PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ANIRUDHA.B 714013103004
PALANIAPPAN.RM 714013103029
REVANTH KUMAR.S 714013103037
SRIRAM.S 714013103045
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Er. M. Ravichandran Dr. D. Karunanidhi
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ENGINEERING, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
SRI SHAKTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOG, SRI SHAKTHI INSTITUTE OF
COIMBATORE-62. ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
COIMBATORE-62
Submitted for the design project viva voce examination held on ……….at
Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-62.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we place this design project work on the feet of GOD
ALMIGHTY who is the power of strength in each step of progress towards the
successful completion of my project.
We express deepest gratitude to our Chairman Dr. S. Thangavelu, for his
invaluable guidance and blessings.
We are very grateful to our Principal Dr. C. Natarajan, for providing us with
an environment to complete this project successfully.
We are very grateful to our Joint Secretary Mr. T. Sheelan and Director
Dr. R. Manian, for the encouragement to complete our project successfully.
We are deeply indebted to our Head of the Department Mr. S.
Ravichandran, who molded us both technically and morally for achieving greater
success in life.
We are very grateful to our Supervisor Dr. D. Karunanithi, for being
instrumental in the completion of my project with his valuable guidance.
We are very thankful to our Project Coordinator Er. S. Ravichandran, who
helped me in the completion of the project with his valuable guidance.
We are also thankful to all the staff members of our college and technicians
for their help in making this project a successful one.
Finally, we take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our
Family and Friends, for all that meant to us during the crucial times of the
completion of our project.
ANIRUDHA.B
PALANIAPPAN.RM
REVANTH KUMAR.S
SRIRAM.S
TABLE OF CONTANTS
LIST OF TABLE vi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 1
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF UNDERGROUND 2
WATER TANK
ii
1.6.1 COST 7
1.6.2 DETERIORATION/LIFESPAN/ 8
DURABILITY
1.6.3 SIZE AND SHAPE 8
1.6.4 ENVIRONMENT CREDENTIALS 8
1.6.5 MERITS OF CONCRETE WATER 9
TANK
1.6.6 DEMERITS OF CONCRETE 9
WATER TANK
1.7 OBJECTIVES 9
iii
4. CONCLUSION 49
5. REFERENCE 50
iv
ABSTRACT
Water tanks and reservoirs are used to store liquids like water, petroleum or
chemicals. For any domestic and commercial purposes, water tanks are very basic
need to meet their day to day use. In this project an attempt is made to design the
provided optimum height for easy pumping of water to overhead tank. Since it is
underground water tank the lateral earth pressure and water pressure also considered
for the design calculations, so the design is to be carried out as per IS code norms.
This project deals with analysis and design of under ground water tank of 2lakh liter
capacity. The design in this project comprises of side walls, base slab and roof slab.
The analysis and design of underground water tank is done using AutoCad. For this
LIST OF TABLES
SUPPORT 45
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
φ - Angle of repose
m – Modular ratio
d – Overall depth
de – Effective depth
b – Breadth
M – Bending moment
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Underground water tanks are structures which act as a reservoir for small
domestic or commercial buildings. Basic components of underground water tanks
are Base slab, Side walls, And Roof slab. Tanks are very ductile, enabling to
withstand seismic forces and varying water backfill. Tanks utilize material
efficiently – steel in tension, concrete in compression. Underground water tanks
have Low maintenance throughout the life as these are built with concrete, durable
material that never corrodes and does not require coatings when in contact with water
or the environment. The main advantage of underground water tank is that the
temperature is lower than the overhead tanks, which will reduce evaporation inside
water tank.
Underground water tank faces different type of loads compared to other structures,
they mainly face horizontal or lateral loads due to earth pressure and water pressure
or any liquid pressure which is been stored in the tank. The side walls of the
underground water tank will face greater load at the bottom and the load linearly
decreases towards the top.
The underground water tank not only faces loads inside the tank it also has to bear
the surcharge above the ground level. So the roof slab of the underground tank
should have enough strength to with stand the surcharge.
• Seepage
It is very important to store water and not to lose it. The tank should
have a durable, watertight, opaque exterior and a clean, smooth interior.
Below ground tanks must also be plastered well and correctly installed,
otherwise they can collapse.
• Evaporation
All storage tanks should have a roof made from locally available
materials. A tight fitting top cover prevents evaporation.
• Safety
We should prevent mosquito breeding and keeps insects, rodents, birds
and children out of the tank. A suitable overflow outlet(s) and access for
cleaning are also important.
• Storage of water
It is very imperative for all tanks to store water because the main
process of the tank is to store water due to lack of running fresh water in all
areas.
• Emergency
Underground tanks are used as reservoirs where water is pumped to
overhead tanks. When water is not available it will help us store and use water.
LOCATION
(i)RESTING ON GROUND
(ii)OVERHEAD
• The water pressure to all the processes being supplied is held at a relatively
constant level.
• In power failure or pump failure pressure remains constant.
• At work any pipe can be taken for maintenance.
• If all the pumps are failed water pressure will be still for fire suppression and
other critical needs.
• Gravity plays an important role for the flow of water.
• Columns are provided for the support of tank.
(iii)UNDERGROUND
TANK.
1.4.1CIRCULAR:
It is the simplest form of water tank. For the same amount of storage
circular water tank requires less amount of materials compared to rectangular water
tank. It has no corner and can be made water tight easily. It is economical for smaller
storage of water up to 200000000 lits and with dia 5 to 8 m. Depth of the storage is
between 3 to 4 m. The side walls are designed for hoop tension and bending moment.
Round tanks is really a cylinder holding the water. Water exerts pressure equally in
all directions. When place in cylinder round water vessels can be constructed using
minimum thickness of wall. Circular water tanks can be transported and installed
easily.
Merits: Structural strength, Economic, Constant heat level, Clean and hygienic.
1.4.2RECTANGULAR:
Rectangular tanks are modular, fit in most yards. Large tanks of high
capacity can be constructed. It occupies less space compared to circular tanks.
Multiple units of water storage can be constructed using rectangular type tanks.
Steel tanks Galvanized tanks have been around for over 150 years and are
usually the cheapest type of tank. Hot-dip galvanizing is a process used to coat steel
or iron with zinc. The Zinc helps slow down corrosion, but depending on
environmental factors, a galvanized tank may last well under 5 years. This is due to
electrolysis. Some metal tanks now also have polyethylene linings to further help
retard corrosion - escaping plastic altogether can be a difficult thing to do these days.
With a steel based tank, seriously consider the composition of the water you are
storing and its potential to accelerate corrosion in any exposed metals.
Fibre glass, this is another long-lasting option that can be installed above or
below ground. Fiberglass tanks resist corrosion and are not generally affected by
chemicals. As fiberglass tanks tend to allow more light in than other types of tank
materials, this can encourage the growth of algae, so they should be painted.
Fiberglass can also tend to be brittle, leaving it prone to cracks - something you don't
want, particularly in an in-ground situation.
Concrete water storage tanks can be built above grade or mostly hidden from
view. They are built on site because of the material’s weight. Concrete is a porous
material and needs to be sealed to prevent minerals leaching into the water. With
proper sealing and construction techniques, this is can be addressed. Mining
production and delivery of concrete is energy intensive. The advantage is achieved
by its long life and its ability to be simply recycled. Choosing a tank material Choice
is wonderful, but as you can see, there are advantages and disadvantages with each
type of tank, particularly when it comes to environmental impact - so it's really a
matter of gagging your needs and budget and then choosing the lesser of the evils.
In regards to the financial side of things, bear in mind not just the initial cost, but
how many times the tank will need replacing over X years. This also plays a role in
the Concrete tanks have been used in rural areas for many years but are becoming
more common in the city, particularly pre-cast underground concrete tanks that can
be placed under driveways or front and back yards. The advantage of underground
concrete tanks is that they can collect large volumes of water in properties tight for
space that could not otherwise accommodate above-ground tanks. Houses with small
gardens still consume large volumes of water internally through laundries, toilets
and showers and could benefit from using underground concrete tanks for 'whole of
house' water supply.
1.6.1 COST:
The actual concrete tank itself is generally only slightly more expensive than
some steel options, however it becomes more expensive per litre when placing
concrete tanks underground as excavation, transport and crane hire (for larger tanks)
can be quite expensive. However, with rising land and water prices it may be a wise
long-term investment for inner-city and small blocks, as an underground tank does
not take up any valuable space on the property. See the Price Comparison for price
estimates.
1.6.2 DETERIORATION/LIFESPAN/DURABILITY:
There are more and more companies producing pre-cast concrete tanks in
many shapes and sizes including rectangular ones that fit neatly under driveways.
Underground concrete tanks can also be cast on site (in situ). Most concrete tanks,
whether pre-cast or built on site, are designed to be load bearing and are therefore
ideal for placing under driveways. Water quality: Some older concrete tanks may
leach lime, increasing the pH of water and affecting its taste. However, in most cases
the water quality from concrete tanks is very good. Concrete tanks tend to keep the
water cooler than most other tanks, reducing the likelihood of bacterial growth.
Concrete tanks have high embodied energy; however a good quality concrete
tank will have a long life-span and can be recycled at the end of its life.
Concrete tanks are extremely heavy and therefore some settling tends to
occur once put in place. The use of packing sand or cracker dust is recommended
and it may be worth rolling or compacting the sand before installing the tank to
reduce initial movement. It is advisable to allow the tank to settle for a
• Leakage
• Leaching
• Expensive
1.7 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to plan and design a underground concrete
water tank for 2,00,000 liter capacity for Sri Shakthi institute of engineering and
technology.
CHAPTER 2
10
Grade of concrete
Direct Bending
1.5
11
When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile
stress in concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel will be limited by
the requirement that the permissible tensile stress in the concrete is not exceeded so
the tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of steel and
concrete, and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.
(b) For strength calculations. In strength calculations the permissible stress shall
be as follows:
(ii) Tensile stress in member in bending on liquid retaining face of members or face
away from liquid for members less than 225mm thick
(iii)On face away from liquid for members 225mm or more in thickness
(iv) Tensile stress in shear reinforcement, For members less than 225mm thickness
1000 kg/cm
1250 kg/cm
12
liquids at or near ambient temperature and the circumstances are such that the
concrete will never dry out.
(iii) When the shrinkage stresses are allowed, the permissible stresses, tensile
stresses to concrete (direct and bending) may be increased by 33.33 per cent.
The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete is
sufficiently impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential.
The permeability of the thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water
cement ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete
with low water cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of leakage in
concrete are defects such as segregation and honey combing. All joints should be
made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage.
13
stress on the liquid retaining face of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed
the permissible tensile strength of concrete as given in table 1. For calculation
purposes the cover is also taken into concrete area.
(iii) The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive
concrete.
Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller
width. The risk of cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be
minimized by limiting the changes in moisture content and temperature to which the
structure as a whole is subjected. The risk of cracking can also be minimized by
reducing the restraint on the free expansion of the structure with long walls or slab
founded at or below ground level, restraint can be minimized by the provision of a
sliding layer. This can be provided by founding the structure on a flat layer of
concrete with interposition of some material to break the bond and facilitate
movement.
14
Fig(2.1)
Figure (1) A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial
15
contraction joint. A complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and
concrete are interrupted and a partial contraction joint is one in which only the
concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through as shown in Fig (2.1).
Fig(2.2)
This type of joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the adjoining parts
of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the expansion or
contraction of the structure.
16
Fig (2.3).
Fig(2.4)
17
Fig(7). Fig(8)
Unless alternative effective means are taken to avoid cracks by allowing for
the additional stresses that may be induced by temperature or shrinkage changes or
by unequal settlement, movement joints should be provided at the following spacing:
18
(a)In reinforced concrete floors, movement joints should be spaced at not more than
7.5m apart in two directions at right angles. The wall and floor joints should be in
line except where sliding joints occur at the base of the wall in which correspondence
is not so important.
(b)For floors with only nominal percentage of reinforcement (smaller than the
minimum specified) the concrete floor should be cast in panels with sides not more
than 4.5m. (c)In concrete walls, the movement joints should normally be placed at
a maximum spacing of 7.5m. in reinforced walls and 6m in unreinforced walls. The
maximum length desirable between vertical movement joints will depend upon the
tensile strength of the walls, and may be increased by suitable reinforcement. When
a sliding layer is placed at the foundation of a wall, the length of the wall that can be
kept free of cracks depends on the capacity of wall section to resist the friction
induced at the plane of sliding. Approximately the wall has to stand the effect of a
force at the place of sliding equal to weight of half the length of wall multiplied by
the co-efficient of friction.
(d)Amongst the movement joints in floors and walls as mentioned above expansion
joints should normally be provided at a spacing of not more than 30m between
successive expansion joints or between the end of the structure and the next
expansion joint; all other joints being of the construction type.
19
2.3 FLOORS
On the ground and covered with a sliding layer of bitumen paper or other
suitable material to destroy the bond between the screed and floor concrete. In
normal circumstances the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 10, where
injurious soils or aggressive water are expected, the screed layer shall be of grade
not weaker than M 15 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other special cement
should be used.
20
If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall
be designed as floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self
weight. When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case)
the bending moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into
account in the design of floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor
from the walls or from the floor to the wall due to suspension of the floor from the
wall.
If the walls are non-monolithic with the floor slab, such as in cases, where
movement joints have been provided between the floor slabs and walls, the floor
shall be designed only for the vertical loads on the floor. In continuous T-beams and
L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid, the tension in concrete on the
liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed the permissible stresses for
controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab shall be determined in usual
manner for calculation of the resistance to cracking of T-beam, L-beam sections at
supports.
The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded
in both the slab and the walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is
necessary under the wall, provided the wall of the tank itself is designed to act as a
beam over the supports under it. Sometimes it may be economical to provide the
floors of circular tanks, in the shape of dome. In such cases the dome shall be
designed for the vertical loads of the liquid over it and the ratio of its rise to its
diameter shall be so adjusted that the stresses in the dome are, as far as possible,
wholly compressive. The dome shall be supported at its bottom on the ring beam
which shall be designed for resultant circumferential tension in addition to vertical
loads.
21
2.4 WALLS
(i)Provision of joints
(ii)Pressure on Walls.
In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure
developed above liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure. When the wall
of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked against it, the
effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account.
22
23
2.5 ROOF
(ii)Loading.
(iii)Water tightness.
In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for domestic purpose, the
roof must be made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the stresses as for
the rest of the tank, or by the use of the covering of the waterproof membrane or by
providing slopes to ensure adequate drainage.
24
For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid (such
as inner faces or roof slab) the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25mm
or the diameter of the main bar whichever is grater. In the presence of the sea water
and soils and water of corrosive characters the cover should be increased by 12mm
but this additional cover shall not be taken into account for design calculations.
For faces away from liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact
25
with the liquid on any face, nor enclosing the space above the liquid, the cover shall
be as for ordinary concrete member.
For smaller capacities rectangular tanks are used and for bigger capacities
circular tanks are used. In circular tanks with flexible joint at the base tanks walls
are subjected to hydrostatic pressure .so the tank walls are designed as thin cylinder.
As the hoop tension gradually reduces to zero at top, the reinforcement is gradually
reduced to minimum reinforcement at top. The main reinforcement consists of
circular hoops. Vertical reinforcement equal to 0.3% of concrete are is provided and
hoop reinforcement is tied to this reinforcement.
The design of rigid base circular tank can be done by the approximate
method. In this method it is assumed that some portion of the tank at base acts as
cantilever and thus some load at bottom are taken by the cantilever effect. Load in
the top portion is taken by the hoop tension. The cantilever effect will depend on the
dimension of the tank and the 2 thickness of the wall. For H /Dt between 6 to 12,
the cantilever portion 2 may be assumed at H/3 or 1m from base whichever is more.
For H /Dt between 6 to 12, the cantilever portion may be assumed at H/4 or 1m from
base whichever is more.
The tanks like purification tanks, Imhoff tanks, septic tanks, and gas holders
are built underground. The design principle of underground tank is same as for tanks
26
are subjected to internal water pressure and outside earth pressure. The base is
subjected to weight of water and soil pressure. These tanks may be covered at the
top. Whenever there is a possibility of water table to rise, soil becomes saturated and
earth pressure exerted by saturated soil should be taken into consideration. As the
ratio of the length of tank to its breadth is greater than 2, the long walls will be
designed as cantilevers and the top portion of the short walls will be designed as slab
supported by long walls. Bottom one meter of the short walls will be designed as
cantilever slab.
Structural Layouts:
rectangular tank and (π x R2 x H) for cylinder was applied for the circular tank;
where L, B, H and R are Length, Breadth, Height and Radius respectively. For each
tank, the preliminary member sizing was done for the walls, base slab and top slab.
27
Water free-board was also provided for the possible volume increase above the
require capacity in order to limit or check the overflow of the tanks in accordance
with recommendations by BS 8007 (1987), and Reynolds and Steedman (1988). This
was practically allowed to ease the reinforcing and construction of joints.
Wall Loading:
The average water force or load, P in kN per meter width of the rectangular
tank walls under flexural tension was derived as a point or concentrated load by
calculating the areas of the triangular pressure diagrams of the water content on the
walls, to be (ρH) x H/2, where ρ is the water density. By the centroidal consideration
of loading of the pressure diagram, one-third distance from the base, up each wall,
was chosen as the point of application of the concentrated load. The circular tank
wall would be clearly in a state of simple hoop tension and its amount in kN per
meter height of wall would be (ρH) x D/2. And it would still act at one-third distance
from the base up each wall. The wall total working loads for both options were
assumed purely hydrostatic. And the inclusion of wind load in the working load was
purely made to be dependent on tank elevation above the ground level, but would
always be applicable in the design of its support. The wind load’s application point,
if considered, would be at one-half the tank’s height and acting against the lateral
water force. Hence, the resultant lateral force, from the combination of the water
force and wind force; if applicable, would be one-half way between the two forces,
that is, five-twelfth of the tank’s height. For the purpose of this study, tanks elevated
at 12 m and above were considered to be influenced by wind load.
For each of the water tank options, the base slab’s characteristic
serviceability uniformly distributed load in kN/m per m run, was the sum of its dead
28
load; the concrete self weight and its finishes, and its live load; that is, the weight of
water to be contained. And the serviceability point load in kN per meter run, acting
on each of the base slabs, at the extremes of the overhangs was derived by adding
up the wall dead load; i.e. the base projection’s weight and a calculated fraction of
the top slab load. But some noticeable difference might be experienced in the
calculations of the fractions of the loads from the rectangular and the circular top
slabs.
The top slab uniformly distributed load, in kN/m per meter run was
calculated by adding up its combined dead load; that is, concrete self weight,
waterproof finish and its live load (for tank access), to derive the characteristic
serviceability load. Factors of safety of 1.4 and 1.6 were applied to the combined
dead and live loads respectively before their sum was made to achieve the required
ultimate design load for the top slab. The ultimate requirement, that is, stability
would dictate its design and serviceability requirements; basically, deflection would
be checked (BS 8007, 1987)
Structural Analyses:
General: This entails the analyses of the loaded structural elements; walls,
base and top slabs in order to determine their bending moments for the required
design conditions. Serviceability loadings were considered for the general analysis
to concentrate on crack width and reinforcement tensile stress limit except for top
slab where this requirement would only be a check on the structural performance
through measure of deflection. The maximum bending moment from the support and
span for each condition was generally used and confirmed less than the moment of
29
30
CHAPTER 3
METHOD.
AIM:
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Ø Measure the height (h) and internal diameter (d) of the core cutter and apply
grease to the inside of core cutter.
Ø Weigh the empty core cutter (w₁).
Ø Clean and level the place where density is to be determined.
Ø Drive the core cutter, with steel dally on its top into the soil to its full depth
with the help of a steel rammer.
Ø Excavate the soil around the cutter with a crow bar and gently lift the cutter
without disturbing the soil in it.
31
Ø Trim the top and bottom surface of the sample and clean the outside surface
of the water.
Ø Weigh the core cutter with soil (w₂).
Ø Remove the soil from the core cutter, using a sample ejector and take a
representative soil from it to determine the moisture content (w).
OBSERVATION:
CALCULATION:
Volume=1021.02 cm²
Field density=4.570-1.004
1021.02
=3.493 g/cc
=34.93 KN/m.
32
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Ø Soil sample
Ø funnel
PROCEDURE:
The material (sand) is poured through a funnel to form a cone .The tip of the
funnel should be held close to the growing cone and slowly raised as the pile
grows, to minimize the impact of falling particles. Stop pouring the material
when the pile reaches a predetermined height or the base a predetermined
width. Rather than attempt to measure the angle of the resulting cone directly,
divide the height by half the width of the base of the cone. The inverse tangent
of this ratio is the angle of repose.
FORMULA USED:
!""!#$%& #$(&
Tan ø=
)(*)+&,% #$(&
-
Tan ø= .
(//1)
-
Ø=tan67 [ 9 ]
( )
:
33
CALCULATION:
(ø)
Finally by taking average the angle of repose is found to be 37° for the taken
soil sample.
Angle of repose=37°.
34
? 7@
>2 ; = 2 (Long wall)
/ A
/ A
= = 1.17 < 2 (Short wall)
- C.1A
35
? 7@
= = 2.35
- C.1A
Long wall span in one direction, Shot wall span in two directions.
Screeding = 1 KN/m2
BENDING MOMENT(BM)
E F.G
BM= xl2 = x5.32 = 25.63 KN-m
C H
DEPTH OF SLAB
BM= 8.7bd2
1A.IG∗7@@@
d= = 1.71 m
.HF∗7@@@
de=175mm, d=200mm
36
Amount of reinforcement
R
(At= )
*(S#%
.7A
Secondary reinforcement = x 200 x 1000 = 300 mm2
7@@
LONG WALL
? 7@
= = 2.35 > 2
- C.1A
Wall spans in vertical direction only, Walls are assumed fixed at the base
and supported at top.
76TUV W
Max earth pressure = weH( )
7XTUV W
76TUV GF
= 34.93x4.25( )
7XTUV GF
=36.9 KN/m2
37
Y- : A.I∗C.1A:
Mw = = = 6.74 KN-m
7A 7A
Y- : A.I∗C.1A:
Me = = = 3.01 KN-m
GG.A GG.A
76TUV W
Max earth pressure = weH( )
7XTUV W
76TUV GF
= 34.93x4.25( )
7XTUV GF
=36.9 KN/m2
Y- : GI.Z∗C.1A:
Mw = = = 44.43 KN-m
7A 7A
Y- : GI.Z∗C.1A:
Me = = = 19.89 KN-m
GG.A GG.A
1 6.74 3.01
2 19.89 44.43
38
Consideration
[( : S+%[
Resisting moment Mr =
I
7
44.43x106 = x1000xd2x1.7
I
de=400mm
d=440mm
RE I.IF∗7@\
A t= = = 141.79 mm2
S#% *( 7C@∗.HC∗C@@
R& G.@7∗7@\
A t= = = 63.98 mm2
S#% *( 7C@∗.HC∗C@@
39
RE CC.CG∗7@\
A t= = = 944.5 mm2
S#% *( 7C@∗.HC∗C@@
R& 7Z.HZ∗7@\
A t= = = 422 mm2
S#% *( 7C@∗.HC∗C@@
Secondary reinforcement
.G
At = x 440 x 1000 = 1320 mm2
7@@
SHORT WALL
BM VERTICAL DIRECTION
Case(i)
]
Mv=0.083wh2( )
]X7
.GFA
Mv=0.083x5.6x4.252( )=2.28KN/m
.GFAX7
40
Case(ii)
.GFA
Mv=0.083x36.9x4.252( )=15.09KN/m
.GFAX7
BM HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
Case(i)
.@IF∗E- :
Mh=
(^X7)
.@IF∗A.I∗C.1A:
Mh= = 6.82 KN/m
(.GFAX7)
Case(ii)
.@IF∗E- :
Mh=
(^X7)
.@IF∗GI.Z∗C.1A:
Mh= = 44.95KN/m
(.GFAX7)
41
p=42.5KN/m
C1.A∗7
TB = =21.25KN
1
7
∗ _` 1 abc_=25.62x106 N/mm2
I
1A.I1∗7@\ ∗I
d2 =
7@@@∗7.F
d=300.7 mm
How ever use the same thickness as the long wall that is
de=400mm
d=440mm
1A.I1∗7@\
At = = 544.64 mm2
7C@∗.HC∗C@@
42
7Z.G1∗7@\
At = = 410.7 mm2
7C@∗.HC∗C@@
Secondary reinforcement
@.G
A t= x440x1000=1320mm2
7@@
BASE SLAB
d 10
= = 2
e 5
In this case the water pressure on base slab will be concentrated by the soil
pressure below it.
Loads
1ZI@.FI
Soil reaction below base= =36.33KN/m
I.HH∗77.HH
43
=124.59KN/m
GI.GG∗@.F1
BM at support(earth face)= =13.03KN/m
1
Case(i)
-ve BM at base due to loads on the side wall (water face )=19.89KM-m
=131.33KN-m
=6.29KN-m
At support=13.03KN-m
Net moment at center of the slab (Produces the tension on the outer face)
=124.59-44.43=80.16KN-m
44
1 131.33KN-m 6.29KN-m
2 80.16KN-m 57.46KN-m
7
xbxd2xσctb=131.33
I
7G7.GG∗I
d= =463.51mm
7@@@∗7.F
de=470mm ; d=520mm
Main reinforcement
Case(i)
7G7.GG∗7@\
A t= = 2376.06 mm2
7C@∗.HC∗CF@
I.1Z∗7@\
A t= =113.8 mm2
7C@∗@.HC∗CF@
Case(ii)
AF.CI∗7@\
A t= = 1039.58 mm2
7C@∗.HC∗CF@
45
Secondary reinforcement
@.1
A t= x520x1000 = 1040 mm2
7@@
46
47
48
CHAPTER 4
4. CONCLUSION
49
CHAPTER 5
5.REFERENCE
50
51
52
53