Athir al-Din al-Abhari

Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al‐Mufaḍḍal al‐Samarqandī al‐Abharī, also known as
Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Munajjim (d. in 1265 or 1262[2] Shabestar, Iran)[1] was a philosopher,
astronomer, astrologer and mathematician. Other than his influential writings, he had many
famous disciples.

His birthplace is contested among sources. According to Encyclopedia of Islam[3] and

Encyclopedia Islamica,[4] he was born in Abhar, a small town between Qazvin and Zanjan.
Encyclopedia Iranica mentions that he was born in Mosul,[1][5] but according to Encyclopedia
Islamica, none of his oldest biographers mentioned Mosul as his birthplace.[4] Beside the city
of Abhar, his epithet al-Abharī could suggest that he or his ancestors originally stem from the
Abhar tribe.[1] He may have died of paralysis in Adharbayjan.[1]

He is said to have been a student or teacher in various schools at Khurāsān, Baghdad, and Arbil,
living for some time in Sivas.[1] Ibn Khallikān reports that he was student of Kamāl al‐Dīn ibn
Yūnus, but other sources state that he worked as an assistant to Fakhr al‐Dīn al‐Rāzī.

Astronomy

Risāla fī al‐hayʾa (Treatise on astronomy).

Mukhtaṣar fī al‐hayʾa (Epitome on astronomy).

Kashf al‐ḥaqāʾiq fī taḥrīr al‐daqāʾiq, where he accepts the view that the celestial bodies do not
change and maintains that stars have volition and it is the source of their motion.[1]

Mathematics

Several works on Iṣlāḥ (Correction) of Euclid, one of which is an attempt to prove the parallel
postulate, which was commented upon and criticized by Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī.[1]

Philosophy

Kitāb al-Hidāyah (Guide on Philosophy): a book dealing with the complete cycle of Hikmat,
i.e., logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics.

Isāghūjī fi al-Manṭiq (Commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge), a treatise on logic.

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari)

AL-ABHARIYY

Inilah terjemahan bagi sebuah teks Bahasa Arab yang berjudul Īsāghūjī. Teks ini telah ditulis
oleh Athīr al-Dīn al- Mufaḍḍal ibn ‘Umar al-Abhariyy al-Samarqandiyy, adakalanya disebut
sebagai al-Abahriyy, bukan al-Abhariyy. Beliau meninggalkan dunia ini pada tahun 663H
bersamaan 1265M.

Al-Abhariyy merupakan seorang yang sangat mahir dalam bidang falsafah, logik, matematik
dan astronomi. Antara kitabnya yang mashhur selain Īsāghūjī ialah kitab

Hidāyat al-Ḥikmah, yang menyatakan secara ringkas mengenai tiga jenis ilmu iaitu logik
(manṭiq), sains

(ṭabī‘iyyātw) dan metafizik (ilāhiyyāt).

(Terjemahan Kitab Isaghuji oleh Naseer Sobree, 2015. Diterbitkan Oleh : BAYTUL HIKMA
(PG0355779-V) Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.)

Abharī: Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al‐ Mufaḍḍal al‐Samarqandī al‐Abharī

Born probably Mosul, (Iraq)

Died Shabustar, (Iran), possibly 1265

Abharī, sometimes referred to as “Athīr al‐ Dīn al‐ Munajjim” (the

astrologer), was a well‐ known philosopher who wrote influential texts in
logic, mathematics, and astronomy. There has been diverse speculation
about where and when Abharī was born, with the predominant opinion being
that he was born in Mosul. “Samarqandī” in his name indicates that either
he or his ancestors originally stemmed from there, most likely belonging to
the Abhar tribe.

Little information is known about Abharī's education. It is thought that he

attended primary school in Mosul and later traveled to the scientific and
cultural centers in Khurāsān, Baghdad, and Arbil to continue his studies.
The biographer Ibn Khallikān reports that Abharī took part in the assemblies
of the famous scholar Kamāl al‐ Dīn ibn Yūnus (died: 1242) and even
worked as his assistant at the Badriyya School in Mosul. Other reports claim
that Abharī was a student of the renowned theologian Fakhr al‐ Dīn al‐
Rāzī (died: 1210), that he taught at the Sharafiyya School in 1248 in
Baghdad, that he traveled to Iran from Mosul, that he lived for a time in
Sivas in Anatolia, and that he eventually died of paralysis in Azerbaijan.

Abharī was an important figure in Islamic intellectual history not only

because of his writings but also because of his teaching and interactions
with scholars of the period. Among his students were the famous historian
Ibn Khallikān (already mentioned), the philosopher Najm al‐ Dīn al‐ Kātibī,
and Shams al‐ Dīn Muḥ ammad al‐ Iṣ fahānī. He also had fruitful
exchanges with the cosmologist ʿ Imād al‐ Dīn Zakariyyā ibn Maḥ mūd
al‐ Qazwīnī and the famous astronomer and polymath Naṣ īr al‐ Dīn al-
Ṭ ūsī.

Abharī studied astronomy under Kamāl al‐ Dīn ibn Yūnus, and his keen
interest in the subject, as well as a desire to produce textbooks, led Abharī
to deal with astronomy in several of his works. For example, he devoted the
second part of the third chapter of his work, Kashf al‐ ḥ aqāʾ iq fī taḥ rīr
al‐ daqāʾ iq, to astronomy. There he accepts the widely held view that the
celestial bodies do not undergo the changes found in the sublunar realm,
such as division or rejoining, diminution or growth, expansion or
contraction, and so forth. He also maintains that stars are alive and have
volition, which was the ultimate source of their motion.

From: (Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of

Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 7-8)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_9

ABHARĪ, AṮĪR-AL-DĪN

ABHARĪ SAMARQANDĪ, AṮ ĪR-AL-DĪN AL-MOFAŻŻAL B. ʿ OMAR B. AL-

MOFAŻŻAL (d. 663/1264), logician, mathematician, and astronomer. The
only facts known about his life are that he was born and educated in Mosul
but moved to Erbel (Arbela) in 625/1228. He was the disciple of Kamāl-al-
dīn b. Yūnos and the teacher of Ebn Ḵ allekān.

His Arabic works include the following: 1. Hedāyat al-ḥ ekma, philosophical
work divided into sections on logic (al-manṭ eq), physics (al-ṭ abīʿ īyāt),
and metaphysics (al-elāhīyāt). There are many commentaries on this text
(see list in Brockelmann, GAL S. I, pp. 839-44). The most famous
commentaries are by Mīr Ḥ osayn b. Moʿ īn-al-dīn Maybodī (several
editions; see Brockelmann, GAL S. I, p. 840) and by Ṣ adr-al-dīn
Moḥ ammad Šīrāzī. 2. Ketāb al-Īsāḡ ūǰ ī, or Resāla al-Aṯ īrīya fi’l-manṭ eq,
one of the most popular Arabic elaborations of Porphyry’s Isagogues.
Among the numerous commentaries, and commentaries on commentaries,
of this work are one by Moḥ ammad b. Ḥ amza Fanārī (d. 834/1430-31) and
one by Zakarīyāʾ b. Moḥ ammad al-Anṣ ārī (d. 927/1520). Ṣ adr b. ʿ Abd-
al-Raḥ mān al-Aḵ żarī summarized the work in 94 lines of raǰ az poetry
under the title al-Sollam al-morawnaq fi’l-manṭ eq (Cairo, 1318/1900, and
other editions). This resāla was first published in Rome in 1625 by P.
Thomas Novariensis with a Latin translation, entitled Isagoge, i.e. breve
introductorium arabum in scientiam logicae cum versione latina. E. Calverly
has given an English version of it in the D. B. Macdonald Memorial Volume,
Princeton, 1933, pp. 75-85; see also C. F. Seybold, “Al-Abharī’s Īsaghūjī
und al-Fanārī’s Kommentar dazu,” Der Islam 92, 1919, pp. 112-15.

Other works on logic include Tanzīl al-afkār fī taʿ dīl al-asrār and Jāmeʿ
al-daqāʾ eq fī kašf al-ḥ aqāʾ eq. Among his works on astronomy are:
Moḵ taṣ ar fī ʿ elm al-hayʾ a; Resālat al-asṭ orlāb; Derāyat al-aflāk; al-
Zīǰ al-šāmel, and al-Zīǰ al-eḵ tīārī, known as al-Zīǰ al-Aṯ īrī.

(G. C. Anawati, “Abhari, Atir-Al-Din,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/2, pp. 216-

217; an updated version is available online at
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abhari-samarqandi-air-al-din-d-
1264-logician-mathematician-and-astronomer (accessed on 25 January
2014).

Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn

Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍ ḍ al b. ʿ Umar b. al-Mufaḍ ḍ al (d. between

660/1263 and 663/1265) was a philosopher and an astronomer, most
probably from Abhar, a small town between Qazwīn and Zanjān. He is
known to have been a student of Kamāl al-Dīn b. Yūnus (d. 639/1242) and
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210). The scanty information on his career
places him mainly in Mosul, but he also spent time in Anatolia, Hama
(Ḥ amāt), and Damascus. Among his students were al-Kātibī al-Qazwīnī (d.
657/1276?)
(Eichner, Heidrun, “Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam,
THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John
Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 15 March 2018)

<http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26284>
First published online: 2008.
First print edition: 9789004171374, 2008, 2008-2