessing the belief in just world for the domain of self.
Psychological well-being was a ten items scale used to assess employee's psychological well-being, which
addresses depression, anxiety, and disturbance in social functioning and Quality of work-life scale was a single item
scale assessing the overall evaluation of police personnel quality of their work life. All these scales were based on
Likert 5-point rating scale. The results of the study revealed that: (a) Police personnel whose aspiration level is to
become SP rank officers, have more believes in just world, better psychological well-being and quality of work life
than police personnel whose aspirational level is lower. (b) Believes in just world is positively related with
psychological well-being and quality of work life (c) One of the most important contribution of this study is that the
study revealed a positive relationship between believes in just word and quality of work life that was missing in
review of existing literatures on these two variables.

Keywords: believes in just world, level of aspiration, psychological well-being, quality of work life

Employees the most important asset in the organizations that play a
key role in success and failure of the organization. Satisfied, highly-
motivated and loyal employees are the basis of smooth functioning
of any organization. Further, employees with better psychological
well-being are considered to be a balanced person. He will perform
his all responsibilities more intelligently, diligently and efficiently
and become successful in the profession and help his organization to
achieve the goal.
This study is intended to examine the relationships between some
of the key factors such level of aspiration (as employees personal
factors) and believe in a just word (as organizational level factors)
that determines the quality of work-life and psychological well-
being of employees.
The rationale behind the study is that aspiration is a personal
characteristic which motivates and inspires an individual to fix up his
life goals and achieve them with their honest efforts and after wards
again reset the fresh goals to be achieved. Further, this way a person
goes progressing step by step in his professional carrier which
provides him a great solace to become a successful person in his
professional life. Moreover, if an employee perceived that his/her
surrounding (organization) is fair or just in such a way that people get
what they deserve, and promotes a better quality of work-life and
Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey
Guest Faculty, Department of Psychology, University of
Allahabad, A Central University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
E-mail: dr.manojkumarpandey@yahoo.com
further leads to improves their psychological well-being. Therefore,
these two variables namely level of aspiration and believe in just
world has been considered most appropriate in this study for
determining the quality of work-life and psychological well-being
of employees.
Aspiration level
The first Systematic investigation of goal-setting behavior was
conducted by (Hoppe, 1930; cited in Frank, 1935a). The term level
of aspiration, introduced by (Dembo, 1931; cited in Frank, 1935a)
was generally adopted as a quasi technical term to refer to
individuals' goals when engaged in a specific activity or in other
word, it is an individual aspiration level represents him not only as is
any particular moment, but also as he would like to be at some point
in the future.
It is a 'measure' of his intentional disposition, an important
element of his long behavior. It has an important place in the
psychology of personality because it is intimated to the human self,
specially the individual self-picture, which gives us knowledge of a
person not only as he is but as he would like to be. This self is further
complicated by the individual's perception of and expectancies
toward other and by his success or failure in achieving his goals
(Ansari, 2009).
The aspiration level, which a person sets up for himself frequently
determine by the amount of his self-esteem, which he needs to
maintain. A person whose image is wavering (undecided) and
unstable will go to extreme length to prop it up. He may deliberately
54 PANDEY AND TRIPATHI/ EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL OF ASPIRATION
set his sights low to convince himself that he has succeeded, or aim so
high that, although failure is in the cards, he respect own self in his
own eyes by impressing other with his high aspirations (Ansari,
2009).
A person's aspiration level also markedly determines by his self-
image specially his ideal self-image. He strives and achieve, not only
because of an external pressure in the form of group slandered and
other peoples opinion, but also because of his loyalty to his
conception of himself as persons. Thus, some individual eminence a
high-level aspiration with little or no thought of the opinion of other,
and despite repeated failures, such person's goal are self-oriented and
not too easily swayed by the pressures of culture experimentation
(Ansari, 2009).
Aspiration and quality of work-life
The strength and weakness of an organization are determined by the
quality of its human resources which play a vital role in success of
any organization. Quality of work life (QWL) is an essential requisite
for the success of any organization and an organization should be
recognized and improved the quality of work life for their
employees. The term QWL began to be used in a broader perspective
after the Arden house meeting in New York in 1972, which led to the
formation of the International Centre for QWL (Gain & Ahmad,
1995) and the term was introduced by (Davis, 1975).
In general terms, QWL, refers to the favorableness or unfavorable-
ness of a job environment for people (Davis, 1983). It refers to the
quality of relationship between employees and the total working
environment. Broadly the definition of quality of work life involves
four major parts: safe work environment, occupational health care,
suitable working time and appropriate salary. The concept of QWL is
based on the assumption that a job is more than just a job. It is the
center of a person's life.
Katzell et al. (1975) viewed quality of work life more broadly as an
individual's evaluation of the outcome of the work relationship. They
observed that an employee may be said to enjoy a high quality of
working life when he has positive feelings towards his job and its
future prospects, is motivated to stay on the job and performs well
and feels his working life fits well with his private life to afford him a
balance between the two in terms of his personal values.
Taylor (1979) more practically identified the essential
components of quality of working life as basic extrinsic job factors of
wages, hours and working conditions, and the intrinsic job notions of
the nature of the work itself. He suggested that a number of other
aspects could be added, including: individual power, employee
participation in the management, fairness and equity, social support,
use of one's present skills, use of one's present skills, a meaningful
future at work, social relevance of the work or product, and effect on
extra work activities.
Sirgy et al. (2001) suggested that the key factors in quality of
working life are. (a) Need satisfaction based on job requirements, (b)
Need satisfaction based on work environment, (c) Need satisfaction
based on supervisory behavior, (d) Need satisfaction based on
supplementary gain.
Ankar and Mohanraj (2013) identified prevailing quality of work
life, conditions in SAGO Mills of Tamil Nadu and sustain a robust
work culture through QWL. They identified nine QWL factors, i)
physical and working conditions, ii) training facilities, iii) welfare
facilities, iv) interpersonal relationship, v) recognition, vi) work
load, vii) participatory management, viii) duration of work, ix) job
security.
Quality of working life has been differentiated from the broader
concept of quality of life. To some degree, this may be overly
simplistic, as Elizur and Shye (1990) concluded that quality of work
performance is affected by quality of life as well as quality of
working life. However, it will be argued here that the specific
attention to work related aspects of quality of life is valid.
In light of previous researches, Ganguli and Joseph (1976)
studied Quality of Working Life among young workers in Air India
with special reference to job satisfaction issues. Findings indicate
that, expectation and aspiration of young workers affect the quality
of working life. Hackman and Oldham (1976) drew attention to what
they described as psychological growth needs as relevant to the
consideration of Quality of working life. Several such needs were
identified; Skill variety, Task Identity, Task significance, Autonomy
and Feedback. They suggested that such needs have to be addressed
if employees are to experience high quality of working life.
Rao (1986) conducted a study to evaluate the difference between
quality of working life of men and women employees doing
comparable work. The result shows a significantly higher composite
quality of working life of men and women employees. Men
employees have significantly higher composite quality of working
life score for opportunity to learn new skills, challenge in job and
discretionary element in work. Rao found that age and income had a
positive impact on perceived quality of working life of
women.
Aspiration and psychological well-being
The role of people's priorities, goals and concerns in determining
well-being has been emphasized by theorists and researchers (e.g.,
Bandura, 1997; Emmons, 1999). Several studies have analyzed the
specific aspects of goals that promote optimal states of well-being;
dimensions such as efficacy in achieving goals, commitment to
goals and conflicts between goals have been found to be important
parameters in explaining levels of well-being (Emmons, 1986;
Schmuck & Sheldon, 2001).
In addition to how goals are established and achieved, some lines
of investigation have focused on the type of goals that people pursue
(Grant & Gelety, 2009). For example, research on personal strivings
has shown that the proportion of intimacy strivings in a person's
striving system predicts greater levels of well-being, while the
proportion of power strivings is associated with a low degree of
well-being (Emmons, 1996).
The role of the type of goals in well-being is particularly well
emphasized in the self-determination theory (e.g., Kasser & Ryan,
1993) in which it is considered that some types of goals favour well-
being, while others have a negative effect. The self-determination
theory proposes that intrinsic goals (e.g., those related to personal
growth, emotional intimacy & community involvement) are
inherently rewarding, presumably because they directly satisfy
innate, basic psychological needs as regards autonomy, competence
and relatedness. By contrast, extrinsic goals (e.g., financial success,
appealing appearance & social recognition) involve obtaining
rewards and positive evaluation from others, and do not directly
satisfy basic human needs.
In line with this hypothesis, previous research has confirmed that
the distinction between the two types of aspirations is meaningful
 Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 2018, 9(1), 53-59
and relevant (Grouzet et al., 2005). Studies involving the hypothesis
of Kasser and Ryan (1996) have used measures of self-perceived
importance, expectancies and achievement of intrinsic/extrinsic
goals. The results of such studies have shown that valuing, expecting
to attain and perceiving oneself as having attained intrinsic goals is
positively related to well-being (e.g., Kasser, 1996; Kasser & Ryan,
1993-1996; Schmuck, Kasser, & Ryan, 2000). However, a
predominance of extrinsic aspirations does not favour well-being
and may even have a negative effect. Extrinsic goals have also been
suggested to have deleterious effects on psychosocial adjustment, in
studies on adolescents (Lo´pez-Romero & Romero, 2010; Williams,
Cox, Hedberg, & Deci, 2000).
Belief in Just World (BJW)
The just world hypothesis, a scientific theory first developed by the
social psychologist Melvin Lerner based on his experiment
conducted in 1965. He refers to the conviction that world is just and
individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get (Lerner,
1980).
For example, if a person with a high belief in a just world sees a
colleague promoted, he will think that his colleague receives a proper
reward for his labors or efforts. On the other hand, if the same
individual sees a colleague punished, he will likely behave that his
colleague deserves him right. In other words, a person with high
belief in a just world considers the world fairness and he believes that
anyone who works hard will get a commensurate reward, which
means, “You reap what you sow”.
The belief-in-a-just-world theory (Lerner, 1980) states that the
BJW, according to which all of us get what we deserve, is a
fundamental delusion that enables the feeling of invulnerability to
persist, even when people are confronted with injustice. According to
Lerner, 'People want to and have to believe they live in a just world so
that they can go about their daily lives with a sense of trust, hope, and
confidence in their future (1980). The BTW is therefore
hypothesized to have the adaptive function of instilling people with
confidence and giving meaning to events, which is especially
important when people face new tasks.
Belief in just world and psychological well-being
Studies have shown that the belief in a just world serves as buffer that
protects subjective well-being (e.g., Dalbert, 1997, 1998, 2002;
Dzuka & Dalbert, 2002; Libow & Doty, 1979; Lipkus, Dalbert, &
Siegler, 1996). There are some empirical evidences shows an
associations between BTW and several dimensions of mental health
(Dalbert, 2001) such as it mediate the effect of injustice on mental
health.
Lipkus et al. (1996) found that a higher BJW is correlates
negatively with depression and stress and positively with life
satisfaction. Psychologically, BJW is perceived as a cognitive bias
that affects our subjective well-being. It has been described as a
positive illusion (see Dalbert, 1992) which permits us to feel that we
have more control over a situation, provides us with the opportunity
for favorable self-evaluations, and helps us perceive a more positive
future. Further, in a study John Neal (1998) has found that belief in a
just world for the self is relates to negatively with depression, stress,
and positively related to psychological well-being.
Hafer and Correy (1999) have shown that when high just world
believers face a negative outcome, they make more internal
attributions and fewer external attributions than low just-world
55
believers. They also found that these attributions lead strong
believers in a just world to perceive the negative outcome as less
unjust, and to have more positive and fewer negative emotions. In
terms of Dalbert's (2001) three functions of the BTW, the
relationship between BJW' and mental health would be mediated by
an interpretation of the event that preserves the victim's BJW.
Beliefs in just world and quality of work life
As per the researcher review of literature, there is no studies found
any relationships between beliefs in just world and quality of work
life. Therefore, this study will try to find out the relationship between
the variables i.e. beliefs in just world and quality of work life.
On the basis of current literature review, researcher has proposed
following model this study:
Level of
aspiration
Quality of
work life
Beliefs in just
world
Psychological
well-being
Diagrammatic framework of the stuyd
Objectives of the study
● To see the role of aspiration in relations to the employee's
psychological well-being and quality of work-life.
● To see the relationships between beliefs in just world with
employee's psychological well-being and quality of work-life.
● To see the inter-relationships between beliefs in just world,
quality of work-life and psychological well-being according to
the police personnel's level of aspiration, and
● To find out the best predictor of the relationships between level of
aspiration and beliefs in just world to quality of work-life and
psychological well-being.
Hypotheses of the study
● H1: There will be positive role of different level of aspiration in
relation to police personnel's psychological well-being and
quality of work life.
● H2: There will be a positive correlation between beliefs in just
world with police personnel's psychological well-being and
quality of work life.
● H3: There will be a positive correlation between the variables:
beliefs in just world, psychological well-being and quality of
work life as police personnel's level of aspiration become higher.
Method
Participants
The study was conducted on 276 (179 male & 97 female) police
personnel working in U.P. Police Organization within the age range
of 24 to 59 years with mean score 40.16 years. They belong from
different departments of police organization and varies in
designations from Constable to Dy. SP. The incidental sampling
technique was used for selecting the sample of this research. The
whole study was conducted in 12 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The non-
proportional quota sampling was used to select the respondents for
the current study.
56 PANDEY AND TRIPATHI/ EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL OF ASPIRATION

Instruments taken as outcome variables.

Following measures were used in this study: Procedure and data collection
Scale of Level of Aspiration: It is a single item scale comprises of four Written consent was obtained from the respondents before collecting
ranks i.e. 1. Sub-Inspector, 2. Inspector 3. Dy. SP. 4. S.P. This scale is the data. Permission for data collection was sought in person or
measuring the level of aspiration among police personnel (To who they through telephonic talks with officer-in-charge at various units of the
would like to become before end of their service). For example, constable police force. After, the initial talks to the participants regarding the
were ask to rate on the rank that is closer to their aspiration level. purpose of the research, researcher ask the items of questionnaire one
Level of aspiration by one to the participants of this research work or ask to fill the
S.P. questionnaire in front of researcher, so that no chance of missing data
Dy. S.P.
and false response. They didn't allow to take the questionnaire home or
Inspector
Sub-Inspector returned it next day. The obtained data were further analyzed with the
help of IBM SPSS-23 (Statistical Packages for Social Science).
Believes in Just World: It was defined as a belief that we do live in a just
world and that life is really fair (i.e., good thing happens to good people Results and discussion
& bad things happen to bad people). It was measured by using a scale
developed by Lipkus et al. (1996). This scale measured the belief in just Role of level of aspiration in believes in just world, psychological
world for the domain of self. The scale consists of eight items. A 5-point well-being, and quality of work life
scale was used where 1=Very Much, and 5=Not at all. A higher score It was hypothesized that different level of aspiration (1=Sub-
indicates less believes in just world while a lower score indicated Inspector 2= Inspector, 3= Dy. SP, & 4= SP) will have a significant
higher level of belief in just world perceived by perceived by police role in beliefs in just world, psychological well-being and quality of
personnel. The alpha co-efficient of the scale was found to be 0.94. work life of police personnel.
Quality of Work-Life: it is a single item scale assessing the overall Table 1 (a): Mean comparisons of believes in just world,
evaluation of police personnel quality of their work life. A 5-point psychological well-being, and quality of work life of police
scale was used where 1=Very Poor, and 5=Superior. A high score personnel having different aspiration level in their current career
indicates superior level of quality of work life. The scale was the
Outcome variables
Hindi Adaptation of the General Health Questionnaire 11-item (six
positive & six negative items) version (GHQ12, Goldberg & Aspiration Believe in Psychological Quality of
Williams, 1988) was used to assess respondents' psychological well- level just world well-being work life
being, which addresses depression, anxiety, and disturbance in social SI Rank Mean 2.790 3.186 3.490
functioning. It was rated on a 5 point rating scale from (1) very less to SD 0.165 0.315 0.534
(5) very much. In item analysis, two items were deleted from the final Inspector Rank Mean 2.857 3.536 3.410
scale i.e. item no 4 and 8 due to not showing the significant SD 0.182 0.460 0.537
correlation with other items of the scale. The Cronbach's Alpha Dy. SP. Rank Mean 2.831 3.488 3.440
coefficient of this adapted scale is .796 on final 10 items. SD 0.229 0.499 0.499
Research design SP Rank Mean 2.659 3.949 3.850
SD 0.366 0.609 0.712
Researcher has used 2x2 independent factorial design in which level F 7.913*** 27.169*** 8.193***
of aspiration and believes in just world were taken as predictor
Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.000
variables and psychological well-being and quality of work-life were

Table 1 (b): Multiple comparisons based on fisher's least significant difference (LSD) was applied to
identify the pairs of means which are statistically different as a post-hoc tests
Dependent variable (I) Aspiration (J) Aspiration Mean difference (I-J) Sig.
Believe in just world SI Rank SP Rank -.13077* .003
Inspector Rank SP Rank -.19753* .000
Dy. SP Rank SP Rank -.17157* .000
Psychological well-being SI Rank Inspector Rank -.35058* .000
Dy. SP Rank -.30251* .000
SP Rank -.76308* .000
Inspector Rank SP Rank -.41250* .000
Dy. SP Rank SP Rank -.46057* .000
Quality of Work Life SI Rank SP Rank -.35400* .000
Inspector Rank SP Rank -.43800* .000
Dy. SP Rank SP Rank -.40300* .000
p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.000, Note: Higher Scores on Believes in Just World indicates less Believes in Just
World, Higher Scores on Psychological Well-Being indicates higher Psychological Well-Being, igher Scores on
Quality of Work Life indicates Superior Quality of Work Life.
 Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 2018, 9(1), 53-59 57

The result of the table (1a) shows that the means of different level of
aspiration are showing a significant difference between different
levels of aspiration in perception of beliefs in just world,
psychological well-being and quality of work life which supports the
hypothesis H1, but it is not clear that which level of aspiration (in
terms of different ranks) is more important in contributing beliefs in
just world, psychological well-being and quality of work life of
police personnel. Therefore, Fisher's Least Significant Difference
(LSD) was applied to identify which pairs of means are statistically
different as a Post-Hoc Tests.
The results of table 1(b) shows that the mean differences on
believes in just world measure is found significant in police
personnel whose aspiration level following groups such as sub-
inspector and SP; Inspect and SP; Dy. SP. and SP Rank officers
● In case of believes in just world, police personnel whose aspiration
level is to become SP in future have more believes in just world than
in compare to the police personnel whose career aspiration is to
become sub-inspector or inspector or Dy. SP. rank officers
respectively.
● In case of psychological well-being, police personnel whose
aspiration level is to become SP in future have more better
psychological well-being than in compare to the police personnel
whose career aspiration is to become inspector or Dy. SP. or sub-
inspector rank officers respectively.
● In case of quality of work life, police personnel whose aspiration
level is to become SP in future have better quality of work life than in
compare to the police personnel whose career aspiration is to become
sub-inspector or Dy. SP. or inspector rank officers respectively.
In short, It can be said that police personnel whose aspiration level
is to become SP rank officers have more believes in just world, better
psychological well-being and quality of live than police personnel
whose aspirational level is lower.
The result can be understood in light of people need, satisfaction,
and desire to have power and control over others. A SP rank is one of
the most powerful designation in police department. He/she has the
maximum power and control over other police personnel in a
district. A person's aspiration level also significantly determines by
his self-image specially his ideal self-image. He strives and achieve,
not only because of an external pressure in the form of group
slandered and other peoples opinion, but also because of his loyalty
to his conception of himself as persons. Thus, some individual
eminence a high-level aspiration with little or no thought of the
opinion of other, and despite repeated failures, such person's goal are
self-oriented and not too easily swayed by the pressures of culture
experimentation (Ansari, 2009).
Relationships between believe in just world with
psychological well-being, quality of work life
It was hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between
beliefs in just world with police personnel's psychological well-
being and quality of work life.
Table 2: Coefficient of correlation between believes in just world
and psychological well-being, and quality of work-life measures
used in police personnel having different carrier aspiration level
Believes in just world Psychological well-being Quality of work life
-.206** -.381**
Note: **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Higher Scores on Believes in just world indicates less believes in just world.
higher scores on psychological well-being indicates higher psychological
well-being. higher scores on quality of work life indicates superior quality
of work life.
Results of the table shows that believes in just world is positively
related with psychological well-being and quality of work life which
indicates that believes in just world in police personnel leads to high
level of psychological well-being and superior level of quality of
work life in them, supports the hypothesis H2.
Inter-correlation of believes in just world, psychological well-being,
and quality of work life

Table 3: Inter-correlation of believes in just world, psychological well-being and quality of work life
Level of aspiration Believes in just world Psychological well-being Quality of work life
Sub Inspector Believes in Just World -1 -0.079 -0.162
Psychological Well-Being -0.079 -1 -0.134
Quality of Work Life -0.162 -0.134 -1
Inspector Believes in Just World -1 -0.334* -0.137
Psychological Well-Being -0.334* -1 -0.180
Quality of Work Life -0.137 -0.180 -1
Dy. SP Believes in Just World -1 -0.288** -0.113
Psychological Well-Being -0.288** -1 -0.029
Quality of Work Life -0.113 -0.029 -1
SP Believes in Just World -1 -0.604** -0.592**
Psychological Well-Being -0.604** -1 -0.608**
Quality of Work Life -0.592** -0.608** -1
Note: **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) & *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Higher Scores on Believes in Just World indicates less Believes in Just World
Higher Scores on Psychological Well-Being indicates higher Psychological Well-Being
Higher Scores on Quality of Work Life indicates Superior Quality of Work Life.
58 PANDEY AND TRIPATHI/ EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL OF ASPIRATION

It was hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between
beliefs in just world, psychological well-being and quality of work
life as police personnel's level of aspiration become higher.
The result of the table shows that: (a) In case of aspiration level of
Sub Inspectors, there is a no significant relations found between
believes in just world with psychological well-being and quality of
work life. This indicates that police personnel whose career
aspiration is to become at least sub inspector rank, have perceived
low believes in just world that further decline their overall evaluation
of psychological well-being and quality of work-life. (b) In case of
aspiration level of Inspectors and Dy. SP., there is a significant
positive correlations found between believes in just world with
psychological well-being and but no correlation with quality of work
life. This specifies that police personnel whose career aspiration is to
get inspector or Dy. SP rank, have more believes in just world and
that further, improve their psychological well-being (r= .334*;
r=.288**) but there is no improvement in quality of work life and
vice versa. (c) In case of aspiration level of SP, believes in just world
is positively related with psychological well-being and quality of
work life of police personnel which specifies that police personnel
whose career aspiration is to get SP rank, have more believes in just
world and that further, advances their psychological well-being (r= -
.604**) and quality of work life (r=-.592**). It was also found that
Psychological Well-Being is also positively related to quality of
work life (r= .608**) and vice versa, supports the hypothesis
H3.
Above results can be understood in terms of the power and rights
that is centralized towards the higher authorizes in this terms sub
inspectors rank officers have less power, control (Dalbert, 1992) and
rights as compare to higher rank officers. Due to this (lack of lesser
power, control, & rights), sub inspectors rank officers didn't get
affected by believes in just world.
Psychologically, believes in just world is perceived as a cognitive
bias that affects our subjective well-being. It has been described as a
positive illusion (Lerner, 1980; Dalbert, 1992) which permits us to
feel that we have more control over a situation, provides us with the
opportunity for favorable self-evaluations, and helps us perceive a
more positive future. Further the findings were also supported by
John Neal (1998) study in which he has found that belief in a just
world for the self is relates to negatively with depression, stress, and
positively related to psychological well-being.
Studies have shown that the belief in a just world serves as buffer
that protects subjective well-being (e.g., Dalbert, 1997, 1998, 2002;
Dzuka & Dalbert, 2002; Libow & Doty, 1979; Lipkus, Dalbert, &
Siegler, 1996). There are some empirical evidences shows an
associations between BTW and several dimensions of mental health
(Dalbert, 2001) such as it mediate the effect of injustice on mental
health.
Predictors of the psychological well-being and quality
of work-life
Since, on the basis of bivariate correlational analysis, it may be said
that police personnel's aspiration level and believes in just world
were significantly correlated with better psychological well-being
and quality of work life, but it is not sure that which one is the best
predictors for the outcome variables. So that the stepwise
regression analysis is used for predicting the outcome variable
more accurately.

Table 4: Stepwise regression analysis of level of aspiration and believe in just world on psychological well-being and quality of work
life in police personnel
Predictor Variable Criterion Variables R Adjusted R Square R Square Change Standardized Coefficient (β) t
Level of Aspiration Psychological .436 .187 .190 -.414 -7.600***
Believe in Just World Well-Being .458 .204 .019 -.140 -2.573*
Believe in Just World Quality of .381 .145 .145 -.361 -6.434***
Level of Aspiration Work-Life .402 .162 .016 -.128 -2.289*
***p< .001 level, **p< .01 level, *p<.05 level (2-tailed test)
Note : Higher Scores on Believes in Just World indicates less Believes in Just World
Higher Scores on Psychological Well-Being indicates higher Psychological Well-Being
Higher Scores on Quality of Work Life indicates Superior Quality of Work Life.

Simple regression analysis was carried out by using level of
aspiration and believes in just world as predictive variables and
psychological well-being and quality of work life as criterion
variables. Since it was not possible to establish any theoretical
hierarchy of variables, a step-wise regression was done. Findings
revealed that (a) In case of psychological well-being, both were
found as predictor variable of psychological well-being. In other
word, level of aspiration of police personnel was found the best
predictor for maximizing psychological well-being of police
personnel (β=.414, t=7.600, p<.001) and has accounted for
maximum variation in psychological well-being (41.40%) while
believes in just world has contributed only 14.0 % variation in
psychological well-being. (b) In case of quality of work life, again
both predictive variable were found as significant predictors of
quality of work life, but believes in just world was emerged as the
best predictor (β=-.361, t=-6.434***, p<.000) of quality of work life
in police personnel. It specifies that believes in just world has
accounted for maximum variation in quality of work life (36.10 %)
while aspiration level has contributed only 12.80% variation in
psychological well-being.
Results can be interpreted in light of studies done by (Bandura,
1997; Emmons, 1999). According to them, the role of people's
 Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 2018, 9(1), 53-59
priorities, goals and concerns in determining today's well-being.
Studies have shown that valuing, expecting to attain and perceiving
oneself as having attained intrinsic goals is positively related to well-
being (e.g., Kasser, 1996; Kasser & Ryan, 1993-1996; Schmuck,
Kasser, & Ryan, 2000). However, a predominance of extrinsic
aspirations does not favour well-being and may even have a negative
effect. Extrinsic goals have also been suggested to have deleterious
effects on psychosocial adjustment, in studies on adolescents
(Lo´pez-Romero & Romero, 2010; Williams, Cox, Hedberg, & Deci,
2000).
On the other hand, studies have shown that the belief in a just
world serves as buffer that protects subjective well-being (e.g.,
Dalbert, 1997, 1998, 2002; Dzuka & Dalbert, 2002; Libow & Doty,
1979; Lipkus, Dalbert, & Siegler, 1996). There are some empirical
evidences shows an associations between BTW and several
dimensions of mental health (Dalbert, 2001) such as it mediate the
effect of injustice on mental health. It was found more as a mediating
variable rather than a direct effect.
Conclusion
There is no significant difference was found on the basis of gender.
One of the most important contribution of this study is that the study
revealed a positive relationship between believes in just word and
quality of work life that was missing in review of existing literature
on these two variables. Believes in the just world was also found the
best predictor of quality of work life and explained the variation of
36.10 %.
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