)1( ‫القطعة رقم‬

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son of
Ser Piero, a Florentine notary and landlord, but lived on the estate and was treated as a legitimate
son.
In 1483, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first model of a helicopter. It did not look very much
like our modern day “copter,” but the idea of what it could do was about the same.
Leonardo was an artist and sculptor. He was very interested in motion and movement
and tried to show it in his art. In order to show movement, he found it helpful to study the way
things moved. One subject he liked to study was birds and how they flew. He spent many hours
watching the birds and examining the structure of their wings. He noticed how they cupped air
with their wings and how the feathers helped hold the air. Through these studies, Leonardo
began to understand how birds were able to fly.
Like many other men, Leonardo began to dream of the day when people would be able
to fly. He designed a machine that used all the things he had learned about flight, and thus
became the first model of a helicopter.
Poor Leonardo had only one problem, however. He had no way to give the necessary
speed to his invention. You see, motors had not yet been invented and speed was an important
part of the flying process. It would be another four hundred years before the engine was invented
and another fifty years before it was put to the test in an airplane. Leonardo’s dream of a
helicopter finally came to pass in 1936.
The Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist, Leonardo died on May 2,
1519, and was buried in the cloister of San Fiorentino in Amboise.

1. What is the author’s main point?

a. The invention of the helicopter.

b. Birds cup air with their wings and use feathers to help hold the air.

c. An overview of one of Leonardo da Vinci’s many skills.

d. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519.

2. The word problem in paragraph five could best be replaced by the word:
a. dilemma

b. mistake

c. danger

d. pain
3. The word it in paragraph two refers to:
a. Leonardo da Vinci

b. The first model helicopter

c. 1483

d. motion and movement

4. Which paragraph explains why Leonardo’s helicopter was not successful in his
lifetime:
a. paragraph 1

b. paragraph 2

c. paragraph 4

d. paragraph 5

5. The word illegitimate in paragraph one is closest in meaning to:

a. against the law or illegal

b. not in correct usage

c. incorrectly deduced; illogical

d. born out of wedlock

6. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “Since then people
have been living out Leonardo’s dream of flying.”
a. paragraph 3

b. paragraph 4

c. paragraph 5

d. paragraph 2

7. What was the main problem with Leonardo’s invention?

a. motors were not yet invented

b. the birds lost their feathers

c. he was illegitimate

d. he couldn’t draw
8. The word they in the third paragraph refers to:
a. the feathers

b. the birds

c. the studies

d. the wings

9. In what year was the first helicopter flown

a. 1483

b. 1452

c. 1519

d. 1936

10. What two things did birds have that Leonardo da Vinci noticed helped them to fly?
a. wings and beaks

b. feathers and talons

c. wings and feathers

d. cups and feathers

11. The word thus in the fourth paragraph could best be replaced by:
a. Hence

b. After

c. Unsuitably

d. Inappropriately

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 )2( ‫القطعة رقم‬
Glass fibers are extremely strong; for their weight, they are stronger than steel. They are
made by forcing molten glass through tiny holes called spinnerets. As many as four hundred
spinnerets are placed together, and threads of glass much thinner than human hairs are drawn
off at great speed-miles of thread per minute. As they speed along, the threads are coated thinly
with a type of glue and twisted into a yarn. The glass fibers are used with plastics to make boats
and car bodies. They are also woven into heavy cloth for window draperies and into strong belts
for making tires stronger.
A special kind of glass fiber is causing a revolution in communications. A signal of light can
be made to travel along the fiber for very long distances. By changing the quality of the light,
many messages can be sent at once along one strand of glass. New office buildings are being
“wired” with glass fibers as they are built. The glass fibers will be used to connect telephones and
computers in ways that not long ago were either impossible or too expensive.
Glass wool traps air in a thick, light blanket of fibers. This blanket is then put into walls
and ceilings to keep warm air in during the winter and cool air in during the summer. To make
glass wool, molten glass is fed into a spinning drum with many holes in it. As the glass threads
stream out of the holes, they are forced downward by a blast of hot air and through a spray of
glues. The threads are then further blown about to mix them up as they fall in a thick mat on a
moving belt.
The glass we see through and drink out of has many, many other uses besides the ones
described here.

1. What was the author’s main purpose in writing the article?

a. To inform you how special kinds of glass are made and used

b. To persuade you to investigate the many uses of glass beyond those mentioned in the article

c. To inform you about the strength of glass fibers

d. To inform you that glue is used to hold strands of glass together

2. The word special in the second paragraph is closets in meaning to:

a. Distinct among others of a kind

b. Additional

c. Common

d. Species
3. Glass fibers are made by forcing molten glass through:
a. Spinners

b. Spiderets

c. Spinnerets

d. Spinets

4. The word changing in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Altering

b. Boring

c. Bringing

d. Doing

5. What are glass fibers woven into cloth for?

a. Draperies

b. Cars and boats

c. Glasses

d. Glue

6. The word fed in the fourth paragraph means:

a. To give food to

b. To minister to

c. To support

d. To supply

7. The word they in the second sentence of the first paragraph refers to:
a. Human hair

b. Weight

c. Glass fibers

d. Yarn
8. The word it in the fourth paragraph refers to:
a. Molten glass

b. Glass wool

c. Spinning drum

d. Holes

9. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “This improvement
in technology is expected to continue.”
a. Paragraph 1

b. Paragraph 2

c. Paragraph 3

d. Paragraph 4

10. A signal of what can be made to travel along fiber for very long distances?
a. Heat

b. Wave

c. Wool

d. Light

11. The word spray in the fourth paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Shower

b. Blow

c. Spit

d. Force

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 )3( ‫القطعة رقم‬
For centuries, people have searched for a way to replace dead and decaying teeth with
comfortable false teeth. Many materials have been used to make a set of false teeth. The teeth
themselves should be made from a hard and durable material. They should be secured to a soft
material, making them easy to wear. In the last two decades, dentists succeeded in making
durable false teeth that are comfortable, too.
Two thousand years ago, the Etruscans made teeth out of animal bone and gold. These
materials were used-with varying degrees of success-up to the 1700’s. When George Washington
was president, ivory from animals such as elephants became a popular material for false teeth.
Doctors and inventors also tried silver, peal, and agate, but teeth made from these materials
were very expensive. Perhaps the most successful material was porcelain, invented by a
Frenchman about two hundred years ago. White, strong, and resistant to decay, porcelain is still
used today for making single teeth.
Besides finding a material for the teeth, inventors also had to find a way to secure them
in a person’s mouth. People tried wire, springs, and many kinds of glue to accomplish this. In
most cases, however, discomfort and a likelihood of the teeth falling out plagued the person who
wore them.
Around 1844, an American dentist named Horace Wells used laughing gas to put people
to sleep before working on their teeth. This innovation made dental work a lot less painful. Soon
after, an inventor created the first form of rubber. This was important to dentistry because teeth
could be attached to the rubber, and the rubber could be molded to fit the shape of the mouth.
With these two developments, dentist could work without causing pain and could fit teeth more
carefully. False teeth have become more available and comfortable since then, and dentists have
continued to improve the making and use of false teeth.

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

a. Horace Wells

b. False teeth

c. Gold and bone

d. The Etruscans

2. The word they in the first paragraph refers to:

a. Teeth

b. Materials
c. People

d. Dentists

3. The word varying in the second paragraph cold best be replaced by the word:
a. Constant

b. Changeless

c. Fluctuating

d. Stable

4. Porcelain was invented after the first use of:

a. Rubber for holding for holding teeth in place

b. Laughing gas

c. Ivory for making teeth

d. Electric drills

5. When did Horace Wells begin using laughing gas?

a. 1700

b. Two-thousand years ago

c. 1834

d. 1844

6. The word besides in the third paragraph means:

a. In addition to

b. Stand next to

c. Anyway

d. Together

7. The word them in the third paragraph refers to:

a. Teeth

b. Inventors

c. People

d. Wire
8. When was rubber found to be a useful material for false teeth?
a. After laughing gas was used to put patients to sleep

b. While George Washington was president

c. Before a Frenchman invented porcelain

d. While the Etruscans were making teeth of bone and gold

9. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph? “It is unimaginable
what will come next.”
a. Paragraph 1

b. Paragraph 2

c. Paragraph 3

d. Paragraph 4

10. The word molded in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Formed into a shape

b. To form an organic growth

c. To make an ornament

d. The fitting of a shoe

11. The word resistant in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Prone

b. Insusceptible

c. Hearty

d. Sassy

)3( ‫إجابة القعة رقم‬

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b A c c d a a a d a b
 )4( ‫القطعة رقم‬

The lens on a camera has only two tasks. First, it must gather in as much light as possible
in order to activate the sensitive chemicals on the film. Second, it must organize the light rays so
that they form a sharp image on the film. These may sound like simple tasks, but they are not.
One of the sharpest lenses is merely a pinhole in a sheet of cardboard, metal, plastic, or
a similar material. If the pinhole is tiny enough, the image can be quite sharp, but then very little
light is admitted. For most purposes, even the most sensitive film would take too long to record
an image.
A glass lens is much better because it lets in much more light and focuses it on the film.
Yet simple glass lenses are sharpest only in their centers. As more of the lens is used, the image
suffers in sharpness.
One reason a simple lens can cause problems is that it is shaped like a section of a sphere.
Spherical lenses do not focus perfectly on flat film, so the image is slightly distorted, especially at
the edges. Another reason is that the lens can act partly like a prism. This means that some of
the colors in the image will not focus properly, and the image will be fuzzy.
One solution is to block off all but the sharp-focusing center of the lens. If you block off
the edges of the lens, however, less light will get to the film. Early lenses had to compromise
between sharpness and light-gathering power.
Very sharp lenses that admit as much light as possible can be built by making them with
several separate lenses, or elements. A multiple-element lens has from two to nine separate
lenses. Some elements are cemented together, and some have a gap between them.
Furthermore, the elements are often made of different kinds of glass, each with a different ability
to bend light rays. Some of the elements are there just for correcting problems caused by the
other elements! The results are worth it, though: pictures can be taken in many different light
conditions, and they have a sharpness you can almost feel.

1. The word it in the first paragraph refers to:

a. Camera

b. Lens

c. Film

d. Chemicals
2. The word distorted in the fourth paragraph means:
a. Out of a proper or natural relation

b. Clean and in shape

c. Purified, as one

d. Proper

3. In what ways does an image suffer if too large an area of the spherical lens is used?
a. The edges of the image become fuzzy

b. Too much light is admitted

c. Too little light is admitted

d. Colors change

4. What is the main disadvantage of a simple lens that is made sharp by using just the
center?
a. With less light-gathering power, the lens is utterly useless.

b. With less light-gathering power, the lens is useful only in bright light.

c. With more light-gathering power, the lens is useful only in dim light.

d. With more light-gathering power, the lens is utterly useless.

5. The word sharpest in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to:

a. Having clear form and detail

b. Terminating in an edge or a point

c. Intellectually penetrating; astute

d. Having a thin edge or a fine point suitable for or capable of cutting or piercing

6. The word it in the fourth paragraph refers to:

a. Glass lens

b. Prism

c. Simple lens

a. Flat film
7. The word sensitive in the second paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Delicate

b. Irritable

c. Reactive

d. Psychic

8. The word ability in the sixth paragraph could best be replaced by the word:
a. Ignorance

b. Weakness

c. Ineptness

d. Capacity

9. The meaning of the word solution as used in the fifth paragraph is closest in
meaning to:
a. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a
combination of these

b. The answer to or disposition of a problem

c. The state of being dissolved

d. Release; deliverance; discharge

10. What is the minimum number of lenses in multiple-element lens?

a. Nine

b. Two

c. Ninety-two

d. Twenty-nine

11. The word fuzzy in the fourth paragraph means:

a. Clear

b. Unclear

c. Exact

d. Precise
12. The word admitted in the sixth paragraph is closest in meaning to:
a. To permit to enter

b. To have room for; accommodate

c. To grant to be real, valid, or true; acknowledge

d. To make acknowledgment

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b a a b a c a d b b b a
 1
Induction to power distribution

1.1 Introduction
A typical electrical power network is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
An electrical network initiates at the point of generation. Electrical power is generated
by converting the potential energy available in certain materials into electrical energy.
This is either done by direct conversion of kinetic energy, e.g. wind- or water turbines, or
creating steam to drive the turbines, e.g. coal- or nuclear boilers.

Figure 1.1
Typical electrical power network
4 Practical Power Distribution for Industry

Overhead lines are by nature prone to lightning strikes, causing a temporary surge on
the line, usually causing flashover between phases or phase to ground. The line insulators
are normally designed to relay the surge to ground, causing the least disruption and/or
damage. This is of short duration, and as soon as it is cleared, normal operation may be
resumed. This is why sophisticated auto-reclosers are employed on an increasing number
of overhead lines.
Overhead lines have the following properties:

Advantages
• Less expensive for longer distances
• Easy to locate fault.

Disadvantages
• More expensive for shorter distances
• Susceptible to lightning
• Not environment-friendly
• Maintenance intensive
• High level of expertise and specialized equipment needed for installation.
Underground (buried) cable installations are mostly used for power distribution in
industrial applications. They have the following properties:

Advantages
• Less expensive for shorter distances
• Not susceptible to lightning
• Environment-friendly
• Not maintenance intensive.

Disadvantages
• Expensive for long distances
• Can be difficult to locate fault.
The focus of this manual will be on MV power distribution, specifically practical
considerations regarding MV switchgear, power cables, power factor correction and
computer simulation studies.
10 Practical Power Distribution for Industry

Manipulation of the above formulas will give a quick reference formula to determine
the fault current at the secondary terminals of the transformer:
tyfh
I fault =
( 2 ×% Z × Vs )
When more than one transformer is connected in parallel, feeding a switchboard,
the fault currents of the transformers are added to give the fault current at the
switchboard. For example, if two transformers, with ratings as in the above example,
are connected in parallel, the fault current will be 20 992 A.
The smaller the transformer, the smaller the error of this approximation.

Example 2 (with cable impedance)

When the switchgear is situated quite some distance away from the transformer(s), the cable
impedance needs to be taken into account to arrive at a realistic value. The fault current will
be lower with additional impedance in the circuit, therefore this may be necessary for
economic reasons, so as not to overrate new equipment at additional (unnecessary) cost.
The quickest and easiest way to bring cable impedance into the calculation is to simply
add the cable impedance, which is usually a Ω/km value in the cable manufacturer’s data
table, to the transformer reactance (adjusting for line to phase values). This is an
approximate value, as complex algebra should be used to add the impedance values, but it
is usually accurate enough to determine required switchgear ratings.

Calculation
Take the same transformer ratings as in the above example. Assume the cable distance
between the transformer and the switchgear as 6000 m. The cable has the following
properties:
Type: Copper conductors, XLPE insulated
Size: 185 mm2
Current rating: 410 A
Impedance: 0.1548 Ω/km (see Table 3.28)
Four cables are installed in parallel between the transformer and switchgear to achieve
the required current rating.
Transformer reactance
(as per above example): Z Tr = 0.605 Ω
Cable impedance:

Z C = 0.1548 Ω × 6/4
= 0.2322 Ω
⇒ Z total = 0.605 Ω + 0.2322 Ω
= 0.8372 Ω
Vs
I fault =
3. Z total
11 × 10 3
=
1.450 Ω
= 7586 A