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Answer: b
Explanation: For a half wave rectifier, the IDC=IAVG=Im/π
I= Vmsinωt/(RF+RL)=Imsinωt
Im =Vm/ RF+RL So, IDC=Im/π=Vm/(RF+RL).
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Answer: b
Explanation: The given op-amp is in inverting mode and this
makes the output voltage to have a phase shift of 180°.
The output voltage is now negative. So, the diode 1 is
reverse biased and diode 2 is forward biased. Then output
is clearly zero.
a) 0
b) -Vi
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c) Vi
d) 2Vi
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When the input of the inverted mode op-amp
is positive, the output is negative.
The diode is reverse biased. The input appears at the
output.
Answer: b
Explanation: The standard form of a sine wave is Vmsinωt.
BY comparing the given information with this equation, Vm
=50.
Power=Vm2/RL=50*50/1000=2.5V.
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Answer: c
Explanation: Comparing with the standard equation,
Vm=200V.
Average value is given by, Vavg=Vm/π.
So, 200/π=63.694.
Answer: c
Explanation: Efficiency of a rectifier is the effectiveness to
convert AC to DC. For half wave it’s 40.6%. It’s given by,
Vout/Vin*100.
Answer: c
Explanation: PIV is the maximum reverse bias voltage that
can be appeared across a diode in the given circuit, If the
PIV rating is less than this value of breakdown of diode will
occur. For a rectifier, PIV=Vm-Vd=5-0.7=4.3V.
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Answer: c
Explanation: Transformer utilisation factor is the ratio of AC
power delivered to load to the DC power rating. This factor
indicates effectiveness of transformer usage by rectifier. For
a half wave rectifier, it’s low and equal to 0.287.
Answer: c
Explanation: The ripple frequency of the output and input is
same. This is because, one half cycle of input is passed
and other half cycle is seized. So, effectively the frequency
is the same.
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c) 1.4
d) 0.48
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ripple factor of a rectifier is the measure of
disturbances produced in the output. It’s the effectiveness
of a power supply filter to reduce the ripple voltage. The
ratio of ripple voltage to DC output voltage is ripple factor
which is 1.21.
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Answer: d
Explanation: Efficiency of a rectifier is the effectiveness to
convert AC to DC. It’s obtained by taking ratio of DC power
output to maximum AC power delivered to load. It’s usually
expressed in percentage. For centre tapped full wave
rectifier, it’s 81.2%.
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Answer: c
Explanation: The ripple voltage is (Vϒ)RMS=ϒVDC /100.
VDC=0.636*VRMS* √2=0.636*220* √2=198V and ripple
factor ϒ for full wave rectifier is 0.482.
Hence, (Vϒ)RMS=0.482*198 /100=0.954V.
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that, PDC=VDC2/RL. So,
VDC=(PDC*RL)1/2=100001/2=100V.
Here, ϒ=0.02
ϒ=VAC/VDC=VAC/100.So, VAC=0.02*100=2V.
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a) 368.98mW
b) 275.2mW
c) 145.76mW
d) 456.78mW
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The AC power input PIN=IRMS2(RF+Rr).
IRMS=Im/√2=Vm/(Rf+RL)√2=30/(1500+10)*1.414=13.5mA
So, PIN=(13.5*10-3)2*(1500+10)=275.2mW.
a) 54%
b) 48%
c) 26%
d) 81%
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ripple factor ϒ= [(IRMS/IAVG)2 – 1]1/2. IRMS
=Im /√2=Vm/(Rf+RL)√2=200/1.01=198.
(Secondary line to line voltage is 800/2=400. Due to centre
tap Vm=400/2=200)
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IRMS=198/√2=140mA, IAVG=2*198/π=126mA.
ϒ=[(140/126)2-1]1/2=0.48. So, ϒ=48%.
Answer: a
Explanation: In the output of the centre tapped rectifier, one
of the half cycle is repeated. The frequency will be twice as
that of input frequency. So, it’s 100Hz.
Answer: c
Explanation: Transformer utilisation factor is the ratio of AC
power delivered to load to the DC power rating. This factor
indicates effectiveness of transformer usage by rectifier. For
a half wave rectifier, it’s low and equal to 0.693.
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a)
b)
c)
d)
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View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When the input is applied, a full wave rectifier
should have a current flow. The flow should be in the same
direction for both positive and negative half cycles. Only the
third circuit satisfies the above condition.
Answer: b
Explanation: PIV is the maximum reverse bias voltage that
can be appeared across a diode in the given circuit, if PIV
rating is less than this value of breakdown of diode will
occur. For a rectifier, PIV=2Vm-Vd = 10-0.7 = 9.3V.
Answer: b
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Answer: b
Explanation: Average DC current of half wave rectifier is Im.
Since output of half wave rectifier contains only one half of
the input. The average value is the half of the area of one
half cycle of sine wave with peak Im. This is equal to Im.
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b) 4 Im2RL
c) Im2RL
d) Im2 RL/2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: DC output power is the power output of the
rectifier. We know VDC for a bridge rectifier is 2Vm and IDC
for a bridge rectifier is 2Im. We also know VDC=IDC/RL.
Hence output power is 4Im2RL.
Answer: c
Explanation: Ripple factor of a rectifier measures the ripples
or AC content in the output. It’s obtained by dividing AC rms
output with DC output. For full wave bridge rectifier it is
0.482.
Answer: d
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Answer: b
Explanation: Transformer utilization factor is the ratio of AC
power delivered to load to the DC power rating. This factor
indicates effectiveness of transformer usage by rectifier. For
bridge full wave rectifier it’s equal to 0.693.
Answer: d
Explanation: PIV is the maximum reverse bias voltage that
can be appeared across a diode in the circuit. If PIV rating
of diode is less than this value breakdown of diode may
occur.. Therefore, PIV rating of diode should be greater
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Answer: a
Explanation: It’s obtained by taking ratio of DC power
output to maximum AC power delivered to load. Efficiency
of a rectifier is the effectiveness of rectifier to convert AC to
DC. It’s usually expressed inn percentage. For bridge full
wave rectifier, it’s 81.2%.
Answer: c
Explanation: The equation of sine wave is in the form
Emsinωt.
Therefore, Em=40. Hence output voltage is 2Em=80V.
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b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The model of a bridge rectifier is same as
Wein Bridge. It needs 4 resistors. Bridge rectifier needs 4
diodes while centre tap configuration requires only one.
Answer: c
Explanation: The equation of sine wave is in the form of
Emsinωt. So, ω=100 and frequency (f)=ω/2=50Hz. Since
output of bridge rectifier have double the frequency of input,
f=100Hz.
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Answer: a
Explanation: Presence of inductor usually dampens the AC
signal. Due to self induction induces opposing EMF or
changes in the current.
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d) ϒ = RZ3/√2ωL
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Ripple factor will decrease when L is increased
and RL. Inductor has a higher dc resistance. It depends on
property of opposing the change of direction of current.
Answer: a
Explanation: The inductor does not allow the ac
components to pass through the filter. The main purpose of
using an inductor filter is to avoid the ripples. By using this
property, the inductor offers an infinite resistance to ac
components and gives a smooth output.
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Answer: c
Explanation: For a rectifier with an inductor filter,
VDC=2Vm/π, Idc=VDC/RL=2Vm/RLπ
IDC=2*250/(3.14*15*103)=10.6mA.
Answer: c
Explanation: For any electronic devices, a steady dc output
is required. The filter is used for this purpose. The ac
components are removed by using a filter.
Answer: c
Explanation: Given the ripple voltage is 7V. So,
7=1.414VRMS
ϒ=VRMS/VDC=4.95/380=0.0130. ϒ=1/3√2(RL/Lω)
So, L=28.8henry.
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Answer: a
Explanation: When RLis infinite, the ripple factor is 0.471.
This value is close to that of a rectifier. So, the resistance
should be small.
Answer: a
Explanation: The inductor with high resistance can cause
poor voltage regulation. The choke resistance, the
resistance of half of transformer secondary is not negligible.
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Answer: c
Explanation: When the output current of a rectifier
increases above a certain value, magnetic energy is stored
in the inductor. This energy tends to decrease the sudden
rise in the current. This also helps to prevent the current to
fall down too much.
Answer: d
Explanation: ϒ=IAC/IDC, IAC=2√2Vm/3π(RL2+4ω2L2)1/2
By putting the values, IAC=4.24Ma. VDC=2Vm/π,
IDC=VDC/RL=2Vm/RL π
IDC=2*250/(3.14*15*103)=10.6mA. ϒ=4.24/10.6=0.4.
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Answer: b
Explanation: Filtering is frequently done by shunting the
load with capacitor. It depends on the fact that a capacitor
stores energy when conducting and delivers energy during
non conduction. Throughout this process, the ripples are
eliminated.
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Answer: a
Explanation: The capacitor charges when the diode is in ON
state and discharges during the OFF state of the diode. The
instant at which the conduction starts is called cut-in point.
The instant at which the conduction stops is called cut-out
point.
Answer: c
Explanation: The diode permits charge to flow in capacitor
when the transformer voltage exceeds the capacitor
voltage. It disconnects the power source when the
transformer voltage falls below that of a capacitor.
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not exceeds 5?
a) 114.87Ω
b) 167.98Ω
c) 115.47Ω
d) 451.35Ω
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For a half wave filter,
ϒ=1/2√3 fCRL=1/2√3*50*10-3*RL
RL=103/5√3=115.47Ω.
Answer: b
Explanation: For a full wave rectifier, ϒ=1/4√3 fCRL
=1/4√3*50*10-3*2.5
=0.01154. So, ripple is 1.154%.
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c) 11.98V
d) 14.43V
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The ripple factor ϒ=IL/ 4√3 fCVDC
VDC=200*10-3/ 4√3 *50*500*8
=14.43.
Answer: a
Explanation: The ‘T’ is the total non conducting time of
capacitor. The charge per unit time will give the current
flow.
Answer: b
Explanation: The rectifier may be full wave or half wave.
The capacitors are usually electrolytic even though they are
large in size.
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Answer: a
Explanation: The ripple waveform will be triangular in
nature. The rms value of this wave is independent of slopes
or lengths of straight lines. It depends only on the peak
value.
Answer: b
Explanation: We know, Vm=Vdc+Idc/4fC
=14.43+ {200/ (200*500)} 103
=14.43+2=16.43V.
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Answer: b
Explanation: Given, VL= 40V.
VDC=2/π*VL=2/π*40=25.46V.
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a) 40*10-6
b) 10*10-6
c) 30*10-6
d) 90*10-6
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: LC=1/6√2ω2ϒ
ω=2πf=314
By putting the values, LC=1/6√2(314)2 0.02=40*10-6.
Answer: c
Explanation: When the value of inductance is increased, a
value is reached where the diodes supplies current
continuously. This value of inductance is called critical
inductance.
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Answer: a
Explanation: IDC should not exceed the negative peak of ac
component. So, the regulation curve in direct output voltage
against load current for a filter is given the relation
LC≥RL/3ω.
Answer: a
Explanation: The ripple factor is the ratio of root mean
square (rms) value of ripple voltage to absolute value of dc
component. It can also be expressed as the peak to peak
value.
Answer: d
Explanation: The value for VDC is same as that of inductor
filter. If inductor has no dc resistance, then VDC=2Vm/π. If R
is the series resistance of transformer, then VDC=2Vm/π –
IDCR.
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is_______
a) IRMS=√2/3*XL*VDC
b) IRMS=√2/3*XL*VDC
c) IRMS=√2/3*XL *VDC
d) IRMS=√2/3*XL*VDC
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ac current through L is determined
primarily by XL=2ωL. It is directly proportional to voltage
produced and indirectly proportional to the reactance.
Answer: a
Explanation: When the capacitor is shunted across the
load, it bypasses the harmonic components. This is
because it offers low reactance to ac ripple component. In
another hand the inductor offers high impedance to
harmonic terms.
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View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Ripple factor is inversely proportional to load
resistance for a capacitor filter.
So, the ripples that are produced are low when the load is
high.
Answer: b
Explanation: The choke filter is sometimes also called as L
section filter because the inductor and capacitor are
connected in the shape ’L’ or inverted manner. But several
sections of this choke filter are employed to smooth the
output curve and make it free from ripples.
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Answer: b
Explanation: A very smooth output can be obtained by a
filter consisting of one inductor and two capacitors
connected across each other. They are arranged in the
form of letter ‘pi’. So, these are also called as pi filters.
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frequency
b) The capacitor offers a very high reactance to the ripple
frequency
c) The inductor offers a very low reactance to the ripple
frequency
d) The inductor offers a very high reactance to the ripple
frequency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The CLC filters are used when high voltage
and low ripple frequency is needed than L section filters.
The capacitor in a CLC filter offers very low reactance to
the ripple frequency. So, maximum of the filtering is done
by the first capacitor across the L section part.
Answer: b
Explanation: The ripple factor of a rectifier is the measure of
disturbances produced in the output. It’s the effectiveness
of a power supply filter to reduce the ripple voltage. The
ratio of ripple voltage to DC output voltage is ripple factor
which is 5700 / (LC1C2RL) at 50Hz.
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Answer: d
Explanation: Given, VRMS=280V
So, V¬m = 1.414*280=396V.
From theory of capacitor filter, VDC = Vm –IDC/4fC=396-0.1/
(4*50*10*10-6)=346V.
Answer: a
Explanation: We have, ϒ=5700 / (LC1C2RL)
=5700 / (10*100*10-12*3460)
=0.165%.
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Answer: a
Explanation: The inductor offers high reactance to ac
component and zero resistance to dc component. So, it
blocks the ac component which cannot be bypassed by the
capacitors.
Answer: a
Explanation: T he filter circuit is a combination of capacitors
and inductors. The RMS value depends on the peak value
of charging and discharging magnitude, VPEAK.
Answer: c
Explanation: Due to the use of two capacitors with an
inductor, an improved filtering action is provided. This leads
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Answer: c
Explanation: If the load resistance value is large, the
discharge time constant will be of a high value. Thus the
capacitors time to discharge will get over soon. This lowers
the amount of ripples in the output and increases the output
voltage. If the load resistance is small, the discharge time
constant will be more with decrease in output voltage.
Answer: c
Explanation: Since the rectifier conducts current only in the
forward direction, any energy discharged by the capacitor
will flow into the load. This result in a DC voltage upon
which is superimposed a waveform referred to as a saw
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tooth wave.
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Answer: a
Explanation: The change in the output voltage from no load
to full load condition is called as voltage regulation, where
VNL is the voltage at no load condition. It is used to
maintain a nearly constant output voltage. If the regulation
is high, the output voltage is stable.
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a) (R)min=[(Vin)max + VZ/R
b) (R)min=[(Vin)max-VZ]/R
c) (R)min=[(Vin)max-VZ]R
d) (R)min=[(Vin)max+ VZ]R
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When the input voltage is maximum, the load
current is minimum, the Zener current should not increase
the maximum rated value. Therefore there should be a
minimum value of resistor.
Answer: c
Explanation: When the input voltage varies, the input
current also varies. This makes more current to flow in the
diode. This increase in the current should balance a change
in the load current. Hence the voltage drop increases
across the resistor.
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_______
a) 6.1V,-0.7V
b) 0.7V,-7.5V
c) 7.5V,-0.7V
d) 7.5V,-7.5V
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: With VI= 10V when maximum, D1 is forward
biased, D2 is reverse biased. Zener is in breakdown region.
VOMAX=sum of breakdown voltage and diode
drop=6.8+0.7=7.5V. VOMIN=negative of voltage drop=-0.7V.
There will be no breakdown voltage here.
Answer: d
Explanation: The current through the resistance R is given
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Answer: c
Explanation: The I=(VIN-VZ)/R=(10-6)/500=8mA. (IL)MAX=I-
(IZ)MIN=8-3=5mA. (RL)MIN=VZ/(IL)MAX=6/5m=1.2KΩ.
Answer: b
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Answer: d
Explanation: We know, VO=VZ-VBE=8.3-0.7=7.6V.
VCE=VIN-V0=15-7.6=7.4V. So, IR=(VIN-VZ)/R=(15-8.3)
/1.8m=3.72mA. IL=VO/RL=7.6/2000=3.8mA. IB=IL/
β=3.8mA/100=0.038mA. Finally, IZ=IR-
IB=3.72-0.038=3.682mA.
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Answer: a
Explanation: The regulator has following limitations: 1.It has
low efficiency for heavy load currents 2. The output voltage
changes slightly due to Zener impedance. Hence, it is used
when there are small variations in load current and input
voltage.
Answer: b
Explanation: The principle is based on the fact that a large
fraction of the increase in input voltage appears across the
transistor so that the output voltage remains to be constant.
When input voltage is increased, the output voltage also
increases which biases the transistor towards less current.
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