PUNCTUATION GIST

I STAYED HOME I WAS SICK

PERIOD ( . )
SEMI COLON ( ; )
COMMA +FANBOYS
INDEPENDENT SEMI COLON + INDEPENDENT MARKER + COMMA
DEPENDENT

DEPENDENT COMMA INDEPENDENT

STARTING WITH DEPENDENT MARKER

BECAUSE I WAS SICK I STAYED HOME

FLIP THE SENTENCE OVER = NO NEED FOR A COMMA

I STAYED HOME BECAUSE I WAS SICK

Fused Sentences : NO PUNCTUATION

Incorrect: My professor is intelligent X I've learned a lot from her.

COMMA SPLICE : COMMA BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT

INCORRECT : My professor is intelligent , I've learned a lot from her.

CORRECTING FUSED SENTENCE AND COMMA SPLICE SENTENCE

 My professor is intelligent. I've learned a lot from her.

 (or) My professor is intelligent; I've learned a lot from her.
 (or) My professor is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.
 (or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I've learned a lot from her.
 (or) because My professor is intelligent, I've learned a lot from her.
 ( or ) i have learned a lot from my professor because she is intelligent
 introductory
comma independent
( clause & phrase & word )

Introductory clauses
start with dependent marker
after, although, as, because,
before,if, since, though,
until, when

because i was sick , i stayed home

introductory phrase
infinitive

to stay home , you should be sick

introductory phrase
participle

being sick , i stayed home

WRITTEN FAST THE LETTER HAS MISTAKES

introductory phrase
appositive

a well-versed brother , Aaron was the shadow of Moses

introductory phrase
absolute phrase

Michael vomiting regularly , he stayed home

Introductory words
however, still, furthermore,
meanwhile
yes, now , well

michael was sick . meanwhile , he was vomiting

 COMMA NON ESSENTIAL COMMA

W WORD
APPOSITIVE
WORD
CLAUSE

IF NON ESSENTIAL IS RMOVED , THE REST OF THE SENTENCE IS INDEPENDENT

APPLES , WHICH ARE MY FAVORITE FRUIT , ARE AVAILABLE THE WHOLE YEAR
TOM , THE CAPTAIN OF THE TEAM , WAS INJURED DURING THE GAME

THE SAT TEST QUESTIONS , 24 QUESTIONS , WERE ANSWERED CORRECTLY

THE MEDICINE I TOOK , HOWEVER , DID NOT STOP THE DIARRHEA

LIST
INDEPENDENT COLON ( : )
LONG DASH ( - ) EXAMPLE
DEFINITION

EXPLANATION

You will need to bring the following items : a plastic cup , a toothbrush, and a
flashlight.

THE MOVIE I SAW LAST NIGHT WAS VERY INTERESTING : KINGDOM OF HEAVEN

ANTHROPOLOGY IS A NEW SUBJECT THIS YEAR : A SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH

HUMANS

COMMAS HAVE TO BE USED AMONG LIST ITEMS

THREE ITEMS AND UP
AND EXIST BEFORE THE LAST ITEM

LIST : ITEM , ITEM , AND ITEM

Jon is a runner , a lawyer , and a brother.

TWO DASHED = TWO COMMAS THEY ENCLOSE THE NON ESSENTIAL

JOHN - an excellent mathematician - loves to play the violin

MIND THE FOLLOWING

NO COMMA AFTER OR BEFORE A PROPOSITION

SUCH AS/ INCLUDING/ LIKE/BECAUSE
NO COMMA AFTER OR BEFORE THAT
NEVER USE BEFORE A COLON