ABSTRACT
Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Kachnar) (Fabaceae- Leguminosae) is
popular ornamental plants, commonly known as Cow’s paw.
Bauhinia variegata is a widely used as medicinal plant distributed in
the tropical regions. According to WHO third world countries
depends mainly native medicinal plants for their health purpose.
various part i.e. flowers, buds, stem, roots, bark, seeds, leaves have
been used since ancient times for the treatment of a wide range of
diseases. It is used traditionally in dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids,
piles, edema, laxative, anti-helmintic, astringent, anti-leprotic, wound
healing, anti-goitrogenic, anti-tumor, antidote for snake poisoning,
dyspepsia and carminative disease. It have numerous chemical values
and is rich phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannin, kaempferol,
terpenoids, saponins, reducing sugars steroids, cardiac glycosides and
quercetin. Studies on the medicinal and biological importance of B.
Address for
variegata have been reported. In modern studies and scientific
Correspondence knowledge on the biological/ medicinal properties is demonstrate that
Malacology
B. variegata used as a anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-arthritic,
Laboratory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, hepato-
Department of protective, anti-oxidant, trypsin inhibitor and anti-carcinogenic
Zoology, DDU activity. B. variegata can be used as molluscicidal agent against
Gorakhpur University, harmful vectors/pests. The present review highlights the current
Gorakhpur-273 009 status of researches on the advancement of pharmacological/
UP, India biological aspect of B. variegata and their multidimensional use in
various diseases.
E-mail:
vinaygkpuniv@ Keywords: Bauhinia variegata, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Anti-
gmail.com diabetic, Anti-carcinogenic, Molluscicidal.
INTRODUCTION
For the last four decades, number of chemically diverse plants have
ethnobiology has emerged as alternative been isolated today. The knowledge and
discipline that can play prominent role. A advancement of plant properties and its uses
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Lupeol β- sitosterol
Peonidin-3-glucoside
Kaemferol- 7, 4- dimethylether-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
Source of Literature
Literature search on multi-
dimensional uses of medicinal plant
Bauhinia variegata from different sources of
electronic and print scientific journals.
Kaemferol Materials searched from PubMed resources,
e-libraries such as NIH, CDC and book
wealth of India. Ayurved, Unani and Charak
samhita contains beautiful literature of
plants and their role in biological system of
Indian traditional system has been cited.
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potentiality of plant derived products against paw edema method37,57. These activities may
several diseases17. be due to their content of tannins, steroids,
Modern medicine based on flavonoids and carbohydrates. Sosa et al. 58
traditional system only after chemical and/ carried out a bioassay using the inhibition of
or clinical test. Synthetic drugs cause’s side croton oil-induced ear edema in mice and
effects as a result, people are more interest identified a 2:1 mixture of ursolic and
to use natural products obtained from oleanolic acids as the strongest
plants20. It has been estimated that 56% of antiphlogistic effects, with potency similar
the active compounds for medicines in the to that of indomethacin. Triterpenic acids
British National Formulary are natural have long been noted as anti-inflammatory
products21. Standardization and formulation activity38 & 59. Boonfong et al.60 isolated
of the plant product is necessary to several new secondary metabolites from the
describing the isolation, identification and root of B. variegata especially bibenzyls and
qualification of active ingredient in plant dihydrodibenzoxepins. It has significant
materials. These plants are an important anti-inflammatory activity. A new
source of producing medicinal valuable triterpene- saponin 23-hydroxy-3alpha-[O-
bioactive secondary metabolites which are alpha-L-1C4-rhamnopyranosyl-(1’4')-O-
great importance for the health purpose of alpha-L-4C1-arabinopyranosyl-oxy]olean-
human beings22, 23 & 24. 12-en-28-oicacid and O-alpha-L-1C4-
Indigenous traditional system of rhamno pyranosyl-(1’4’)-O-beta-D-4C1-
medicine various parts of the plant B. glucopyranosyl-(1’6’)-O-beta-D-
variegata are used as anti-helmintic, 4Cglucopyranosylester, were isolated from
astringent, anti-leprotic, anti-microbial, liver the leaves of B. variegata. It was found
tonic and in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. nontoxic (LD50) and to have significant anti-
Plant is also useful for treatment of skin inflammatory activity61. It also showed anti-
diseases, wounds, edema, dysentery, ulcers, nociceptive effects which are more potent
eye disease, piles, hemorrhoids and an than the reference drugs (REF). Anti-
antidote against snake bite 25. The Ayurvedic inflammatory agents isolated from B.
has documented the use of the stem bark in variegata plant were six flavanoids namely,
treating lymphadenitis and goiter 26. kaempferol, ombuin, kaempferol 7,4’-
Bauhinia leaves and bark have been used dimethylether 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside,
frequently in folk medicine as a remedy for kaempferol 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside,
different kinds of the pathologies, isorhamnetin 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside and
particularly, infections and diabetes27,1, 2. hesperidin together with one triterpene.
Caffeate, 3ß-trans-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoy-
Biological Effects loxy) olean-12-en-28-oic acid were isolated
from the non-woody aerial parts of B.
Anti-inflammatory activity variegata. These compounds were evaluated
Non woody aerial part of B. as inhibitors of some macrophage functions
variegata shows the anti-inflammatory involved in the inflammatory process,
activity against inhibiting the significantly dose-dependent inhibition of
lipopolysaccharides, with interferon λ lipo polysaccharide (LPS) and interferon
induce nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines37. (IFN)-g induced nitric oxide (NO), and
Ethanol extract of B. variegata root shows cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a-
the anti-inflammatory activity by non- and interleukin (IL)-1237. Bairagi et al. 35
immunological carrageenan induced hind screened out the methanol and aqueous
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fraction of the B. variegata bark contained Antioxidant activity was directly correlated
flavones glycosides and flavonoids. It shows with the amount of total phenolic contents in
acute anti-inflammatory activity at the extracts. B. variegata in L-dopa extract
200mg/kg and 250 mg/kg orally in rats. has shown the highest FRAP values63.
Shaha et al. 39 reported that the anti- Sharma et al.49 studied that both ethanolic
inflammatory activity of leaf extract of B. and aqueous extracts of root of B. variegata
variegata in in vitro. possesses significant antioxidant activity by
scavenging of various free radicals such as
Anti-oxidant activity 1,2- di phenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
A different part of B. variegata has superoxide, nitric oxide. Its observed the
been reported to contain quercetin, rutin, various extract of the plant product
apigenin and epigenin 7-O-glucoside16. significant DPPH (1,2- di phenyl 1-2
Flavonoid and quercetin are potent picrylhydrazyl) is a lipophilic free radical
antioxidants and known to modulate the from a stable diamagnetic form with
activities of various enzyme systems due to electron or hydrogen radical. Pandey et al. 51
their interaction with biomolecules62. observed antioxidant activity by inhibiting
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. of TBARs. Methanolic extract of B.
variegata root produced significant variegata possesses significant free radical
antioxidant activity carried out by in-vitro scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging
scavenging of free radicals using 1, 2- and antioxidant activity in in vitro. They
diphenyl1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric confirm the presence of phenolic compound
oxide and superoxide53. It may be the flavonoids, tannin etc.
flavonoids and other phyto chemicals
present in the plant extracts49. Ethanolic Anti-diabetic activity
extract produced significantly greater Presence of insulin like protein in
antioxidant activity than other extracts49. In leaf, stem bark of B. variegata is widely
vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging utilized in popular medicine, as an anti-
potential are of methanolic extracts of B. diabetic agent27. The leaves and stem-bark
variegata 50. Different parts of B. variegata of Bauhinia used in different phyto
like leaf, bark and flowers have free radical preparation to lower blood glucose levels64 &
65
scavenging activity by hydroxyl radical . Pandey et al.51 and Kumar and Yadav66
scavenging method. All extracts have noted the antidiabetic potential of the plant
different level of antioxidant activity. Bauhinia in mammal. Ethanol extract
Amongst all extracts methanol was found to leaves of B. variegata show the
be good solvent for extraction and having hypoglycemic activity as well as antidiabetic
good antioxidant activity50 & 51. IC50 value of activity67. Lino et al. 41 showed aqueous and
B. variegata leaf, stem bark and floral buds organic solvent ethanol and hexane extract
are 17.9, 19.5 and 17.2 μg/ml, respectively. of Bauhinia in a model of alloxan-induced
The Reducing power of extracts was carried diabetes in rats caused reduced glucose,
out with ascorbic acid as a standard reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol and high
agent51. The percent free radical scavenging density lipid (HDL) cholesterol levels.
activity gradually increases with increasing Morikawa68 also found in his observation
concentrations of B. variegata extracts in that aqueous extract of Bauhinia leaves
DPPH radical scavenging assay. Dose exhibited hypoglycemic activity in
dependent antioxidant activity pattern was normoglycemic mice, he suggested that this
also observed in phosphomolybdate assay63. action may be related to the presence of
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glycosyl flavonoids and several natural extract of B. variegata stem bark act as
flavonoids exhibit an antidiabetic activity. antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S.
The presence of insulin-like molecule was typhy, S. dysenterial, S. aureus, P.
demonstrated in the leaves, where a aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera34,71.
‘chloroplast protein’ was found that has a Achenbach et al.72 showed that several
partial amino acid sequence identical to that metabolites particularly the flavonoids (2s)-
of Bovine insulin. This protein found to act 3,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavan and (2s)-
as hypoglycemic activity when it is injected 7,4-dihydroxyflavan caused significant
in alloxan induced diabetic mice27. Frankish inhibition of pathogenic fungi such as
et al. 69 antidiabetic activity was noticed a Botrytis cinerea, Claviceps viridis, Coprinus
major metabolite of the ethanolic extract of cinereus, Rhizoctoria saloni and
leaves; roseoside, demonstrates Saprolegnia asterophora. Maillord et al. 73
insulinotropic activity toward pancreatic ß- confirmed that the dichloromethane extract
cells of the INS-1 cell line and may act in of B. rufences caused antifungal activity
conjunction with the chloroplast protein to against Cladosporium cucumerium. Ali74
contribute to the overall antidiabetic and Kumar et al. 75 have reported that the
properties. Dewangan et al. 42 isolated and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of
identified a bioactive carbohydrate D-pinitol plant Bauhinia due to the presence of phenol
(3-o-methyl D-chlroinositol) from the metabolites. Filho4 and his research group
ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves. The has evaluated antimicrobial potential of
compound pinitol is belonging to group of plant Bauhinia against pathogenic fungi and
cyclic polyol. It is natural product of cyclic bacteria. Evaluation of anti-fungal potential
polyol group was responsible for of this plant is active against dematophytes
hypoglycemic activities70. such as Microsporium camis, Trychophyton
metagrophytes, T. rubrum and
Anti-microbial activity Epidermophyton flaccosum.
B. variegata plant could be utilized
as an alternative source of antimicrobial Anti-tumour / Cytotoxic activity
drugs. Methanolic, chloroform and aqueous Rajkapoor et al. 36 and Gupta et al. 76
extracts of B. variegata fractions shows anti- noted anti-tumour activity of ethanolic
bacterial activity against both gram positive extract B. variegata against dalton‘s ascetic
and gram negative bacteria namely- Bacillus lymphoma (DAL) on Swiss albino mice.
cereus, Staphyllococcus aureus, Klebsiella Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B.
pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and variegata shows the chemoprevention and
33
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes . Anti- cytotoxic effect against N-
bacterial activity in methanol extract is more nitrosodiethylamine induced liver tumour in
potent than aqueous extract32.The alcoholic rats and human cancer cell lines at a dose of
extract of leaves of B. variegata showed 200 mg/kg44. Oral administration of
maximum antimicrobial activity compared ethanolic extract of B. variegata effectively
with other organic solvent extracts13. The suppressed liver tumour induced by N-
methanol extract from both in vivo and in nitrosodiethylamine induced elevated level
vitro generated plants of B. variegata were of serum glutamate pyruvate transminase
tested against a number of microbes, only (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas transminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase
aeruginosa were found to be resistant at a (ALP), total bilirubin, gama glutamate
concentration of 50 μg/ml2. Ethanolic transpeptidase (GGTP), lipid peroxidase
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(LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), with the same degree of inhibition for the
glutathione-s-transferase (GST)44. Ethanolic ethanol extract, derived from both in vivo
extract of bark, seed and leaf has been noted and in vitro sources2.
to be cytotoxic against human epithelial
larynx cancer and breast cancer77. Pandey Anti-arthritic
and Agarwal44 observed anticarcinogenic Rajkapoor et al.78 investigated the
and antimutagenic potential of B. variegata anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of
methanolic extract on Swiss albino mice B. variegata by the oral administration of
using a skin carcinogenesis and melanoma ethanolic extract at the tested dose level of
tumour model, along with micronucleus and 250 mg/kg on complete Freund’s adjuvant
chromosomal aberration tests. He found that (CFA) induced arthritis in rat for 15 days. At
the significant prevention of skin papilloma the end of 15 days, the rats were sacrificed,
model, with delayed appearance and their blood was collected and then serum
reduction in the cumulative number of was separated. After that various parameters
papillomas in the DMBA + B. variegata + such as alanine amino transferase (ALT),
croton oil treated group as compared to the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total
DMBA + Croton Oil group. C57 Bl mice cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated.
which received a 50% methanolic extract of In the level of various antioxidant enzymes
B. variegata extract at the doses of 500 and were also evaluated in liver and kidney of
1,000 mg/ kg body weight for 30 days normal, arthritic control and extract treated
showed increase in life span and reduced the rats such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase
tumour size significantly44. Pandey and (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
Agarwal, 44 noted in antimutagenicity lipid peroxidase (LPO). The result of these
studies, a single application of B. variegata studies shows that administration of this
extract at doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg significantly Paw Edema volume in rat and
dry weight, 24 hours prior the administration altered the biochemical parameters and also
of cyclophosphamide (at 50 mg/kg) level of various antioxidant enzymes which
significantly prevented micronucleus got affected in arthritic rats. From this study,
formation and chromosomal aberrations in it was concluded that the ethanolic extracts
bone marrow cells of mice, in a dose of this plant showed significant antiarthritic
dependent manner. Tewari et al.77 effect in rats47.
investigated the traditional use of B.
variegata against anti tumour activity. The Anti-Obesity
anti tumour potential of B. variegata was Balamurugan and Muralidharan79
studied by 3-(4,5 dimethyl thiozole-2-yl)- investigated the anti-obesity effect of
2.5- diphenyl trtrazodium bromide (MTT) methanolic extracts of stem and root bark of
and sulpherhodamine B (SRB) the two B. variegata by oral administration of
cancer cell line (Hep-2, HeLa) and one methanolic extracts at the tested dose level
normal cell line (BRL3A). The result of of 200 and 400 mg/kg in female rats fed
MTT and SRB showed seven extract of with hyper caloric diet for 40 days. At the
cytotoxic to the cancer cell line and less end of 40 days, various parameters was
toxic towards normal cell lines. The evaluated such as body weight (BW), feed
preliminary Phytochemical screened out intake, high density lipoproteins (HDLP),
flavonoids asantitumour activity. In vitro low density lipoproteins (LDLP),
cytotoxicity on Ehlrich Ascitic Carcinoma triglycerides, total cholesterol, brain
(EAC) mouse cell lines responses almost serotonin level. The results of these studies
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level of 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days variegata and active ingredients has well
significantly minimized the serum level of documented in recent years. Considering the
creatinine and urea, decreased urine overall benefits of the plant it can be
creatinine and albumin with a significant advocated as an important medicinal plant
weight gain, and increased urine output for mankind. Now more explore is required
when compared with the toxic group. The to establish the active ingredient which is
histological damages in the Bauhinia responsible for the mode of action.
variegata extract-treated group were
minimal in contrast to the toxic rats52. Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no
Anti-ulcer activity conflict of interests.
Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B.
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AJPCT[4][02][2016] 058-072
Singh et al_________________________________________________ ISSN 2321 – 2748
AJPCT[4][02][2016] 058-072