Questions On Diodes

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Ideal Diode - Electronic Devices

and Circuits Questions and
Answers
by Manish
4-5 minutes
This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Multiple Choice

Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Ideal
Diode”.
1. For an ideal diode which of the following is true?

a) It allows the passage of current in the forward bias with
zero potential drop across the diode
b) It does not allow the flow of current in reverse bias
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Both of the facts mentioned hold true for an
ideal operational amplifier.
2. Consider an AC sine wave voltage signal being used to

connect a diode and a resistor as shown in the figure. The
variation of the voltage across the diode (Vd) with respect to
time (t) is given by
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a)
b)
c)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Vd = Vi – Vo.
3. The figure below shows a circuit for charging a 12-V

battery. If Vs is a sinusoid with 24-V peak amplitude, the
fraction of each cycle during which the diode conducts is
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a) One quarter of a cycle

b) One-third of a cycle
c) One half of the cycle
d) Three quarters of a cycle
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For one half of the cycle the diode conducts
when 24 cos(Θ) = 12 or Θ is 600. Hence for a complete
cycle the diode does not conducts for 2Θ or 1200. Hence
the diode does not conducts for a third of a cycle.
4. Diodes can be used in the making of

a) Rectifiers
b) LED lamps
c) Logic gates
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Diodes are used to make rectifiers (full wave
or half wave rectifiers are the most common examples),
LED lamps uses diodes (diodes are generally doped for
their use in this purpose) and logic gates can also be made
using diodes using the fact that diodes are conducting only
in the forward biased configuration.
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5. For the connections shown below, the equivalent logic

gate is
a) OR gate
b) AND gate
c) XOR gate
d) NAND gate
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The following circuit behaves as a OR logic
gate.
6. For the connections shown below, the equivalent logic

gate is
a) OR gate
b) AND gate
c) XOR gate
d) NAND gate
View Answer
Answer: b
4 of 7 3/16/18, 9:13 AM
Explanation: The circuit shown behaves as an AND logic

gate.
7. The figure below shows a circuit for an AC voltmeter. It

utilizes a moving-coil meter that gives a full-scale reading
when the average current flowing through it is 1 mA. The
moving-coil meter has a 50-Ω resistance. The value of R
that results in the meter indicating a full-scale reading when
the input sine-wave voltage VI is 20 V peak-to-peak is
a) 3.183 kΩ
b) 3.133 kΩ
c) 3.183 Ω
d) 56.183 Ω
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Average value of input voltage= 20/π or 6.366
V.
Since there is diode half of the time there is no voltage
across the voltmeter hence the average value of the input
voltage is 10/π or 3.183V.
The total resistance required to generate 1mA current is
3.183 kΩ out of which 50Ω is provided by the moving coil.
Therefore, a resistance of 3.133 kΩ is required.
8. The value of I and V for the circuit shown below are
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a) 2A and 5V respectively
b) -2A and 5V respectively
c) -2A and -5V respectively
d) 2A and 0V respectively
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: I = V/R or 5/2.5 or 2A
For an ideal diode when it is conducting the potential drop
across its terminal is zero.
9. The units frequently used to measure the forward bias

and reverse bias current of a diode are
a) µA and µA respectively
b) µA and mA respectively
c) mA and µA respectively
d) mA and mA respectively
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The currents in forward bias is generally in MA
and in the reverse bias it is very small and is generally
measured in µA.
10. A diode
a) Is the simplest of the semiconductor devices
b) Has a characteristic that closely follows that of a switch
c) Is two terminal device
6 of 7 3/16/18, 9:13 AM

View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Both the statements are true for a diode.
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and Answers.
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Diode Forward Characteristic

Modelling Questions and Answers
by Manish
4-5 minutes

Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Modelling the
Diode Forward Characteristic”.
1. Which of the following is method to model a diode’s

forward characteristics?
a) Iteration method
b) Graphical method
c) Constant-voltage drop model
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned are different methods
used to model a diode’s forward characteristics.
2. A voltage regulator needs to provide a constant voltage

in spite of the fact that there may be
a) Change in the load current drawn from the terminals of
the regulator
b) Change of the DC power supply that feeds the regulator
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circuit
c) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Voltage regulators are required in both of the
situations mentioned.
(Q.3-Q.4) For the circuit shown below calculate
3. Calculate the %age change in the regulated voltage

caused by a change of ±10% in the input voltage. (RL is not
connected to the circuit)
a) ± 0.5%
b) ± 1%
c) ± 5%
d) ± 10%
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Current I in the circuit = (10 – 2.1) / 1 or 7.9
mA
Incremental resistance of each diode is rd = 25mV/7.9mA at
2 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
room temperature or 3.2Ω

Total resistance of the diode connection = r = 9.6Ω
The series combination of R and r acts as a voltage divider,
hence
▲V0 = ±r/r+R or 9.5 mA or ± 0.5%.
4. Calculate the change in the voltage when RL is

connected as shown
a) -10 mA
b) -15 mA
c) -20 mA
d) -25 mA
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When RL is connected it draws approx.
2.1v/1000 A current or 2.1 mA. Hence the current in the
diode decreases by approximately 2.1 mA. The voltage
change across the diode is thus -2.1mA * 9.6 Ω or -20mA.
5. The value of the diode small-signal resistance rd at bias

currents of 0.1 mA is
a) 250 Ω
b) 25 Ω
c) 2.5 Ω
d) 0.25 Ω
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal voltage at room temperature is 25mV
and the current is 0.1mA. rd = 25mV/0.1mA or 250 Ω.
6. In many applications, a conducting diode is modeled as
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having a constant voltage drop, usually approximately

a) 1 V
b) 0.1 V
c) 0.7 V
d) 7V
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Normally a silicon diode has a voltage drop of
0.7V.
7. The graphical method of modeling a diode characteristics

is based on
a) Iteration method
b) Constant voltage drop method
c) Small signal approximation
d) Exponential method
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Graphical method uses equations obtained in
the exponential method and then the Answer of these
equations is obtained by plotting them on a graph.
8. For small-signal operation around the dc bias point, the

diode is modeled by a resistance equal to the
a) Slope of the i-v characteristics of the diode at the bias
point
b) Square root of the slope of the i-v characteristics of the
diode at the bias point
c) Inverse of the slope of the i-v characteristics of the diode
at the bias point
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d) Square root of the inverse of the slope of the i-v

characteristics of the diode at the bias point
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is a required characteristic for small-ground
operations.
9. The other name for bias point is

a) Quiescent point
b) Node point
c) Terminal point
d) Static point
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Quiescent point is also called base point. It is
due to this name that is also called Q–point.
10. In iteration method for modelling a diode the answer

obtained by each subsequent iteration is
a) Is close to the true value
b) Is close to the value obtained by exponential method
c) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: True value is obtained by the exponential
method and therefore both of the statements are true.

5 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM

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Zener Diode - Electronic Devices

Answers
by Manish
4-5 minutes

Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Zener Diode”.
1. Zener diodes are also known as

a) Voltage regulators
b) Forward bias diode
c) Breakdown diode
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Zener diodes are used as voltage regulators
but they aren’t called voltage regulators. They are called
breakdown diodes since they operate in breakdown region.
2. Which of the following is true about the resistance of a

Zener diode?
a) It has an incremental resistance
b) It has dynamic resistance
c) The value of the resistance is the inverse of the slope of
1 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
the i-v characteristics of the Zener diode

View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the statements are true for the resistance
of the zener diode.
3. Which of the following is true about the temperature

coefficient or TC of the Zener diode?
a) For Zener voltage less than 5V, TC is negative
b) For Zener voltage around 5V, TC can be made zero
c) For higher values of Zener voltage, TC is positive
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned are true for the TC of a
zener diode.
4. Which of the following can be used in series with a Zener

diode so that combination has almost zero temperature
coefficient?
a) Diode
b) Resistor
c) Transistor
d) MOSFET
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If a Zener diode of TC of about -2mV is
connected with a forward diode (which has a TC of about
+2mV) in series, the combination can be used to obtain a
2 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
very low (close to zero) TC.
5. In Zener diode, for currents greater than the knee

current, the v-i curve is almost
a) Almost a straight line parallel to y-axis
b) Almost a straight line parallel to x-axis
c) Equally inclined to both the axes with a positive slope
d) Equally inclined to both the axes with a negative slope
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Note that the curve is v-I curve and not an i-v
curve.
6. Zener diodes can be effectively used in voltage regulator.

However, they are these days being replaced by more
efficient
a) Operational Amplifier
b) MOSFET
c) Integrated Circuits
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: ICs have been widely adapted by the
industries over conventional zener diodes as their better
replacements for a voltage regulators.
7. A 9.1-V zener diode exhibits its nominal voltage at a test

current of 28 mA. At this current the incremental resistance
is specified as 5 Ω. Find VZ0 of the Zener model.
a) 8.96V
b) 9.03V
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c) 9.17V
d) 9.24V
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: VZ = VZo + MZ IZT
9.1 = VZo + 5 * 28 * 10-3
VZo = 8.96v
VZ = VZo + 5IZ = 8.96 * 5IZ.
8. A shunt regulator utilizing a zener diode with an

incremental resistance of 5 Ω is fed through an 82-Ω
resistor. If the raw supply changes by 1.0 V, what is the
corresponding change in the regulated output voltage?
a) 72.7 mV
b) 73.7 mV
c) 74.7 mV
d) 75.7 mV
View Answer
Answer: c Explanation:
9. A designer requires a shunt regulator of approximately
20 V. Two kinds of Zener diodes are available: 6.8-V
devices with rz of 10 Ω and 5.1-V devices with rz of 30 Ω.
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For the two major choices possible, find the load regulation.
In this calculation neglect the effect of the regulator
resistance R.
a) -30mV/mA and 120mV/mA respectively
b) 30mV/mA and 60mV/mA respectively
c) -60mV/mA and +60mV/mA respectively
d) -30mV/mA and -120mV/mA respectively
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Three 6.8v zeners provide 3*6.8 = 20.4v with 3
* 10 =30Ω Resistance, neglecting R, we have
load Regulation = -30mV/mA.
For 5.1 Zeners we need 4 diodes to provide 20.4v with 4 *
30 =120Ω Resistance.
load Regulation = -120mV/mA .
10. Partial specifications of a Zener diode is provided. VZ =

10.0 V, VZK = 9.6 V, and IZT = 50 mA. Assuming that the
power rating of a breakdown diode is established at about
twice the specified Zener current (IZT), what is the power
rating of each of the diodes described above?
a) 1.04 W
b) 0.104 W
c) 10.4 mW
d) 1.04 mW
View Answer
5 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
Answer: a Explanation:

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Rectifiers - Electronic Devices and

Circuits Questions and Answers
by Manish
4-5 minutes

Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Rectifiers”.
1. Which of the following isn’t a type of rectifier?

a) Precision Half-wave Rectifier
b) Bridge Rectifier
c) Peak Rectifier
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned are different types of a
rectifier.
2. For a half wave or full wave rectifier the Peak Inverse

Voltage of the rectifier is always
a) Greater than the input voltage
b) Smaller than the input voltage
c) Equal to the input voltage
d) Greater than the input voltage for full wave rectifier and
smaller for the half wave rectifier
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View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The peak input voltage is smaller than the
input voltage due to the presence of diode(s). A single
diode reduces the output voltage by approximately 0.7V.
3. For a half-wave rectifier having diode voltage VD and

supply input of VI, the diode conducts for π – 2Θ, where Θ
is given by
a) tan -1 VD/VI
b) tan-1 VD/VI – VI
c) sin-1 VD/VI
d) sin-1 VD/VI – VI
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The diode doesn’t conducts when VD ≥VI .
Hence Θ = sin-1 (D/VI).
4. Bridge rectifier is an alternative for

a) Full wave rectifier
b) Peak rectifier
c) Half wave rectifier
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Bridge rectifier is a better alternative for a full
wave rectifier.
5. Which of the following is true for a bridge rectifier?

a) The peak inverse voltage or PIV for the bridge rectifier is
2 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
lower when compared to an identical center tapped rectifier

b) The output voltage for the center tapped rectifier is lower
than the identical bridge rectifier
c) A transistor of higher number of coil is required for center
tapped rectifier than the identical bridge rectifier
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the given statements are true for a
bridge rectifier.
6. The diode rectifier works well enough if the supply

voltage is much than greater than 0.7V. For smaller voltage
(of few hundreds of millivolt) input which of the following can
be used?
a) Superdiode
b) Peak rectifier
c) Precision rectifier
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For the supply voltages less than 0.7V super
diodes are used.
7. A simple diode rectifier has ‘ripples’ in the output wave

which makes it unsuitable as a DC source. To overcome
this one can use
a) A capacitor in series with a the load resistance
b) A capacitor in parallel to the load resistance
c) Both of the mentioned situations will work
3 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
d) None of the mentioned situations will work

View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A capacitor is parallel with a resistor can only
makes ripples go away. Series connection will become
equal to an open circuit once the capacitor is fully charged.
8. Consider a peak rectifier fed by a 60-Hz sinusoid having

a peak value Vp = 100 V. Let the load resistance R = 10
kΩ. Calculate the fraction of the cycle during which the
diode is conducting
a) 1.06 %
b) 2.12 %
c) 3.18%
d) 4.24%
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: w Δt ~ √(2Vr/Vp)
Θ = √(2 X 2/100)
Θ = 0.2 rad or 3.18% of the cycle
(Q.9-Q.10) The op amp in the precision rectifier circuit is

ideal with output saturation levels of ±12 V. Assume that
when conducting the diode exhibits a constant voltage drop
of 0.7 V.
4 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
9. Find V– when VI is -1V.

a) 0V
b) 0.7V
c) 1V
d) 1.7V
View Answer
Answer: a Explanation: VI = -1v Vo = 1v VA = 1.7v V– = 0v

Virtual gnd as negative feedback is closed through R. VI > 0
D1 conducts D2 cutoff. VI < 0 D2 conducts D1 cutoff.
V0 ⁄ VI = -1.
10. Find V0 when VI is 2V.

a) 0V
b) 0.7V
c) 1V
d) 1.7V
View Answer
Answer: a Explanation: VI = 2v Vo = 0v VA = -0.7v V– = 0v

Virtual gnd as negative feedback is closed through R. VI > 0
D1 conducts D2 cutoff. VI < 0 D2 conducts D1 cutoff.
V0 ⁄ VI = -1.
5 of 6 3/16/18, 9:14 AM


and Answers.
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Electronic Devices and Circuits Question Bank about:reader?url=https://www.sanfoundry.com/...
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Electronic Devices and Circuits

Question Bank
by Manish
4-5 minutes
This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Question Bank

focuses on “Limiting and Clamping Circuits and Some
Special Types of diodes”.
1. Which of the following circuits can be used as limiter or

clamper or both?
a)
b)
c)
1 of 7 3/16/18, 9:14 AM

View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Each of the circuit can be either as a clamper
or limiter or both.
2. The V0 vs VI curve for the below circuit is
a)
b)
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c)
d)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Only this curve represents the characteristics
correctly.
3. For the circuit and the input signal shown which of the
following is true for the output voltage?
a) The output waveform is a square wave with lowest peak

clamped to 0V
3 of 7 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
b) The output wave is a square wave with lowest peak

clamped to -6V
c) The output waveform is a square wave with highest peak
clamped to 4V
d) The output waveform is a straight line with the value of
output voltage equal to 10V
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is a clamped capacitor circuit.
4. Which of the following is not true for the duty cycle of a

waveform?
a) Duty cycles can be used to describe the percent time of
an active signal in an electrical device
b) Duty cycle can be used to determine the percentage of
the time a signal is active
c) 60% duty cycle means that the waveform is active for
40% of the total time
d) 50% duty cycle means that the waveform is non-active
for 50% of the total time
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: 60% duty time means that a signal is active for
60% of the total time.
5. The maximum and the minimum voltage across the diode

D1 respectively is
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a) 2Vp and 0V respectively

b) 0V and -2Vp respectively
c) Vp and -Vp respectively
d) 2Vp and Vp respectively
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is a voltage doubler circuit.
6. Limiting and clamping circuits are employed in

a) FM transmitters
b) Television receivers and transmitter
c) Production of various signal waveforms such as
trapezoidal, square or rectangular waves
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the given are uses of limiting and
clamping circuits.
7. Which of the following is not true for a Schottky-Barrier

Diode (SBD)?
a) It is formed by bringing metal into contact with a
moderately doped n-type semiconductor material.
b) In the SBD, current is conducted by mainly by minority
carriers.
c) The forward voltage drop of a conducting SBD is lower
5 of 7 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
than that of a pn-junction diode.

d) SBD are used in the design of a special form of bipolar-
transistor logic circuits
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Current is conducted largely by electrons
which are majority current carriers.
8. Photodiodes are part of

a) Optoelectronics
b) High Intensity Discharge
c) Low pressure Discharge
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Optoelectronics are also called photodiodes.
9. Which of the following is true for LEDs

a) The light emitted by a LED is inversely proportional to the
current flowing through the diode
b) LED operate in a manner opposite to the working of the
optoelectronics or photodiodes
c) LED cannot be used to generate coherent source of light
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The working of the optoelectronics is opposite
to that of the LEDs.
10. Optoisolator is
6 of 7 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
a) A combination of LED and varactor in the same package

b) A combination of a varactor and photodiode in the same
package
c) A combination of LED and a photodiode in the same
package
d) A combination of photodiode and Schottky-Barrier Diode
in the same package
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: By definition, an optoisolator is a package
containing both LED as well as a photodiode.

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Diode Circuits - Electronic Devices

Answers
by Manish
2-3 minutes

Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Diode Circuits”.
(Q.1-Q.4) For the given circuits and input waveform

determine the output waveform
1.
1 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Diode is off when Vi < 5 and for Vi > 5, Vo =
5V.
2.
2 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Diode is off when Vi + 2 > 0.
3.
3 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For V1 < 4 the diode is on otherwise its off.
4.
4 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: During +ve half cycle when Vi < 8 both the
diodes are off. For V1 > 8, D1 is on. Similarly for the
negative half cycle.
5. The maximum load current that can be drawn is
5 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
a) 1.4 mA
b) 2.3 mA
c) 1.8 mA
d) 2.5 mA
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At regulated poer supply, Is = 30-9/15k or 1.4
mA. The load current will remain less than this current.
6. For the circuit shown diode cutting voltage is Vin = 0. The

ripple voltage is to be no more than vrip = 4 V. The
minimum load resistance, that can be connected to the
output is (in kilo ohm)
a) 6.25
b) 12.5
c) 25
d) 30
View Answer
6 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
7. The circuit inside the box in fig. P3.1.31. contains only

resistor and diodes. The terminal voltage vo is
connected to some point in the circuit inside the box. The
largest and smallest possible value of vo most nearly to is
respectively
a) 15 V, 6 V
b) 24 V, 0 V
c) 24 V, 6 V
d) 15 V, 9 V
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The output voltage cannot exceed the positive
power supply voltage and cannot be lower than the
negative power supply voltage.
8. The Q-point of the zener diode in the circuit shown below

is
7 of 8 3/16/18, 9:14 AM
a) (0.34 mA, 4 V)
b) (0.34 mA, 4.93 V)
c) (0.94 mA, 4 V)
d) (0.94 mA, 4.93 V)
View Answer


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Ideal Diode - Electronic Devices

This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Multiple Choice

1. For an ideal diode which of the following is true?

2. Consider an AC sine wave voltage signal being used to

3. The figure below shows a circuit for charging a 12-V

a) One quarter of a cycle

4. Diodes can be used in the making of

5. For the connections shown below, the equivalent logic

6. For the connections shown below, the equivalent logic

Explanation: The circuit shown behaves as an AND logic

7. The figure below shows a circuit for an AC voltmeter. It

8. The value of I and V for the circuit shown below are

9. The units frequently used to measure the forward bias

d) All of the mentioned

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series –

To practice all areas of Electronic Devices and Circuits,

Diode Forward Characteristic

This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is method to model a diode’s

2. A voltage regulator needs to provide a constant voltage

(Q.3-Q.4) For the circuit shown below calculate

3. Calculate the %age change in the regulated voltage

room temperature or 3.2Ω

4. Calculate the change in the voltage when RL is

5. The value of the diode small-signal resistance rd at bias

6. In many applications, a conducting diode is modeled as

having a constant voltage drop, usually approximately

7. The graphical method of modeling a diode characteristics

8. For small-signal operation around the dc bias point, the

d) Square root of the inverse of the slope of the i-v

9. The other name for bias point is

10. In iteration method for modelling a diode the answer

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series –

To practice all areas of Electronic Devices and Circuits,

Zener Diode - Electronic Devices

This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Multiple Choice

1. Zener diodes are also known as

2. Which of the following is true about the resistance of a

the i-v characteristics of the Zener diode

3. Which of the following is true about the temperature

4. Which of the following can be used in series with a Zener

very low (close to zero) TC.

5. In Zener diode, for currents greater than the knee

6. Zener diodes can be effectively used in voltage regulator.

7. A 9.1-V zener diode exhibits its nominal voltage at a test

8. A shunt regulator utilizing a zener diode with an

10. Partial specifications of a Zener diode is provided. VZ =

To practice all areas of Electronic Devices and Circuits,

Rectifiers - Electronic Devices and

This set of Electronic Devices and Circuits Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following isn’t a type of rectifier?

2. For a half wave or full wave rectifier the Peak Inverse

3. For a half-wave rectifier having diode voltage VD and

4. Bridge rectifier is an alternative for

5. Which of the following is true for a bridge rectifier?

lower when compared to an identical center tapped rectifier

6. The diode rectifier works well enough if the supply

7. A simple diode rectifier has ‘ripples’ in the output wave

d) None of the mentioned situations will work

8. Consider a peak rectifier fed by a 60-Hz sinusoid having

(Q.9-Q.10) The op amp in the precision rectifier circuit is

9. Find V– when VI is -1V.