5.32.10.1.2 Response Spectrum Specification in Conjunction with the Indian IS: 1893 (Pa...

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5.32.10.1.2 Response Spectrum Specification in Conjunction with the Indian IS: 1893 (Part 1)-2002
This command may be used to specify and apply the RESPONSE SPECTRUM loading as per IS: 1893 (Part 1)-2002 for dynamic analysis.

The seismic load generator can be used to generate lateral loads in the X and Z directions only. Y is the direction of gravity loads.

Note: This facility has not been developed for cases where the Z axis is set to be the vertical direction using the SET Z UP command.

Methodology
The design lateral shear force at each floor in each mode is computed by STAAD in accordance with the Indian IS: 1893 (Part 1)-2002 equations 7.8.4.5c and 7.8.4.5d.

Qik = Ak⋅ϕik⋅Pk⋅Wk

and

Note: All symbols and notations in the above equation are as per IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002.

STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads.

1. You provide the value for Z/2⋅I/R as factors for input spectrum. You calculate the expression Z/2⋅I/R and provide these values using the terms f1, f2, and f3 and applicable,
where these terms an explained in the table below.
2. The program calculates time periods for first six modes or as specified.
3. The program calculates Sa/g for each mode utilizing time period and damping for each mode.
4. The program calculates the design horizontal acceleration spectrum value Ak for each mode.
5. The program then calculates mode participation factor for each mode.
6. The peak lateral seismic force at each floor in each mode is calculated.
7. All response quantities for each mode are calculated.
8. The peak response quantities are then combined as per the specified method (SRSS, CQC, ABS, CSM or TEN) to get the final results.

General Format
The data in the following format can be contained all on a single line or broken into two or three lines, so long as the second and third lines start with the ACC and DOMINANT or
SIGN commands.

SPECTRUM method 1893 (TORSION) (DECCENTRICITY f15) (ECCENTRIC f12) *{ X f1 | Y f2 | Z f3 } ACC (SCALE f4) {DAMP f5 | CDAMP | MDAMP

The following command (SOIL TYPE parameter) must be in a separate line.

{ SOIL TYPE f11 | *{ P1,V1; P2,V2; P3,V3;…PN,VN } }

The following command, if present, must be on a separate line. This performs the option al soft story check.

( CHECK SOFT STORY )

The following command, if present, must be on a separate line. This performs the story drift check.

( CHECK STORY DRIFT ) (RF f13)

Where:

Table 1. Parameters used for IS: 1893 (Part 1) 2002 response spectrum
Parameter Default Description
Value
f1, f2, f3 0.0 Factors for the input spectrum to be applied in X, Y, & Z directions. These must be entered as the product of Z/2⋅I/R. Any one or all directions
can be input. Directions not provided will default to zero.
f4 1.0
Linear scale factor by which design horizontal acceleration spectrum will be multiplied. This factor signifies that the structures and
foundations, at which level base shear will be calculated, are placed below the ground level.

Note: If site specific spectra curve is used then f4 value is to be multiplied by the scale factor by which spectra data will be multiplied. Usually
to factor g’s to length/sec2 units.

f5 0.05
The damping ratio. If any value specified that is less than 0.0000011, a damping value of 0.05 will be used.

Specify a value of exactly 0.0000011 to ignore damping.

If CDAMP is specified, then composite damping is used as determined by the values for material damping (and spring damping, if
specified). 5.26.2 Specifying Constants for Members and Elements
If MDAMP is specifeid, then modal damping is calculated using the method defined in a DEFINE DAMPING INFORMATION command,
which must be included in the input file. 5.26.4 Modal Damping Information

f6
Use Missing Mass method. The static effect of the masses not represented in the modes is included. The spectral acceleration for this missing
mass mode is the f6 value entered in length/sec2 (this value is not multiplied by SCALE).

If f6 is zero, then the spectral acceleration at the ZPA f7 frequency is used. If f7 is zero or not entered, the spectral acceleration at 33Hz (Zero
Period Acceleration, ZPA) is used. The results of this calculation are SRSSed with the modal combination results.

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Parameter Default Description

Value
Note: If the MIS parameter is entered on any spectrum case it will be used for all spectrum cases.

f7 33 [Hz] For use with MIS option only. Defaults to 33 Hz if not entered. Value is printed but not used if MIS f6 is entered.
f8 1 (1st
Mode) Dominant mode method. All results will have the same sign as mode number f8 alone would have if it were excited then the scaled results
were used as a static displacements result. Defaults to mode 1 if no value entered. If a 0 value entered, then the mode with the greatest %
participation in the excitation direction will be used (only one direction factor may be nonzero).

Note: Do not enter the SIGN parameter with this option. Ignored for the ABS method of combining spectral responses from each mode.

f9 1 The number of individual modal responses (scaled modes) to be copied into load cases. Defaults to one. If greater than the actual number of
modes extracted (NM), then it will be reset to NM. Modes one through f9 will be used. Missing Mass modes are not output.
f10 Highest The primary load case number of mode 1 in the IMR parameter. Defaults to the highest load case number used so far plus one. If f10 is not
Load Case higher than all prior load case numbers, then the default will be used. For modes 2 through NM, the load case number is the prior case no.
No. + 1 plus one.
f11
The soil type present. Depending upon time period, types of soil and damping, average response acceleration coefficient, Sa/g is calculated.

1 = for rocky or hard soil

2 = medium soil
3 = soft soil sites

P1,V1; P2,V2; Data is part of input immediately following spectrum command. Period - Value pairs (pairs separated by semicolons) are entered to describe
P3,V3; … the spectrum curve. Period is in seconds and the corresponding Value is acceleration (current length unit/ sec2). If data is in g acceleration
Pn,Vn units then the factor by which spectra data will be multiplied is g to the current length unit (9.81, 386.4, etc). Do not enter if a Soil Type value
is specified.
f12 0.05
It is a factor which indicates the extent of accidental eccentricity. For all buildings this factor is to be provided as 0.05. However, for highly
irregular buildings this factor may be increased to 0.10. This factor is to be externally provided to calculate design eccentricity.

Since accidental eccentricity can be on either side, you must consider lateral force acting at a floor level to be accompanied by a clockwise or a
counterclockwise accidental torsion moment. If f12 value is positive, it indicates clockwise torsion whereas the negative value indicates
counterclockwise torsion.

f13
The response reduction factor. If not specified, the program will look for the factor defined under DEFINE 1893 LOAD (See "Indian IS:1893
(Part 1) 2002 Code - Lateral Seismic Load"). If none is provided there either, a factor of 1.0 is assumed.

The response reduction factor represents ratio of maximum seismic force on a structure during specified ground motion if it were to remain
elastic to the design seismic force. Actual seismic force is reduced by a factor RF to obtain design force.)

f14 0.009
It indicates the mass participation (in percent) of those modes to be excluded while considering torsion provision of IS-1893. Depending upon
the model it may be found that there are many local modes and torsional modes whose mass participation is practically negligible. These
modes can be excluded without much change in the final analysis result. If not provided all modes will be considered. If none provided the
default value of 0.009% will be considered. If IGN is entered on any one spectrum case it will be used for all spectrum cases. (Optional input)

Note: If the value of f14 is considerable it may lead to considerable variation of analysis result from the actual one. Hence caution must be
taken while using IGN command.

f15 1.0
It is a factor which when multiplied with static eccentricity (i.e., eccentricity between center of mass and center of rigidity) gives dynamic
eccentricity. Since the applied load is acting at the center of mass, the effect of inherent torsion arising due to static eccentricity is included in
the analysis. A factor greater than 1.0 is used to consider additional inherent torsion that will act at center of mass. Default value is 1.0.
(Optional input)

Note: The torsion arising due to dynamic eccentricity (i.e,. static eccentricity multiplied by dynamic amplification factor) between center of
mass and center of rigidity is applied along with accidental torsion, as per the recommendations of Cl. 7.9.2 of the code. The dynamic
eccentricity is automatically calculated by the program while you can specify the amount of accidental eccentricity (if not specified, the default
of 5% of lateral dimension of the floor in the direction of the earthquake will be considered). For details See "Methodology".

SAVE: This option results in the creation of an Acceleration data file (.acc file extension) containing the joint accelerations in g's and radians/sec2. These files are plain text and may
be opened and viewed with any text editor (e.g., Notepad).

method = { SRSS | CQC | CSM | ABS | TEN | GRP } are methods of combining the responses from each mode into a total response.

Note: CQC, SRSS, and CSM Grouping methods are recommended by IS:1893 (Part 1) –2002.

SRSS
Square Root of Summation of Squares method
CQC
Complete Quadratic Combination method. This method is recommended for closely spaced modes instead of SRSS.
CSM
is a closely-spaced modes grouping method (as per IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002) where the peak response quantities for closely spaced modes (considered to be within 10 percent of
each other) are combined by Absolute method. This peak response quantity for closely spaced modes is then combined with those of widely spaced modes by SRSS method.
ABS
Absolute sum. This method is very conservative and represents a worst case combination.

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TEN
Ten percent method combines modal responses as published in US Nuclear Regulatory Guide 1.92 Revision 1 of February 1976.
GRP
Closely Spaced Modes Grouping Method. NRC Reg. Guide 1.92 (Rev. 1.2.1, 1976).

1893 indicates the analysis as per IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 procedures.

TORSION indicates that the torsional moment (in the horizontal plane) arising due to eccentricity between the center of mass and center of rigidity needs to be considered. See
"Torsion" for additional information.

Note: If TOR is entered on any one spectrum case it will be used for all spectrum cases.

Lateral shears at story levels are calculated in global X and Z directions. For global Y direction the effect of torsion will not be considered.

ACC indicates Acceleration spectra will be entered.

DAMP, MDAMP, and CDAMP select source of damping input:

• DAMP indicates to use the f2 value for all modes

• MDAMP indicates to use the damping entered or computed with the DEFINE DAMP command if entered, otherwise default value of 0.05 will be used
• CDAMP indicates to use the composite damping of the structure calculated for each mode. You must specify damping for different materials under the CONSTANT specification

SIGN = This option results in the creation of signed values for all results. The sum of squares of positive values from the modes are compared to sum of squares of negative values from
the modes. If the negative values are larger, the result is given a negative sign. This option is ignored for ABS option for combining responses.

Warning: Do not enter DOMINANT parameter with the SIGN option.

If the MODE SELECT command is provided along with the IGN command, the number of modes excluded from the analysis will be those deselected by the MODE SELECT command
and also those deselected by the IGN command.

CHECK SOFT STORY indicates that soft story checking will be performed. If omitted from input, there will be no soft story checking. For additional details, See "5.31.2.5.1 Soft Story
Checking".

Individual Modal Response Case Generation

Individual modal response (IMR) cases are simply the mode shape scaled to the magnitude that the mode has in this spectrum analysis case before it is combined with other modes. If
the IMR parameter is entered, then STAAD will create load cases for the first specified number of modes for this response spectrum case (i.e., if five is specified then five load cases are
generated, one for each of the first five modes). Each case will be created in a form like any other primary load case.

The results from an IMR case can be viewed graphically or through the print facilities. Each mode can therefore be assessed as to its significance to the results in various portions of the
structure. Perhaps one or two modes could be used to design one area/floor and others elsewhere.

You can use subsequent load cases with 5.32.11 Repeat Load Specification combinations of these scaled modes and the static live and dead loads to form results that are all with
internally consistent signs (unlike the usual response spectrum solutions). The modal applied loads vector will be omega squared times mass times the scaled mode shape. Reactions
will be applied loads minus stiffness matrix times the scaled mode shape.

With the Repeat Load capability, you can combine the modal applied loads vector with the static loadings and solve statically with P-Delta or tension only.

Note: When the IMR option is entered for a Spectrum case, then a 5.37 Analysis Specification & 5.38 Change Specification must be entered after each such Spectrum case.

See "5.32.10.1.1 Response Spectrum Specification - Generic Method " for additional details on IMR load case generation.

Notes
a. The design base shear VB, calculated from the Response Spectrum method, is compared with the base shear Vb, calculated by empirical formula for the fundamental time
period. If VB is less than Vb, all of the response quantities are multiplied by Vb /VB as per Clause 7.8.2.
For this, the following input is necessary before defining any primary load case.

DEFINE 1893 LOAD

ZONE f1 1893-spec

SELFWEIGHT

JOINT WEIGHT

joint-list WEIGHT w

MEMBER WEIGHT

UNI v1 v2 v3

mem-list

CON v4 v5

CHECK SOFT STORY

1893-Spec = {RF f2, I f3, SS f4, (ST f5), DM f6, (PX f7), (PZ f8), (DT f9)}

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Refer to Section 5.31.2.5 for full details on this command structure.

Note: STAAD does not calculate the fundamental frequency of the structure needed for the empirical base shear Vb. calculation; so you must enter either the ST parameter or
the PX and PZ parameters in the DEFINE 1893 LOAD data.
b. The following interpolation formula is adopted for interpolation between damping values as given in Table 3.
Interpolation and/or extrapolation of ground response acceleration for a particular mode has been made for determining the spectrum ordinates corresponding to the modal
damping value for use in Response Spectrum analysis. The relationship that shall be used for this purpose is defined by:
Sa = Ae-ξ + B/ξ
Where:
Sa = Spectrum ordinate
ξ = damping ratio
Constants A and B are determined using two known spectrum ordinates Sa1 and Sa2 corresponding to damping rations ξ1 and ξ2, respectively, for a particular time period and are
as follows:

Where:
ξ1 < ξ < ξ2
c. The story drift in any story shall not exceed 0.004 times the story height as per Clause 7.11.1. To check this, the following command should be given after the analysis command.

PRINT STOREY DRIFT

A warning message will be printed if story drift exceeds this limitation.

d. If any soft story (as per definition in Table 5 of IS:1893-2002) is detected, a warning message will be printed in the output.

Torsion
The torsion arising due to dynamic eccentricity (i.e., static eccentricity multiplied by dynamic amplification factor) between center of mass and center of rigidity is applied along with
accidental torsion, as per the recommendations of Cl. 7.9.2 of the IS 1893 code. The dynamic eccentricity is automatically calculated by the program (in both cases of TOR and TOR
OPP options), while the amount of accidental eccentricity can be specified through the ECC option (if not specified, default of 5% of lateral dimension of the floor in the direction of the
earthquake will be considered).

Non-symmetric or torsionally unbalanced buildings are prone to earthquake damage due to coupled lateral and torsional movements (i.e., the translational vibration of the building
couples with its torsional vibrations within elastic range). The level of coupling between lateral and torsional vibrations of the building can be larger, thus leading to significantly higher
lateral-torsional coupling than that predicted by elastic analysis.

• Cl. 7.8.4.5 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 is valid for buildings with regular or nominally irregular plan configurations. For buildings which are irregular in plan, it is better to consider
torsion from dynamic eccentricity into analysis; even if torsionally coupled vibration is considered during response spectrum analysis.
• Cl. 7.9.2 Note 2 of Amendment No. 1 January 2005 states that, in the case that a 3D dynamic analysis is carried out, the dynamic amplification factor 1.5—as given by Cl.
7.9.2—can be replaced by 1.0. This implies that the code also recommends to use Cl. 7.9.2 for all types of buildings by including torsion from both dynamic and accidental
eccentricity in the response spectrum analysis.

Methodology
As per IS1893-2002 code, provision shall be made in all buildings for increase in shear forces on the lateral force resisting elements resulting from the horizontal torsional moment
arising due to eccentricity between the center of mass and the center of rigidity.

In response spectrum analysis all the response quantities (i.e. joint displacements, member forces, support reactions, plate stresses, etc) are calculated for each mode of vibration
considered in the analysis. These response quantities from each mode are combined using a modal combination method (either by CQC, SRSS, ABS, TEN PERCENT, etc) to produce a
single positive result for the given direction of acceleration. This computed result represents a maximum magnitude of the response quantity that is likely to occur during seismic
loading. The actual response is expected to vary from a range of negative to positive value of this maximum computed quantity.

No information is available from response spectrum analysis as to when this maximum value occurs during the seismic loading and what will be the value of other response quantities
at that time. As for example, consider two joints J2 and J3 whose maximum joint displacement in global X direction come out to be X1 and X2 respectively. This implies that during
seismic loading joint J1 will have X direction displacement that is expected to vary from -X1 to +X1 and that for joint J2 from -X2 to +X2. However, this does not necessarily mean that
the point of time at which the X displacement of joint J1 is X1, the X displacement of joint J2 will also be X2.

For the reason stated above, torsional moment at each floor arising due to dynamic eccentricity along with accidental eccentricity (if any) is calculated for each mode. Lateral story
shear from this torsion is calculated forming global load vectors for each mode. Static analysis is carried out with this global load vector to produce global joint displacement vectors for
each mode due to torsion. These joint displacements from torsion for each mode are algebraically added to the global joint displacement vectors from response spectrum analysis for
each mode. The final joint displacements from response spectrum along with torsion for all modes are combined using specified modal combination method to get final maximum
possible joint displacements. Refer to the steps explained below.

Steps
For each mode following steps are performed to include Torsion provision.

1. Lateral story force at each floor is calculated. Refer Cl. 7.8.4.5c of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002. (Qik at floor i for mode k)
2. At each floor design eccentricity is calculated. Refer Cl. 7.9.2 and Cl. 7.9.2 Note 2 of Amendment No. 1 January 2005 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002.
Thus, design eccentricity edi = f15×esi + f12×bi where f15 = 1.0 and f12 = (±) 0.05
Where:
esi = dynamic eccentricity arising due to center of mass and center of rigidity at floor i (static eccentricity multiplied by dynamic amplification factor 1.0 for response
spectrum analysis),
bi = floor plan dimension in the direction of earthquake loading.
3. Torsional moment is calculated at each floor. (Mik = Qik × edi at floor i for mode k)
4. The lateral nodal forces corresponding to torsional moment are calculated at each floor. These forces represent the additional story shear due to torsion.
5. Static analysis of the structure is performed with these nodal forces.

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6. The analysis results (i.e., member force, joint displacement, support reaction, etc) from torsion are algebraically added to the corresponding modal response quantities from
response spectrum analysis.

Modal Combination
Steps 1 to 6 are performed for all modes considered and missing mass correction (if any). Finally the peak response quantities from different modal response are combined as per CQC
or SRSS or TEN PERCENT or CSM method.

Notes
After the analysis is complete following files are generated.

a. Story shear for each mode for each load case is given in the file <filename>_RESP1893.txt.
b. Rotational stiffness of each floor is given in the file <filename>_ROT1893.txt.
c. Center of mass, center of rigidity, design eccentricity at each floor level and additional shear due to torsion at each floor level for each mode for each load case is given in the file
<filename>_TOR1893.txt.

Dynamic Eccentricity
The static eccentricity is generally defined as the distance between the center of mass (CM) and the center of rigidity (CR) at respective floors levels. Accidental eccentricity generally
accounts for factors such as:

the rotational component of ground motion about the vertical axis,

the difference between computed and actual values of the mass, stiffness, or strength, and
uneven live mass distribution.

In most country's seismic codes, the provision for design eccentricity edi at ith floor of a building is given by the following equations:

edi = αesi + βbi

edi = δesi – βbi

where

esi = static eccentricity at ith floor

bi = plan dimension of the ith floor normal to the direction of ground motion
α, β, and δ = specified constants

If α = 1.0, δ = 1.0, and β = 0.05 parameters to be defined are DEC = 1.0 and ACC = 0.05 in one load case and DEC = 1.0 and ACC = -0.05 in another load case to include both
natural and accidental torsion.

Only TOR ECC 0.05 or TOR ECC -0.05 can also be defined without specifying DEC 1.0 since it is the default that is included in the analysis.

a. Design case,
b. Pure translation case,
c. Twisting moment including additional torsional moment plus accidental torsion,
d. Load applied through CM,
e. Twisting moment including additional torsional moment (if any) plus accidental torsion

The cases (d) and (e) are followed i.e. seismic load is passed through CM instead of CR. Natural torsion is automatically included in analysis for DEC ≤ 1.0 i.e., no additional inherent
torsion is applied. However, if DEC > 1.0, a twisting moment with modified eccentricity of DEC-1 will act at CM. In this case, a message occurs in the output.

Parent topic: 5.32.10.1 Response Spectrum Analysis

Related concepts Related reference

1.18.3.3 Damping Modeling 5.26.1 Define Material
1.18.3 Dynamic Analysis 5.26.4 Modal Damping Information
5.31.2.5.1 Soft Story Checking
5.31.2.5.2 Identification of Floor Level
5.32.12.2.2 Generation of IS:1893 Seismic Load
5.30 Miscellaneous Settings for Dynamic Analysis
5.34 Frequency Calculation

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Related concepts Related reference

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