FLUENT-Intro 14.0 WS07b Vortex Shedding

Workshop 7b
Vortex Shedding
14. 0 Release
Introduction to ANSYS
FLUENT
1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. January 19, 2012 Release 14.0
I Introduction
Workshop Description:
The purpose of this workshop is to introduce good techniques for
transient flow modeling.
Learning Aims:
This workshop teaches skills for running FLUENT for time‐dependant
(transient) simulations. Topics covered include:
– Selecting a suitable timestep ‐ using custom‐field‐functions (CFF)
– Auto‐saving results during the simulation ‐ generating fast‐Fourier Transforms (FFT)
– Generating images during the simulation ‐ Transient post‐processing in CFD‐Post
Learning Objectives:
To show how to set up, run and post‐process a transient (time‐
dependant) simulation, as well as additional skills in using custom field
functions and Fast‐Fourier‐Transforms.
Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Simulation to be performed
• The case considered here is flow around a cylinder with a Reynolds number of
100.
• Vortex shedding will be observed. However the workshop starts with a steady
state analysis assuming that the user didn’t anticipate this behavior.
• This workshop demonstrates iterative and non‐iterative time advancement, Fast
Fourier Transforms (FFT) and animations
• The tutorial is carried out using FLUENT and CFD Post in standalone mode.

Computational domain
Computational domain created in ANSYS DesignModeler has the following dimensions
Name Location Dimension
Cylinder D1 2 m (dia.)
Inlet Length D2 20 m = 10 D
Outlet Length D3 30 m = 15 D
Width D4 40 m = 20 D

Reynolds Number Effects
Re < 5 Creeping flow (no separation)
A pair of stable vortices in the

5-15 < Re < 40 wake
40 < Re < 150 Laminar vortex street
Laminar boundary layer up to

150 < Re < 3×105 the separation point, turbulent
wake
Boundary layer transition to

3×105 < Re < 3.5×106 turbulent
Turbulent vortex street, but

Re > 3.5×106 the separation is narrower
than the laminar case
Start a FLUENT project (standalone)
• Launch FLUENT from the Start Menu
Start Menu > ANSYS 14.0 > Fluid Dynamics >
FLUENT
‐ Select ‘2D’
‐ Select the working directory you are using on your
machine (may be different to that shown here)

Mesh
• Read the FLUENT mesh file : vortex‐shedding‐coarse.msh (File > Read > Mesh)
• The mesh will be read in and displayed, and the zones will be shown in the TUI window.

Mesh
• The mesh needs scaling.
‐ Select Scale (Problem Setup > General > Scale), and enter the values shown, then press
‘Scale’. Be careful only to press ‘Scale’ once.
Final domain
extent
• Close the scale panel and Check the Mesh
‐ General > Check
‐ General > Report Quality
• Display the grid again once scaling has been performed
‐ General > Display
Solver & model
• Keep the steady‐state pressure‐based solver
• Keep laminar model
• The properties to be used for the material ‘air’ need to be set
‐ For Density, enter 1 kg/m3
‐ For Viscosity, enter 0.01 kg/m‐s Later on we will compare the
‐ Select Change/Create FLUENT results with those from a
literature search. We have
changed the default material
properties for air to aid that
comparison.

Boundary Conditions / Solution Methods
• Boundary Conditions
‐ Inlet :
• Select boundary ‘in’
• Set velocity to be 1m/s normal to boundary
‐ Outlet :
• Select boundary ‘out’
• Keep default of 0 Pa
‐ Other boundaries :
• ‘cylinder’ is set to a wall, no action needed
• ‘sym1’ and ‘sym2’ are set to symmetry, no action needed
• Solution Methods
‐ Select ‘QUICK’ scheme for Momentum equation

Solution Monitor
• Set up residual monitors so the convergence can be monitored
‐ Monitors > Residuals > Edit
‐ Make sure ‘Plot’ is on, then ‘OK’
• Create points to monitor quantity
‐ Surface (top menu) > Point
• Specify coordinates (2 , 1)
• Activate point tool to check location on the grid
• (check out point tool before closing panel)
• Create, then close
• Surface monitor on point
‐ Monitors > Surface Monitors > Create
• Select “Vertex‐Average” on report type and “Velocity” “Y‐velocity” in field variable
• Select point‐6 (the point created above at co‐ordinates [2,1])
• Options: Print to Console & Plot, then OK
Solution Initialization
• Initialize the flow field based on the far‐field boundary
‐ Select Standard Initialization
‐ Compute from > “in” (inlet zone)
‐ Initialize
• Save the case file
‐ File > Write Case
You can write case and data files with extension .gz – the files will be compressed automatically

Run Calculation
• Set the number of requested iterations to 400 then ‘Calculate’
We have tried to solve this vortex‐
shedding problem in a steady‐state
manner. Note that solution is not
converging and monitor shows a
regular periodic behavior

Run Calculation
• Choose Graphics and Animations > Vectors
‐ Since this is a 2D simulation, there is no need to pick a surface, just ‘Display’
Steady state
solution is
asymmetric
Save the Case&Data Files and make transient
• Save the Case&Data files
- File > Write Case&Data
• You can write case and data files with extension .gz – the files will be compressed automatically
To obtain a more realistic solution to this problem we will solve it again, but in a
transient (time dependant) manner
• Under Problem Setup > General, change the time option to ‘Transient’

Run Calculation
• For the transient scheme, it is recommended to change Solver Methods. The
default pressure velocity coupling (SIMPLE) may require more iterations to
converge.
‐ Change to the PISO scheme as shown in the image below.
‐ Also change the under relaxation factors as shown in the image.

Solution Monitor
• Edit the Surface monitor
‐ Change ’Get Data Every’ to Timestep. Also set the X Axis to be Time Step
‐ OK

Run Calculation
• Save the transient case file before starting the computation
We need to identify a suitable time step size for this problem.
1) A quick way is to do a hand‐calculation to see how long it takes for the flow to pass through
a typical grid cell. Run this, and check that convergence occurs in less that 20 iterations per
timestep.
2) Another approach is to determine the characteristic response of the system. By performing

a literature search, we believe that for this problem, the Strouhal number will be
approximately 0.165 at this Reynolds number. From this, we can predict the period of the
oscillation:
fD 1 D
St   period    6.06 s
V f St.V
For each oscillation cycle, we will aim to solve 60 timesteps, Hence we will run the solver
using a timestep size of 0.1s.

Run Calculation
• Specify time step (0.1 s) and number of time step (120)
• Click on the Extrapolate Variables option
• Calculate the Solution
Use this option to
change the display to
show both output
Windows
The ‘Extrapolate Variables’ option will speed up

convergence. Without this option, each timestep would
start with the solution at the previous timestep. This
option provides a better starting point for the new
timestep based on how the solution is changing with
time. Notice that as the solver runs, convergence is
attained in 5‐10 iterations at each timestep.

Run Calculation
• Save the transient case&data files
Note if you add the string %t to the filename (‘vortex‐shedding‐transient‐%t.gz’) then
FLUENT will append the current time value to the filename. Note also that this file just
contains the results at the current timestep. If you require interim results as the solution
progresses, use the ‘Autosave’ feature prior to running the model. We will do this shortly.
• Although we now have simulated a couple of oscillations, in order to obtain a true
representation of the vortex shedding we need to simulate many more cycles. With each
cycle, the ‘starting position’ converges with time until eventually all cycles are identical.
• It will take many cycles to achieve this, so we have provided case and data files that has
already been converged (simulation time of 84secs). You will then run this on for a further
couple of cycles to extract the detail of the fluctuating flow patterns.
• So, read in the supplied Case and Data file:
vortex‐shedding‐converged.cas.gz and .dat.gz

NITA
• Enable the Non Iterative Time Advancement Method (NITA)
‐ With Fractional Step for Pressure‐Velocity Coupling
‐ NITA is an algorithm used to speed up the
transient solution process
‐ NITA runs about twice as fast as the ITA scheme
2
‐NITA scheme reduce the splitting error to O(Δt2)
by using sub‐iterations per time step
Overall time-discretization Truncation Splitting error (due
error for 2nd-order scheme: = error: O(t2)
+ to eqn segregation):
O(t2) O(tn)
‐ Two flavors of NITA schemes available
‐ PISO (NITA/PISO)
‐ Fractional‐step method (NITA/FSM) 1
About 20% cheaper than NITA/PISO on a per
time‐step basis

Result Analysis
• Save the transient case&data files
One of the ways of quantifying the wake vortices is through the use of the ‘Q‐Criterion’. The
formula for this is below. It is not a standard quantity computed by FLUENT, however since
we know the formula, we can ask FLUENT to compute it at each grid cell.
U V U V
Q . 
x y y x
• Define > Custom Field Functions
‐ Select solver quantities using the pull down list at the right hand side to construct this
function as shown, then press ‘Define’

Extracting Transient Data
Unless specifically requested, FLUENT will not save interim results during a transient
simulation. There are two ways you may want to consider doing this:
1) Saving the results data every (n) timesteps to disk. This will give a collection of files
that can be post‐processed at a later date, either using FLUENT or CFD‐Post. However
having to load in a large number of files can be time consuming.
2) The alternative is to extract the required result (like an image from which to build an
animation) from FLUENT during the solution process. Since all the data is in memory at
that instant, this is very quick to perform.
We will do both in this example.

Save Interim Results
• To Save interim results:
‐ Select Calculation Activities, and save every 5 Timesteps
‐ Press Edit, and specify the name of the file to be saved
‐ Note that the file name will be appended with the current time value
• (eg transient‐detail‐00845.dat.gz)
‐ OK

Saving Images on‐the‐fly
• Select Calculation Activities > Solution Animation > Create/Edit
• Increase number of sequences to 1
• Sequence 1, every 2 Timesteps
• Define, which will open the ‘Animation Sequence’ window
• Set window to 3, press ‘Set’ to enable this window, and type to Contours
... Continued on next slide

Saving Images on‐the‐fly
• Set up the contour panel as shown in the image below, then Display
‐ Set the graphics window to display screen ‘3’
‐ Draw a zoom‐box with the middle mouse button to zoom in on the cylinder
‐ Note that the file name will be appended with the current time value
• Close the contour panel, then OK to both panels opened on previous slide.

Solution Monitors
• Edit the Surface monitor again
‐ Click write button and specify a name for the file. This type of file can be used for Fourier
Transform analysis
‐ OK

Run calculation for creating animation
• Run the calculation:
‐ Use a smaller timestep for NITA (0.05s)
‐ For 240 Time Steps
‐ Calculate (this corresponds to roughly 2 periods)
• Save the Case and Data File
Remember that if you add the string %t to the filename (‘vortex‐shedding‐transient‐
%t.gz’) then FLUENT will append the current time value to the filename

Post Processing [FLUENT]
• To run the animation (Graphics and Animation in the LHS menu)
‐ Use the Play button to view a movie of the series of images
‐ If required, this can be written out as an mpeg movie.

Post Processing [FLUENT]
• From the Plot Menu, select FFT then Setup
• From the Fourier Transform Window, ‘Load Input File’ and pick the supplied file fft‐
data‐2000‐timesteps.out (this file was generated after running the simulation for
2000 timesteps. Tip: You may need to alter the file selection filter to ‘All Files’ to
see this).
• Pick ‘Magnitude’ for Y‐Axis Function
• Pick ‘Strouhal Number’ for X‐Axis Function
…. Continued on next slide

Post Processing [FFT]
• Pick ‘Axes’, and for the X‐Axis turn off Auto‐Range.
• Set bounds from 0.05 to 1. Apply, then close
• Select ‘Plot FFT’
…. Continued on next slide

Post Processing [FFT]
• You may need to change the graphic window so that ‘Spectral Analysis’ is visible
The peak Strouhal number is 0.171, which is close to the 0.165
that was suggested by the literature search. To extract the exact
peak value from this graph, enable ‘Write FFT to file’ and look at
the text file on disk. The second peak is a harmonic as the input
signal is not perfectly sinusoidal.

Close FLUENT – Run CFD‐Post
• Close FLUENT
• Open a CFD‐POST session
‐ We will create an animation

Post Processing [CFD‐Post]
Animation in CFD post can be done based on all the data files already saved
Thus, you can create any animation once calculation is finished
• File ‐> Load Results
‐ Select last time step data file (Make sure you select the files generated from the autosave
feature, with a filename ‘transient‐detail‐1‐nnnnn.dat.gz’, rather than the results that you
have saved manually whilst working though the instructions.
‐ Select Load complete History as / A single case

• Insert a vector
• Open a CFD‐POST session
‐ Keep default name ‘Vector 1’
‐ Location symmetry 1
‐ Apply
‐ Click on the ‘Z’ axis to
align the view angle

• Activate time step selector
• Pick a time value from
the list then Apply to
see the result at that
timestep
• Click on the film icon,
then the play button,
for a quick animation
of all saved timesteps.
Recall that in FLUENT, we
generated a contour plot
every 2 timesteps. We
saved the data files used
here every 5 timesteps
Optional Further work
• There are many ways the simulation in this tutorial could be extended.
• Mesh independence
– check that results do not depend on mesh
– re‐run simulations with finer mesh(es)
• generated in Meshing application, or
• from adaptive meshing in FLUENT
You can investigate other
• Reynolds number effects flow pattern by changing
the Reynolds number.
– For lower Reynolds number, steady state analysis with laminar model is possible.
– For higher Reynolds numbers, unsteady transitional turbulent models (k‐kl‐omega,
SST) have to be considered.
– While for Reynolds number higher than 3.5×106 , RANS k‐omega approach would be
used.

Wrap‐up
This workshop has shown the basic steps that are applied in all CFD simulations:
‐ Setting boundary conditions and solver settings
‐ Running steady and transient models
‐ Using iterative and non‐iterative advancement schemes
‐ Postprocessing the results, both in FLUENT and CFD‐Post for transient
cases.
One of the important things to remember in your own work is, before even
starting the ANSYS software, is to think WHY you are performing the simulation:
‐ What information are you looking for
‐ What do you know about the boundary conditions.
In this case we were interested in calculating flow around a cylinder, and assessing
the vortex shedding frequency. We checked with FFT analysis that predicted
frequency is in good agreement with results from literature.
Knowing your aims from the start will help you make sensible decisions of how
much of the part to simulate, the level of mesh refinement needed, and which
numerical schemes should be selected.
References
Braza, M., Chassaing, P., and Minh, H.H., Numerical Study and Physical Analysis of
the Pressure and Velocity Fields in the Near Wake of a Circular Cylinder, J.
Fluid Mech., 165:79‐130, 1986.
Coutanceau, M. and Defaye, J.R., Circular Cylinder Wake Configurations ‐ A Flow
Visualization Survey, Appl. Mech. Rev., 44(6), June 1991.
Williamson, C.H.K, “Vortex Dynamics in The Cylinder Wake,” Annu. Rev. Fluid
Mechanics 1996. 28:447‐539

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Workshop 7b

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Name Location Dimension

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

A pair of stable vortices in the

40 < Re < 150 Laminar vortex street

Laminar boundary layer up to

Boundary layer transition to

Turbulent vortex street, but

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

2) Another approach is to determine the characteristic response of the system. By performing

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

The ‘Extrapolate Variables’ option will speed up

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

33 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. January 19, 2012 Release 14.0

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

Introduction Model Setup Solving PostProcessing Summary

39 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. January 19, 2012 Release 14.0

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