Miller - Calculus For The Clueless - Calc II

Limits
Chapter in a Snapshot
• Introduction to Limits
• Definition of Limits
• Frequently Used Series Expansions
• Left Hand and Right Hand Limits
• Evaluation of Limits
334 Differential Calculus
Introduction to Limits
Let us consider two graphs :
Here, in figure (5.1), if some one asks you what is value of y at x = 0. Your
answer is y =2.
Y Y
O O
Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

But, if some one asks you what is the position of blank dot in figure (5.2)
at x = 0, then for defining the coordinate or value of y at x = 0, we have to take
points on the curve in its vicinity, (ie,) We have to take points on the curve
situated either on left hand or on right hand side of x = 0.
ie, We take a point x = 0 - h on left hand side of x=0 and a point x=0+h on
right hand side of x=0. Where h is infinitesimal small positive quantity.
As shown in figure (5.3), the abscissae of points on the curve in
neighbourhood of blank dot are not exactly equal to 0 rather approximately 0.
=> x ~ 0 ie, x * 0 rather x = 0 - h for left hand point and x = 0 + h for
right hand point.
Y
Left hand point
Fig. 5.3
Hence, for x = 0 ± h we write x —» 0 and read it as 'x tends to 0' or 'x
approaches to 0'. Now, from the graph, if we ask you what is the position of
blank dot in above figure (5.3), as x —» 0, your answer would be 2.
Definition of Limits
Let lim f(x) = I. It would mean that when we approach the point x = a
from the values which are just greater than or smaller than x = a, f(x) would
have a tendency to move closer to the value '/'.
This is same as saying 'difference between f(x) and Z can be made as
small as we feel like by suitably choosing x in the neighbourhood of x = a'.
Chapter5.-Limits 335
Mathematically, we write this, as

lim f (x) = I, which is equivalent of saying that,
\f(x)- l\<e V x whenever 0< I x- o|<8 and e and 8 sufficiently small

+ve numbers.
It is clear from the above discussion that, if we are interested in finding
the limit of /"(*) at x = a, the first thing we have to make sure is that f(x) is
well defined in the neighbourhood of x = a and not necessarily at x = a (that
means x = a may or may not be in the domain of f(xj), because we have to
examine its behaviour or tendency in the neighbourhood of x = a.
Following possibilities may arise:
(a) Left tendency is same as it's right tendency As shown in
figure, when we approach x = a from the values which are just less than
a, f(x) has a tendency to move towards the value / (left tendency).
i
x =a
Fig. 5.4
Similarly, when we approach x = a from the values which are just greater
than a, f(x) has a tendency to move towards the value / (right tendency).
In this case we sayi
f(x)
\
has limit laix = a;ie, lim f(x) = I.
(b) When the left tendency is not the same as right
tendency Here, left tendency is lt and right tendency is 12, clearly left
tendency (/ x ) is not same as right tendency (Z2). In this case we say that the
limit of f(x) at x = a will not exist.
Fig. 5.5
ie, lim f(x) = Doesn't exist.
(c) When the left tendency and/or

right tendency is not fixed As shown in
the figure, it is clear that in this case, the
function has erratic behaviour in the
neighbourhood of x = a and it will not be
possible to talk about the left and right
tendencies of the function in the
neighbourhood of x = a. In this case we o
conclude that the limit of f(x) atx- a will not
/=.
exist.
Fig. 5.6
le, lim f (x) = Doesn't exist.
Remarks
(a) Normally students have the perception that limit should be a finite
number. But, it is not always so. It is quite possible that f(x) has infinite limit
at x - a.
Y
Fig. 5.7
If lim f(x) = ao, it would simply mean that function has tendency to
assume very large positive values in neighbourhood of x = a (as shown in
figure).
Y
t
-*-x
Fig. 5.8
For example lim — = < » v

*-*o|x| \ .
which indicates the left tendency as well as right tendency are the same.
Again, if
Mm f(x) = -oo, it would simply mean that the function has tendency to
assume very large negative values in the neighbourhood of x = a.
For example (as shown in figure)
"~
At the end we discuss the case when left tendency is (-«>) and right
tendency is (+«>) (ie, f(x) does not have unique tendency).
Thus, in this case limit does not exist.
For example ten — does not exist, since left tendency is (— <*>) and right
"
tendency is {+ «>).
(b) If f (x) is well defined at x = a, it doesn't imply that lim f(x) = f(a).
x~>a
Because, it is quite possible that f(x) is well defined at x = a but not in the
neighbourhood of x = a or f (x) is well defined in the neighbourhood of x = a,
but doesn't have a unique tendency.
Frequently Used Series Expansions

i
1. exx =1-, + —
X X2
+— X3
+— +
1! 2! 3!
x-'loga (logo)2*2
2. a* - 1 + —~— + + ... where, a tR+
1! 2!
nx n(n- l)x2 + n(n-l)(n- 2) x3
+— +
3. + ....n el? and \x\ 1
2! 3!
2 3 4
4. log (1 + x) = x - — + — - — + where, -1 < x < 1
2* o 4
xn -an
5.
x -a
6. x)1/x =e\l--
24
x3 x5 *7
7. sin x = x -- H ---- + ....
3! 5! 7!
, x2 x4 x6
8. cos £ = 1 -- H ----- (- ......
2 ! 4 ! 6!
9. tan x = x + — + —x5 + —x1 + .....
3 15 315
-i2 i2 O 2 i2 Q 2 C2
•<« ._1 1 3 l - o 5 1 •O •O 7
10. Sin 1 X= X+ -X + -X + - X ' + ....
3! 5! 7! \
------- v3 r5 ^
11. tan"1x = x- — + — + .....
3 5
„ _i , x2 5x4
12. sec * = 1 + — + - +
2! 4! 6!
13. (sin-1.;)2 =^x2 + —x4 + 2'*"^* x6 + .....

2! 4! 6!
r3 r4 2r6
14. xcot* = l- — + — - — + .....
3 45 945
t_ , a:2 5*4 6Lc6
15. sec x = 1 + — + - + - + .....
2 24 720
,- , x2 7x4 31jc6
16. x cosec x = 1 H --- 1- -- (- -- K .....
6 360 15120
\PointtoConsider • ' • • • ' . '.".„'. , - ^ y ' ' , .,••,, ^y', ''•

Using the above formula we can define any other trigonometric expansion. Say,
x , .. 9 ,,r , 9 1-COS2*
to define sin x. We know, sin x =
Infinity (°o) oo is a symbol and not a number. It is a symbol for the

behaviour of a variable which continuously increases and passes through all
limits. Thus, the statement x = °° is meaningless, we should write x-* °°.
Similarly, -<*> is a symbol for the behaviour of a variable which
continuously decreases and passes through all limits. Thus, the statement
x = - oo is meaningless, we should write x—>-°°.
Also, > 0, if x —> + oo and * Q, ifx -> - °o.
x x
We come across the following concepts :
1. We cannot plot oo on paper. Infinity does not obey laws of elementary
algebra.
2. oo + oo =: oo
3. oo - oo is indeterminate.
4. oo x oo - oo is indeterminate.
5. 0 x oo is indeterminate.
6. — = 0, if a is finite.
oo
7. —is undefined, if a * 0.
0
8. -, —, <*> - °°, 1°°, 0°, o°°, °° x 0 are all indeterminate forms.
0 °°
,. x2 -1 0. , , . , f
eg, hm = - indeterminate form.
*-+i x-l 0
.. xn -an 0. , , . . ,
*->« x — a 0
sin* 0 . , , . , e
x^>0 x 0
Point to Consider
I In all above forms limits are calculated at approximate values.
Left Hand and Right Hand Limits

Let y = f(x) be a given function and x = a is the point under consideration.
Left tendency of f(x) at x = a is called its left hand limit and right tendency is
called its right hand limit.
Left tendency (left hand limit) is denoted by f(a - 0) or f(a-) and right
tendency (right hand limit) is denoted by f(a + 0) or f(a+) and are written as
Ao-0) = Jim f(a-h)]
>, where h is a small positive number.
f(a + Q) = lim f(a + h)\, for the existence of the limit of f(x) at x = a, it is necessary and
sufficient that
f(a - 0) = f(a + 0) , if these are finite or
f(a - 0) and f(a + 0) both should be either + <*> or -oo.
Illustration 1 Evaluate the right hand limit and left hand limit of the
function
f(x) = *-4
0, x =4
Solution. RHL of f(x) at x = 4
14 + A _ 4.1
= lim f(x) = lim /X4 + h)= lim ' '
i->4* A->O A->o4+/i—4
= lim —=1
h->o h
LHL off (x)at x = 4

I4-A-4I
= lim /X*) = lim f(4 - h)= lim ' '
*-*4- h->o A-»O 4- h -4
/ = i-lim —
| A | - = i- h =- 1
lim —
A_>0- h h->0 -h
Thus, RHL * LHL. So, lim f(x) does not exist.

1 *-> 4
f 5* - 4, 0 <x <1
Illustration 2 If f(x) = \ show that lim f(x) exists.
[4*3-3x, l<x<2 *-»i
Solution. We have,
LHLoff(x)atx = l
= lim /Xx) = lim f(l-h)
*->r A->O
= lim 5 ( l - A ) - 4 = lim 1-5^ = 1
A-»0 A->0
RHL of f (*) at a: = 1
= lim /•(«)= lim f(l + h)
*-»!* A-^0
= lim 4(1 + A)3 -3 (1 + h)= 4(1)3 - 3 (1) = 1

A-»0
Thus, RHL = LHL =1. So, lim f(x) exists and is equal to 1.
*-»i
el/x - 1
niustration 3 Show lim -n- does not exist.
Solution. Let A*) = T7j • Then,

e x +1
LHL = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 0 - h)
x -> <r A -»o
. e- 1/A -l , (l/e 1/A -l) 0-1
= lim -m = hm —mi—— = -—- = -1
[as A ^ 0 => -> oo ^g1 -^ <*> => l/ g 1 l ^ 0 ] ...(i)

h
RHL = lim /X*) = lim /(O + A)
i->0* A-»0
.. e 1M -l -17*
= lim —TTT-= lim
[Dividing numerator and denominator both by e1/A]

=l [Using Eq.(i)]
Clearly, lim /(*)# lim /(*)

i -> 0~ x -> 0*
Hence, lim ^Cx) doesn't exist.

Chapter 5.: Limits 341
Illustration 4 Evaluate lim ^-——-—— [IIT JEE 1998]
Solution, lim -- = lim

Oc-D *->i (x-D
TtIT ..
LHL = lim
*->r (a; - 1)
,. >/2|sm(-/i)| ,. V2sin/i ,-
= lim - = lim - = -V2
ft->o (-A) A ^ o -h
. . nHT .. >/2 lain (*- 1)1
Again, RHL = hm -
I->1 + (X — 1)
V2|sin(/i)| , K
= lim - = lim - = V2
fc->0 /i AÔ h
Clearly, lim / (x)* lim f (x)
I->1+ X-»l
Hence, lim f (x) doesn't exist.

*->!
Illustration 5 Solve (i) lim [Sin l x] (ii) lim (iii) lim

* -> i * -> o+1_ a; J * -»o
(where [ • ] denotes greatest integer function.)
Solution, (i) Here, lim [sin"1 x]
Put sin'1 x = t
x = sin t and t —> — as # — > :
lim [f] => 1-1 = 1

t-»i2 L:
lim [sin"1 x] = 1
*-»!
(ii) Here, lim+

_ sin* „_ . r ,
Put = t = > < — > ! a s x — > 0 .-. [ n = 0 (ie, as x —> 0 + h =>£—> 1 - i
x
=* lim [i]=>[l -/i]=>0
^ —> i~
,...,„ ,. fsinjcl
(111) Here, lim
«-»O-L- x j
^.
PutA s i njc ,- „_
= t=*t-*lasx^>0 (
x
lim [t] =[l-h] = <
t -* r
Illustration 6 Solve
(i) lim [tan'1 *] (ii) lim [tan'1 *]
(where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.)
Solution, (i) lim [tan'1*]
X—» °°
Put tan'1 * = t
=> t—»— as * —> °°
2
'-2
(ii)Here, lim [tan'1*]
* ~* ~ °° _i n
Put tan * = £ => £ —> as*—»-<
lim [« = [--! =[-1.57] = -2
... ,. l~tan*] .... ,. [~tan*~|
(i) hm - (11) lim -
*->o + |_ x J *-><rL a: J
Solution, (i) Here, lim -
x
_ tan*
Put -=t
X
t -* 1+ as * -> 0+ (ie,
lim [*] = [!+ &] = !,
(ii) Here, lim

x-»cr
Put
=> i —> 1+ as * —> 0 (ie, As * —> 0 - /i => < ^ 1 + /i)

lim+ [ t] = [1 + h] = 1
(i) lim [sinCsin'1 *)] (ii) lim [sin'1 (sin*)]
i-»i" i-» —
2
(where [•] denotes greatest integer function.)
Solution, (i) Here, lim [sintsin'1*)]
*->!'
=> lim [x] (Assin(sin'1x) = x, if-l<x<l)
=> [1 - h] (As *—>!'=>*=!-A)
=> 0
Point to Consider
If lim [sin(sin~1x)J, then it means you have to calculate only left hand limit and |
not right hand limit as for x > 1, sin (sin"1 x) is not defined. j
lim [sin(sin~J x)] = lim [sin(sin~1 x)] and no need to check for
lim+ [sin(sin~1 x)]
(ii) lim [snT^sinx)]

n
"a
=> lim [sin1(sin x)}
n
=> lim [x] => £ -

„ .n L«
(i) lim [cotx] (ii) lim [cot x]
x->0 x -» + ~
Solution, (i) Here, lim [cot*]
*->o
Put cot x = t, now as x —* 0; cot x exhibits two values for x —> 0+ and x —» 0~
ie, cot a; —» + °° and cot x —» - <» respectively.
/. We should apply right hand and left hand limit;
ie, lim [cotx] = lim [£] = <*= (vcotx = f =>£-> + °oasx ->0 )
and lim [cot*] = lim [£] = -=><> (vcotx = t =>t—>-°°asx —» 0~)

I -» 0" t -» - ~
.'. Limit doesn't exist.

(ii) Here, lim [cot"1 x] =* lim [£]
3C -» + ~ t -> 0+
(•/ cot x = ^ => i -» 0 as « ^ + o = )
=> lim [0 + h] = lim 0
h->0 h^tQ
=> 0
Illustration 10 Solve lim sin — , where [ . ] denotes the greatest

. *-»o|_ x \r function.
Solution. Here, lim sin — , since we have greatest integral function we

«-»°L *J
must define function.
Now, RHL (put x = 0 +' h)
sin 1 0 + h ,
lim --
0 +h
We know, —> 1 as h —> 0 but less than 1.

sin
lim 0 = 0 = 0as/i->0
Again, LHL (put x - 0 - h) lim sin ——

A-> o 0—h
sin
we know -1 as /i -> 0 but greater than -1.
sin
= -1 as h —> 0
=> LHL = -1
.•. Limit doesn't exist as RHL = 0 and LHL = -1
Illustration 11 Solve lim ——— , where [•] denotes greatest integer

*-^<>L 1*1 J
function.
Solution. Here, lim ...(i)
o[ 1*1
sin*
As we know, 1 as * —»0
*
sin | * |
or -> 1 as x -» 0 froih right or left
1*1
ie, at x = 0 + h or x = 0 - h and less than one.
sin | * | I sin |
=0as
1*1 1*1
> From Eq. (i) whether we find RHL or LHL
sin \x
lim lim 0 => 0
*->o 1 * 1
sin | x I
lim , exists and is 0.
1*1
Illustration 12 lim
r -2x i
, where [ • ] denotes greatest integer function
*->o[^tan * J
is
(a) -1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
Solution. We know, when * -> 0
-* -2*
<1
tan at tan* tan*
So, liml—— I = -2
*-»o tanx
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Illustration 13 The value of lim - = — is equal to

*->n/2 log (sin*)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -1 (d) doesn't exist
Solution. As lim
sinx
TC x n_
X^2 ^ 2~*~4:
where, > — < 1 for x —> — or x —> —
2 4 2 2
— = 0, since 0 < f >— <1
2j V2 4)
III.
lim J=^-= lim 0=0
*-»«/2 sin*
sin a: *->ii/2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
Target Exercise 5.1

1. The value of lim {1 - x + [x - 1] + [1 - x]}, (where [ • ] denotes the greatest
integral function) is
(a) -1 (b) Doesn't exist
(c) 1 (d) None of these
2. The value of lim , (where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer function) is
(a) 1 (b) sin 1
(c) Doesn't exist (d) None of these
3. The value of lim , (where \-\, [ • ] denotes modulus and greatest integer
function) is \) 0 (b) D
(c) -1 (d) 1
4. The value of lim sin"1 {x}, (where { • } denotes fractional part of x)
*->o
(a) 0 (b) ~
5. The value of lim
r x2 i, (where [ •] denotes the greatest integer function)
*->o|^sin:K tanxj
(a) 0 (b) 1
Evaluation of Limits
Now, according to our plan first of all we shall learn the evaluation of
limits of different forms and then the existence of limits.
There are eight indeterminate or meaningless forms which are
(i) -0 °°
(ii) — (iii) °° - oo (iv) °° x °°
0 °°
(v)oo.Q (vi)0° (vii)oc0
We shall divide the problems of evaluation of limits in five categories :
(1) Algebraic Limits
Limits of algebraic forms are further sub-classified as
(1) - form which are based on
0
(a) Factorisation method
(b) Rationalisation method
I xn — a™ i
(c) Standard formula as lim - = re-o™"1,
*-><* I x - a I
where 'n' is a rational number.
(ii) °° - type algebraic function of <*> type
oo
(a) — type (b) °° - °° type
oo
(2) Trigonometric Limits

(3) Logarithmic Limits
(4) Exponential Limits
(a) Based on series expansion (b) Based on definition of °°
(5) Miscellaneous Forms
Point to Consider
Now, we are familiar with the different indeterminate forms and are in a
position to define an important result known as L'Hospital's rule.
L'Hospital's rule This result is applicable to only two indeterminate forms
'0
- or
0
f(x) 0 oo
This result states that, if lim -- , reduces to — or — •
*->» g(x) 0 oo
Then, differentiate numerator and denominator till this form is

removed.
f(x) f'(x)
ie, lim -- = lim -- , provided the later limit exists.
*->ag(x) x->ag'(x)
But, if it again take form — or — I , then

\0 °°)
f(x) f (x) f"(x)
lim-- = lim '- = lim^- and this process is continued till
' "
0 .
- or — | form is removed.
. -Limits 347
(1) Algebraic Limits
(i) — Form
0
(a) Factorisation method In this method numerators and
denominators are factorised. The common factors are cancelled and the rest
ptttput is the result.
«2 _ o _j_ 2
Illustration 14 Evaluate lim .
*->! X-l
e i *• ™ * I . , II
T lim
, - - -2)
Solution. Method -,form =..hm
= lim(*-2) (As* -1*0)

*->i
=l-2=-l
Method II
.. * 2 -3* + 2 (0 ,
hm - — form
*->! X-l . \JO
So, applying L'Hospital's rule,

, 2* -3 2-3
lim - = - = -1
*->i 1 1
[ie, differentiating, numerator and denominator separately]
. ,. i~ n •, * i
Illustration
T11
15 Evaluate limJC-
- X log X + log X - 1
^---
3 2
*-»! X2-l
„ , . a:3 - x2 log a: + log x - 1

Solution, hm -^-"-
*-»! X2-l
.. (* 8 -l)-(* 2 -l)logx ,
= lim -=-— - form
*->! (*2-D
+ x + 1 - (x + 1) log x}
. x2 + x + 1 - (x + 1) log x
= lim • —
«-»! (*+!)
= 1 + 1 + 1-^(1 + 1) log 1 = | (As log 1=0)
x6 - 24x - 16
Illustration 16 Evaluate lim
*-» 2 x d + 2*-12
Solution. Method I
a:6 _ 24* - 16
lim —5 - form
*^2 x 3 + 2 x - 1 2 10 J
,. (x-2)(xs+2x4+ 4x3+ 8x2+ 16x + 8)
*-»2 (x -2)(x2 +2x
= lim -
x*+2x + 6
25 + 2(2)4 + 4(2)3 + 8(2)2 + 16(2) + 8
(2) 2 +2(2) + 6
14
Method II (Applying L'Hospital's rule)
x* _ 24* _ 16
If* =2, —^
x 3 +2*-12
, x6 - 24* - 16 (0 ,
lim —5- - form
c«5 _ 04.
= lim -5- (Applying L'Hospital's rule)
2
6(2) 5 -24
3(2)2
168
12
14
Illustration 17 Let f(x) be polynomial of degree 4 with roots 1, 2, 3, 4 and

leading coefficient 1 and g(x) be the polynomial of degree 4 with roots 1, - , —
2 3
and — with leading coefficient 1. Find lim -
4 *-»i
Solution. As, /"(*) being polynomial having roots 1, 2, 3, 4 and leading
coefficient 1.
2)(*-3)(* -4)
Similarly, *<*) = (x -.1) * - i] f x _ i
^/ V «
lim i^ = lim
=-
2
(b) Rationalisation method Rationalisation is followed when we have
fractional powers (like - , — etc.) on expressions in numerator or denominator
2 3
or in both. After rationalisation the terms are factorised which on
cancellation gives the result.

A->0 ft
Solution. Method I
(0
lim -- - form
A -» o h
Jx + h - 4x Jx + h + -Jx
= lim -*--- x v ---—
A -> 0 ft JC + ft + VX
..
= lim
= lim
>o Jx + ft + -Jx
Method II (L'Hospital's rule)
-
lim -- - form
A->o ft VO ^
/. Applying L'Hospital's rule
[differentiating numerator and denominator w.r.t. ft]
1 0
2jx + h
= lim —*-
(c) Based on standard formula

n _ n
lim - = nan ~1 where ' n' is a rational number.
x^>a X- a
*n -
Proof Let f(x) = -
x —a
lim f(x)=lim (x"-1 + ax"-2 + a V ~ 3 + ...+ a""1)

x—» a x —» a
« - _ i _ « _ - . _
=a + o • _,o — 3 . L « ™ - i
+O'Ct
n terms
= a"~ 1 + a""1 H-o"" 1 + ... uptore terms
x 3 - 23
Illustration 19 Evaluate lim - .
*->2 x-2
x3 - 23 /'O
Solution, lim - - form
*->2 x-2 U)
=3(2) 3 - 1 ' | As lim — = n-a

*->a x — a
=3 (2)2 = 12
Illustration 20 Evaluate ton

0 j ..
Solution, hm
.. -
------
-
-5
- -------- ,
- form
*-»! ( X - 1 ) ( X 2 + X + 1)
, i^-1 { / x - D <* 3 / a -l)

= hm i -- .- + -------- — +
*--»I|x-l ' x ~ l x-1 I xz + x + l
\ 1K-i\, (VI-D) (.. (x 3/2 -l)Y| .. 1
+ lim + lim \\- lim -~
x - l j ^*->i x-1 J l^->i x-1 JJ x~*ix + x + l
(Apply L'Hospital's rule)
= J £ (1)1/3-1 +1(1)1/2-1 + 3 (1 )3/2-l^
3 2 2 J l z +l + l
l 1
= - +- + — •—
2 2j 3
-=-
3 ~9
o i , .
Solution, ,. -
lira - 5- , - form
*->! (x-1? \0
»î (x-ir
x(xp-l)-P(x-l)
Dividing numerator and denominator by (x-1), we get

~j p
lim
= lim
*->!
x 3 + ....+ x p )-(l + 1 + 1 + ...... uptoP times)

*->! (X-1)
.. f ( x - l ) (x 2 -!) (x 3 -!) (xp-l)

= lim i. h + + ....+
*-»i[(x-l) (x-1) (x-1) (x-1)
= 1 + 2(1)2-1 + 3 (I)3'1 + + P(l)p-1
=1+ 2 +3 + +P
P(P + 1)
(Using summation of P terms of AP)
(x + 2a) f(x + 3a)
Illustration 22 Let A(x) = f(a) f(2u) f(3a)
f'(a. f'(2a) f'(3a)
for some real values differential function f and constant a. Find lim
Solution. Here, A (0) = 0

Thus, - *form
*->o x 0
.: Applying L'Hospital's rule,
,. MX)
— i-4 W /
«^0 X ,^0 1
A( *> A',m
— ia vw nt
•••v*/
*">° *
/"(x + a) /"O
Given, A(x) = /•(a) />(2a) /-(3a)
/"(a) f(2a) f(3a)
Using definition of differentiation of determinant
f ' ( x + a) f ' ( x + 2a) f ' ( x + 3a )
A'(*) = f(a) f(2a) f(3a)
f'(a) f'(2a) f'(3a)
f(x + a) f(x + '2a) f(x + 3a) f(x + a) f(x + 2a) f(x + 3a)
+ 0 0 0 + /•(a) A2a) /(3a)
/"'(«) /"(2a) /"'(3a) 0 0 0
[As a is constant /. — (a ) = 0]
dx
/"(JC + a) /"(x + 2a) f ' ( x + 3a)
A'(x) = /(a) f(2a) f(3a)
T(a) f'(2a) f'(3a)
/'(a) T(2«x) f'(3a)
or A'(0) = /•(a) A2a) /-(3a) =0
T(a) f'(2a) f'(3a)
r)
HV»n«v> lim *///\o x
Illustration 23 The graph of function 'y = f(x) has a unique tangent at

(ea, 0) through which the graph passes, then lim loS(1+ 7fW)-sm(f(x))
*->*"> 3f(x)
equals to
(a) 1 / (b) 2/
(c) 7 (d) None of these
c j .. TJ ,. log(l+7f(x))-sin(f(x))
solution. Here, lim form
*->«• 3f(x)
Using L'Hospital's rule
lf'(x) - {cos (/(*)) • f (*)} {1 + 7A*)1
= lim
x—* ea 3f'(x)-{l+7f(x)}
7-cos (/X*)) {1+7A*)}
= lim
7-1
=2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Target Exercise 5.2
., .. g(x)f(a)-g(a)f(x) .
then lim , is
x->a X —a
(a) -5 (b) 3
(c) -3 (d) 5
v3
2. The value of lim —»—=—p as (x, y) —> (1,0) along the line y = x -1, is
*-»! x15 -y z -1
y->0
(a) 1 (b) -1
(c) 0 (d) Doesn't exist .
o rpv , XCOSX-lQg(l + x) . /
3. The value of lim ^ , is /
(a) 1 (b) \
(c) - (d) None of these
g _ (*OS JC
4. The value of lim -5- , is
2
(b) -:
E on. 1 fl-
5. The value of lim COS
- X -COS O .
—— , is
x -> a COt X - COt O
(a) - sin3 a (b) cos3 a

(c) sin3 a (d) cot a
(ii) Algebraic Function of j» Type

(a) — form First we should know the limiting values of a* (a > 0) as
oo
x _> oo. See the graphs of these functions.

whenO<a<1 f(x) = a*. whena jf, when
-*-X
Fig. 5.10 Fig. 5.11 Fig. 5.12
Now, see the graph for ax when a > 1. This graph appears to touch x-axis
in the negative side of x-axis and thereafter it increases rapidly.
This's why because lim ax —> 0, again you will also find the result,
lim a*-»oo *-» —
o, if a > 1
Thus, we have lim ax = if a = l
X—> •»
0, if 0 < a < 1
This type of problems are solved by taking the highest power of the terms
tending to infinity as common numerator and denominator. That is after they
are cancelled and the rest output is the result or (apply L'Hospital's rule).

> x + 4x + 3
Solution. Method I lim
+ 4x + 3
Dividing numerator and denominator by x 2
1 +0
*-»«... 4 3 1+ 0 +0
x x2
rr
(because » 0, when x —> ~ where ^ is any constant)
x
=1
Method II lim form
*-»-* +4* + 3
Applying L'Hospital's rule,

2x
= lim - form
Again, applying L'Hospital's rule,

Illustration 25 Evaluate lim (n + 2)!+ (ra + 1)!.
Solution, lim
.. 3)
= lim = lim form
1 + 3/re
= lim As > 0, as re -»
n
1+0
=1
1+0
(b) oo-oo form Such problems are simplified (generally rationalised)
I OO A
first, thereafter they generally acquire — form.
V00/
Illustration 26 Evaluate lim (x - yx 2

Solution, lim (x - Jx2 + x ) C oo — oo form)
,. x - J x /a:2 + x
= hm —
x->°° i X + ^X +X
.. -X
= lim - = lim
x + ^x + x X +,* + X
— X
= lim
x ,
-1 1
= lim As > 0, as x
T 2
1 + ,1 +
Illustration 27 Evaluate lim (Jx 2 + x + 1 - Jx2 + 1).

V i. „„ ' "
Solution, lim (Jx 2 + x + 1 - ^x2 + 1) (oo _ oo form)
VA/X + X + 1 — JX +
= hm —
= lim -
X -> ^
•v + a: + 1 + ix2 + 1
= lim - = lim
X —> oo
+ x + 1 + Jx J + 1 1 1
-v
1 [As —> 0, as x
"l + l
1
"2
Chapter 5: Limits 355
An Important Result
If m,n are positive integers and a 0 , b0 #0 and non-zero real numbers,
then
0, m < n
OQ m =n
lina
box* + blxn~l + ...+ bn_1x + bn oo, m> n when a 0 bo > 0
-oo; m> n when ao&o < 0
Illustration 28 Evaluate lim -, when a > 0.

*-»~ x + 1
Solution. Here, if a * 0
„4 + /)
lim - [As degree of numerator > degree of denominator]
»-»" X + 1
,. ox2 + b
= lim - = ~> (As a>0\~ x + 1
Again, if a = 0
, - 2
= lim
x +1
= Um _A_
»-»~ x + 1
=0 [As degree of numerator < degree of denominator]
ox2 + b
lim
x + 1 [0, o = 0
Illustration 29 If lim -- ox - b =0, find the values of a and b.
Solution. We have, lim -- ox - 6 =0

*-»~ \^x + 1 J
*2\ 1 — ox2 - otx - bx - b
= lim-A - =0
x -> •» X +, 1
=0
x +1
Since, the limit of above expression is zero. >
/. Degree of numerator < Degree of denominator
So, numerator must be a constant ie, a zero degree polynomial.
l-a=0anda + 6=0
Hence, a = 1 and b = -1
Illustration 30 If lim
(V-i ox -b 1=2, then find the values of a
and b.
Solution. We have,
lim " _ _ ax _ b \= lim v v — 7 =2
x^°°{x + l ) *->°° (X + I)
Since, limit of above expression is a finite non-zero number.

.-. Degree of numerator = Degree of denominator
=> 1 - a =0 => a =1
.•. Putting a = 1 in above limit, we get lim =2
*->- x +1
=> -(l + 6) = 2 => 6=-3
Hence, a =1 and 6 = -3
Illustration 31 If lim ax - b \ °°, then find a and 6.

*-»~ ^ x + 1 J
Solution. If lim a* - b \ °°
^^-l^JC + 1 J
=> lim = °o
i-»- X +l
The limit of above expression is infinity.

.-. Degree of numerator > Degree of denominator
=> l-a>0 => a?tl
Hence, a < 1 and 6 can assume any real value.
Illustration 32 Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + +n
and P n =^ ^ ^_...î_
S 2 -l S 3 -l S 4 -l S B -1
where n e JV(/i > 2). Then, find lim Pn.
n —> ~
Solution. As, Sn =
2
S.-i.îi>
Sn =f n }(n
Sn-l (n-:
p =f? 3 1 n I f 3 1 5 ra + 1
~
re
l1 ' 2O ' 3O ''"" n - l J [ 4 ' 5 ' 6 ' " n + 2
aJu + 2
lim Pn = lim
Illustration 33 Let f(x) = lim —-„ . Then, the set of values

n - » ~ (3 i V
— tan'1 2x\
of x for which /X*) = 0, is
(a) |2*|>V3 (b)|2x|<V3
(c)|2x|>>/3 (d)|2x|<V3
/q \
Solution, f(x) = 0, if and only if - tan"1 2x >1
=> tan 1 2x > — or tan 1 2x <

3 3
=> 2x>V3~ or 2x<-V3~
Illustration 34 If lim _,— = 1, then x lies in the interval
(a) (-sin 1, sin 1) (b) (-1, 1)

(c) (0, 1) (d) (-1, 0)
Solution. Here, lim --.- = 1 is possible only, if
"1*)" + 1
-1 < sin"1 x < 1 => x e(-sinl, sin 1)
X2 +2x -1 \2x-l
Illustration 35 The value of lim —5- is equal to
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(0 e1/2 (d)
c, , .. . ,. i - -r -»: -1 I 2 *- 1
Solution. As,
, x2+2x-l 1 ... 2x + l
where, lim —^ = ~ an<l lim
,. , . +2x-l
lim

Target Exercise 5.3

1. The value of lim —5- - cot x \ is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) - (d) None of thes
4 _
2. The value of lim (Ja2x2 + ax + 1 - Ja2x2 + 1), (a > 0) is
-°°
(c) Doesn't exist

(d) None of the above
! 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ...+ n 3
3. The value of lim -5-5- , is
n->~ (W 2 + 1)
(a) I (b) i
(c) —p= (d) None of these

2A/2
... .
4. The value of lim -5-5-5- , is
«->- l2 + 22 + ...+ re2
(a) 1 (b) -1
(c) T2 (d) I
a n + &"
5. The value of lim ——— , (where a > b > 1) is
n->~ a —b
(a) 1 (b) -1
(2) Trigonometrical Limits

To evaluate trigonometric limits the following results are very important.
sin x tana:
(i) lim - = 1 (11) lim - = 1
*-*0 x *-»0 X
,...,.,. sin"1* , / . X T tan-1x , •

(in) lim - = 1 (iv) lim - = 1
/ X lim
(v) T - = - / . X(vi) T lim cos xi = 1
*->o x 180° *->o
. sin(x-a) .. tanU-a)
(vn) lim - = 1 (viu) lim - = 1
3C — a x-» a X—a
O?apfer5.- Limits 35j(
— COS X
*-»o
_, , . 1-cosx
Solution, hm 5— form
, 2sin 2 */2 ,. 2 sin 2 x/2
= hm 5 = hm 5——
*-»o x *->o4 x /4
~ -cosx)
lim
*->o sin**
1 -cos(l -cosx)
Solution. Here, lim
*-»o sin4 a:
1 -cos 2sin2 —
( v X^
l-cos[2sin — | / . 4
/limSE-J
2 sin2 sin2
= lim
i 2 - Sin|sin2 2; - 2
= 2x =
42 8
Don't do it
l-COSX
1 -cos 1 - cos — ,
,. \ f A ,. 1-cos* 1
lim - = hm v^—-, As hm
x-»0 *->o x* I
= lim = — is wrong although the answer may be correct.

8
— x 16
16
Illustration 38 Evaluate lim 2T* sin (2*).

Solution. 2~* = —
£i
We know, as x -> ~, 2X -» oo
/. The given limit = 0 x [A finite number between -1 and +1] =0
u
Hence, I-
hm sin<2*> n
—-^-.— =0
Illustration 39 Evaluate lim e*sin(d/ex).

X —> oo
Solution. When x -» °°, ex -> °°

„ A , .. d finite _
But, angle of sine = — = =0
mu • ,- ••* I- sinW/e*)
The given limit = hm —
*->» 1/e
sincf/e*
= lim — x d = lxd = d
x->~ d/e
x - sinx
x + cos2 x
sin*
!-•
c - sin a: ,.
Solution, lim = hm
; + cos2 x cos2 a:
a: 1 +
sina;
1- fTÔ
cos2 x \+0
1+
sin2 x - sin2
0 , .. . sin 2 a;-sin 2 y ,. sin(a; + y)sin(a;-y)
Solution, lim 5 5—- = lim -
sin(a; + y) ,. sin(2y)
= hm ^— x hm x1
(x + y) *^y (x-y) 2y
[As, x -» y => (* - y) -> 0, but => a: + y -» 2y]
sin2y
A: tan 2x - 2x tan x
Illustration 42 Evaluate lim [IIT JEE 1999]
*-o (l-cos2a;) 2
tan 2a: - 2a: tan a:
Solution, lim
o (l-cos2a;) 2
03 3 •r5 1 f i3 a:5
r2a: + =-^-
3
+2
^ + ...|-2,x +T+ 2-+...
15
= lim
(2siri22a;)2
4^82^ 6 (64 4
* - - - + * — -—
= lim = lim
!! 5! 3!
_2_1
"4~2
Illustration 43 Evaluate lim Sin(K ™S* x\ 5: Limits 361 [in TEE 2i;<ii]
o , .. ,. sin (TC cos2*)
solution. lim -5 --
sin{7t (1-si , sin(7t-7tsin 2 :ic)
= lim -g = lim
*->0 X
sin (n sin2 x) , (sin(7tsin 2 x) TC sin2 a:

= lim --z- = lim i -5- x — x —5—
*->o sin 1 a:
,. sin(7isin 2 x) sin2 a;
= lim - - x TC x lim —g—
= lx
Illustration 44 Solve lim

n -4x
Solution. Here,
Jl - Jsin 2x Jl - Jsin 2x Jl + Jsin 2x
lim
li-m JL * = lim
— lim J! Z JL *
71-4*
= lim lim
X -» —
sin'I :
4
which gives RHL at x = — = —

4 4
and LHL at x = — =—
4 4
Jl - Jsin 2x
Thus, lim ^-^- =
/. Limit doesn't exist (as not unique).
(3) Logarithmic Limits

In this section we shall deal with the problems based on expansion of
logarithmic series which is given below.
x2 x3
log (1 + X) = X -- + -- K . . oo
2 3
where, -1 < jc < 1 and it should be noted that the expansion is true only if
the base is c.
To evaluate the logarithmic limit, we use lim - = 1

*-><> (x - a)
Solution. Let x - a = y, when x -» a; y -> 0
/. The given limit => lim - = 1
y-»0 y
Illustration 46 Evaluate limlogl° (1+ h\O h

cr i *• i. log10(l + A)
Solution, hm -
A->0 ft
loge (1 + ft)x Iog10e _ loge
A-> 0 ft h-* 0
= log 1 0 exl =log 10 e
Dlustration 47 Evaluate lim lt>g (5 + *>' Iog (5 ~ *>
Solution, lim
I)
log 5 + log ( 1 + | ] - log 5- log ( 1 - |]
V ; V. 6J
= lim
x-»0 X
~*->o 5^ ~ __f x") ~5 5~5

Is; I 5;
Illustration 48 Evaluate lim l°Se(^ + 2h)-2loge(l +h) [m ^ ^gg]
h —> 0 ^
Solution, A->
limo — ^ ~
^
/• o O \ O O
f(2A) (2/t) i (2/t) ~l-2|ft — + — -

,. I 2 + 3 ""°°J I "" 2 + 3
= lim sr
ft 2
, - - ..... ,
= lim --5- = lim
h->0 h AÔ
= lim {-l + 2ft- ..... } = -!
Illustration 49 Solve lim Jx - x2 • log 1 +

^-^~>
Solution. Here, put x = —
lim -
y->0
lim
y->o[2 3
Don't do it
log(l
h m < - - - - -2
y-»0ly y
log(l log(l + ;y)

As, hm =1
1'
= lim I I = 0 is not correct.
(4) Exponential Limits

(i) Based on Series Expansion
e„*x =1- +. x +. —
x. + —
x"3 + .....
2! 3!
To evaluate the exponential limit, we use the following results.
(a) lim - = 1 (b) lim - = loge a

x->0 X *->0 x
oi*-
Solution, ,-
hm -
- ,=
. hm
x-»0 x *-»0
.. - .. -
= lim -- hm -
l->0 X *-»0 X
= log a - log b =log fa/
Illustration 51 Evaluate lim 5 .

*-»0 x
0. .. .. (abf-ax-bx + l ,. axb*-a*-i
Solution, hm 5 = hm 5—
l->0 X *-»0 r2
= lim —^ 1_^_
xÔ x*
= vlim («*-« x ,-hm
= log a x log b
gtan

-> o tan x — x
g ten i__ x x (tan x-x)
Solution, lim - = lim
* -» o tan x-x * -> o ( tan a; - x )
*-»o (tan*-*)
=e°xl [Asx->0, tan*-x-»0]
= 1x1 = 1
Illustration 53 Evaluate lim - = 2 . Find a and b.
Solution, lim —---- = 2

/(a-o)
tx +xa-\- - + ...... °°
lim -:- =2
AT-»0 X
Since, limit is finite, (a-6) = 0 = > f c = a

a^2
xa + -- 1- .... oo
2!
lim - =2
*->o *
i.
— + .... °° =n2
lim o + ax
*-»o 2!
=> a =2 .-. 6=2
T,, , ... -x r, , ,. asinx -bx + cx2 + x3

Illustration 54 Solve hm —5--^--r, if it exists and is
2 3 4
finite also, then find a, b, c.
t-, . .. TT , a sin x - bx + ex + x
solution. Here, lim
log(l + *)-2*3 + *4
alX~V+V
2 3 4
(a - b)x + ex2 + fl - -) x3 + - x5 + ....
Jim 2 ^ SI* 61
3* " ^ ^
For finite limit,
a-b=0, c=0,1- — =Q (ie,a=b=6,c=0)
3!
Owpter5.-Limits 365
— + higher powers of x
= lim^ ^—i
3~2X + '"
a 3 _ a _ 6 _ 3
~"Fi 2 ~ 8 0 ~ 8 0 ~ 4 0
a sin x — bx + ex2 + x3 3
Um- «• " 2x3 + x 4 = 4^
where 0=6 = 6, c=0
ftanx-sinftan^tanx)}
Illustration 55 Solve lim
>*"\ tanx+cos 2 (tanx)
2
„ , „ TT , Itanx-sin{tan-1(tanx)l
Solution. Here, hm
x_> ^ v tan x + cos (tan x)
2
where, RHL at x = —
tan x - sin {tan (tan x)}

lim I 5
tan x + cos (tan x)
(tan* -sin(x - n) ^ . _,., . ,
= hm 5 ••• tan (tan x) = x-n, when x > —
tan x + cos (tan x) V 2
tan a;
= lim
cos (tan x)
1+
tanx
=1
1 +0
Again, LHL at x = —
tan x - sin {tan (tan x)}

lim J §
tan x + cos (tan x)
tan x-sin (x) ( _,. n
= lim y As tan (tan x) = x, when x < —
x _»i" \n x + cos (tan x) V 2
2
tanx
I tan x - sin {tan x(tan x)}
lim I s- =1
x _>
5. M tan x + cos (tan x)
2
Illustration 56 Evaluate lim tan x - sin 1 x

*-> o sin *
tan"1 * - sin"1 *
Solution, lim
sin3x
tan-1*-tan"1' *
(sin3 x
tan"1 x - tan'1' X
I-* 2
= lim
a:
tan"1 .-* -*
*•*
= lim -
*->o
/n~? tan
tan 1
= lim
x(Jl-x2-l) . ,. tan'1 a: ,
= lim As lim =1
*->o x
= lim
= lim
* a sin 6 :
Illustration 57 If lim -, where a,b,ceR — {0}, exists and has
*->o sin*
non-zero value. Then, show a + b = c.
Solution. Here, lim — = lim *"

*-»o sin* *->o
...(i)
Eq. (i) has non-zero value if and only if, it is independent of*.
ie, a +b - c = 0
or a +b=c
Illustration 58 The integer V for which the

cos2 x - cos x - e* cos x + ex
lim - is a finite non-zero number is
x~»0
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c)4 (d) None of these
cos2 x - cos x - e* cos x + e*
Solution. Given that, lim —
x->0
x3
(cos x - l)(cos x - e*)
lim 2-
*->0 x"
6 , x2 x4 , x x
1 -- + -- . . . - ! + — + -
2! 4! 6! 2! 4! 1! 2! 2
= lim
*->o
x2 1
x4 x6 _L
}(
1 V -V*
3 xa 2*5 x
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 2
= lim ^
12
= lim
x->0
= lim 12 24 =a
If n = 4
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Illustration 59 If 7, = lim tan 1 x sin'1 x

*->o
sin x a; tan l x
and In = lim
x->0 x x
where | x \ 1, then which of the following statement is true?
(a) Neither /j nor /2 exist
(b) /j exists and 72 doesn't exist
(c) 7j doesn't exist and 72 exists
Solution. We know, <1 and
tan sin sin l x tan'1 x
<0 and >0
=> Ix doesn't exist and I2 exists.

Target Exercise 5.4

1. The value of lim \X\, (where | | and [•] denotes modulus and greatest
*->o
integer function respectively) is
(a) 0 (b) Doesn't exist
(0 1 (d) None of these
x sin a - a sin x
2. The value of lim -, is
x-> a x -a
(a) a sin a - cos a (b) sin a - a cos a
(c) cos a + a sin a (d) sin a + a cos a
e~ -
3. The value of lim
» o x + sin x
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -1 (d) None of these
4. The value of lim •y1:,1S.
> y x - yj
1 - log x 1 - log y
(a) (b)
1 + log x 1 + log y
log x - log y
(c) (d) None of these
log x + log y
p -q
5. Thei value of
of lim —; -, is
-s"
1 - log p log p - log q
(a) (b)
1 + log p log r - log s
log p • log q
(d) None of these
(C) 2 (d) Doesn't exist

(V2 - cos 0-sin 8)
7. The value of lim 5 , is
i (46 -nf
1
(a)
(0 1 (b)
8V2 w/ 2V2
8. The value of lim (x + 2) tan'^* + 2) - (* tan"1 *), is
(b) Doesn't exist

m , , (cos x + sin x)3 -2V2 .
9. The value of Km - , is
, . V3
_„ , (cosaf -(sinaf -cos2a r 71 V

10. lira - , a e 0, — is
*->4 x-4 (. 2J
(a) log (cos a) + (sin a)4 log (sin a)
(b) (cos4 a) log (cos a) - (sin a)4 log (sin a)
(c) (cos4 a) log (cos a)
(ii) Evaluation of Exponential Limits of the Form 1°°

To evaluate the exponential form 1°°, we use the following results.
Result If lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0, then
X— > O X— » O
,.
lim -f<x)
-
lim
x—> a
Or
when lim f(x) - 1 and lim g(x) = °°
x—* a x—> a
Then, lim {f(x)}g(x) = lim [1 + f(x) -
lim
= e"°
Particular cases
(i) lim (1 + x)1/x = e
x->0
(ii) lim ( 1+-lY = e

X—> oo V, X )
(iii) lim (1 + kx)l/x = t
(iv)lim l+- =
x
Illustration 60 Evaluate lim 1 1 + - ) .

*->-V x)
f 9\* Mm -*
Solution, lim 1 + - \ =c 2
*-*~V A:;
Illustration 61 Evaluate lim (Iog33*)log*3.
Solution. Iim(log33jc) log * 3 =lim(log 3 3

x-*l *-»!
,
*-»! L Iog06
lim log3 I --
logs* -
Illustration 62 Evaluate lim |2-

^^"^
Solution, lim f2 - -]*"S = lim (l + f 1 - Ta
x-»oV./ *y i-»a [ \
lim l - 2 t a n
_ x - » a ^ ij 2a
20 = e — ...<i)
Letx-a=/i, we get
lim
n—» v i »» i if i *<v» ___ _«-» w l» T f» ^2 2(1
lim -*_(_«oi f «* )1 lim ± i -i-

(a+n)tan(nn/2a) 2a n/2a
-2a it&/2a
.^______^— -2a
.
) tan(itfc/2a) n(a) _g-2/it
Illustration 63 Evaluate lim (^-^ I .

«-»-^* + lJ
„ , c
Solution. As x -> «, lim =1 and (* + 4) -» •
/ „
=hm
lim
=e*— *+ i
As x -» ~; lim =1
«-»«• * +1
=e8
Chapter 5^ Limits 371
Illustration 64 Evaluate lim (1 + tan2
„ , , -i- lim tan2 Vi—

Solution, lim (1 + tan2 4x)** =e"° **
x-»0
Jf
Illustration 65 Evaluate lim I tan f - + x] r. [IIT JEE 1993]

*->ol V4 )}
r , tan —H tan x
Solution, lim Jtan - + x T = lim
—oi u i — tan x \
1 + tan at
o 1 - tan x
2tan* ]*
1-tanxj
2 tan*
lim
o 1 - tan x I x
=e
tan a: l
lim 2-
= e
l/x2
Illustration 66 Evaluate lim [IITJEE1996]
\i/* z ,- 2 N i/x 2
Solution, lim I -—-^s-1 = lim 1 + —— (v rform)
lim j_
•_2
=e
(x-3
Illustration 67 Evaluate lim -- [IIT JEE 2000]
-5
Solution. lim =liml+
*-»- 1 x + 2 x +2
lim
=e
Illustration 68 Solve lim ~3re +

4n -(-!
_ o M , / _ -i \n
Solution. Here, lim - -— , two cases arise, n is even or n is odd.
n -» ~ 4n - (-1)
Cose I n is even, say n = 2k.
.. - -2k
lim
-(-I)2
= lim - = lim
*-»<*> 8k-l k->-
_ /^ _ n / • ! 7
—=- As — -> 0, when *'

: ' ' '**'
Case II n is odd, say n = 2k + 1.

,
lim
fi 4
. -6As-3-l , ~ b ~ I -3
= lim - = lim -£*- = —
*->- ^ 4
k
-3n + (-!)" -3
lim
4n-(-!)" 4
Illustration 69 The value of lim (1 + sin Jtx)cot ** is equal to
(a) e (b) - ' (c) -1 (d) e*

e '
Solution. Here, lim (1 + sinroc)00*** (1~ form)
lim sin roc cot TEX
= e*-i
lim cos roc
= e-J
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
—
Illustration 70 The value of lim -jsin2 I — — }• is equal to
(a) e-a/b (b) e-° 2/62 (c) a 2a/i (d) e4o/6

ssec 2 !
Solution. Here, lim | sin2 | —?—
2-ax
,
= lim {l_
U-cos 2 f_L_l
cos2 —^— h (rform)
i\J
2-a* 2 f it
=e
2 sin
(2 -a*)2
lim -
(2-fri) 2
=e
2n
2-a*l a (2-6*) 2
— lim
271 (2-axf
sin
2-6*
=e
a (2-bx)1
- lim — •
(2-ax?
=e
=e b
Illustration 71 The value of lim (2x2 -9x + 8)cot (2*'7) is equal to

*->7/2
,5/2 -5/2
(a) e (b) e (c) e 7/2 (d) e3'2
Solution. Here, lim (2*2 -9x + Sf* (2 *- 7) (1°° form)
lim {
7t->7/2
lim (2i2 - 9* + 7) • cot
*-* 7/2
4i-9
lim
' sec2 (2i - 7 ) 2
=e
log x .
Illustration 72 The value of lim tan — + log x is equal to
V4
(a) e (b) e^1
(Oe 2 (d)V2
i
Solution. Here:, lim tan — + log x (1" form)
*-»H U
\ 2 tan (log *) 1
tan (log *nlog !1 - tan (log *)} log j
1 -tan(log x)J
2 lim
tan (log*) i
1 -tan (log x) =
Hence, (c) is the correctanswer.

2m
Illustration 73 The value of lim sin — + cos — * is equal to

i *->o V m m)
(a) e (b) 1
(c) e-1 j!j (d) e2
2m
Solution. Here, lim sin — + cos — * (1°° form)

*-»oV m mj
2m
= ,lim. <[i ,+ \n
( .—*+ cos 3* 11, ,
*-»o I V rn m
,. 2m ( . x 3x ^}
lim - sin — + cos -- 1
_ g*-»o x \ m )
„ ( 1 ( *} 3 . 3 *
2m — cos — -- sin —
,. \m \mj m m
2mi
Illustration 74 The value of lim (a > 0, b > 0) is equal to

n-»°° ^ O J
(a) tf6 (b) VE

(c) Vfe (d) Vo
Solution. Here, lim I ° ~ 1+ I (1°° form)

n -* - ^ a J
.. , V6-lV ton f^ft-

= lim 1 + - - 1
lim ~ lim
_g»-»-a 1/n _ g » - > - a -1/n
(5) Miscellaneous Forms

(a) 0° form When lim f(x) # 1 but f(x) is positive in the neighbourhood of x = a.
x-* a
In this case, we write {f(x)}e (*> = elog« (W("

lim g(x)loge f(x)
Chapter5:-Limits 375
Illustration 75 Evaluate lim (sin xf .
*-><>*
Solution. Let A = lim (sin xf
*->o +
=> log A = lim x log (sin x)
x~->0+
log (sin x)
log A = lim
1
-•cos*
, sin a:
= lim
*~><r _
x2
x2
= - lim x2cotx =- lim — — = 0
x -»o+ x -> o+ tan x
=» A =l or lim (sinarf =1
Illustration 76 Evaluate lim (cosec xf.

*->0
Solution. Let A = lim (cosec xf (°°° form)
i A T i / \- log (cosec a;) (<*> \g A = lim x log (cosec *) = lim

i-»0 *->0 1 v°° /
~x
—:—— • (- cosec x cot x)
= lim ^2?^f__— (By LHospital's rule)
= lim —— =0 .-. log A =0 or A = 1

* -> o tan jc
lim (cosec a;)1 =1
Illustration 77 Evaluate lim exl°sx.
Solution. Let A = lim e*log
log A = lim — log e = lim —— I — form I

*->Ojclog* x-*Q log X
= ,.lim -Vx2 = — oo
*->'o IIx
loge A = - oo
or limexlogx=0
*-»o
niustration 78 Evaluate lim I*!8111*.
Solution, lim \xI8inx = lim esin*los<'*' =e"°cose"

lim —
,~o -cosecxcot x ^ Applying L'Hospital's rule)
_ *-»o xcosx _ *->o \ ) (<x>sx

— —
= e-tt)2
Illustration 79 Solve lim Iog sinx sin2ac.

x->0+
Solution. Here, lim logsin ^ sin 2x
x->(T
log sin 2x /-
= lim form
*->o + log sin a:
= lim -^- (Applying L Hospital s rule)

+
cos a;
sinx
N
I cos 2x
= lim
JL_ cos a:
)
cos 2x ,
= lim =1
*-»o + cos a;
niustration 80 Solve lim (sin*)*"11.

*->o +
Solution. Here, lim (sin*)4""* (0° form)
i-» 0+
Let A= lim (sinx)tana:

i-*0 +
Taking log on both the sides, we get

logc A = lim tana: log (sin x)
*->o +
log (sin x) i -— .
= lim form
c-^0 + COtX V oo )
Applying I/Hospital's rule,

1
COS X
= lim Sln-^—5— = lim - sin x • cos x = 0
*-»o + — cosec x x->o*
log c A=0
A =e ° = l = > A = l
Illustration 81 Evaluate lim (nnf/n.

n —> °°
Solution. Here, A = lim (nn)2/n (°o° form)
n —» <*>
2 log (Tin) f<x>
log A = lim - — form
ra->°° 71 V°»
2--U
= lim —S3— (By L'Hospital's rule)
n->°° 1
= lim - = 0 .-. log e A=0 => A=l
e
Illustration 82 Evaluate lim —
' n - » ~ I Jt
Solution. Here, A = lim —

p (~° form)
log A = lim — log —

n->~ n ^ 71
Tiloge-logTt ,~
= lim -- — form
log e — 0
= lim —5- (By L'Hospital's rule)
e
log A = 1 => A = e or lim — =e
B - » ~ l TC
Illustration 83 Solve lim (1 + a:)J: e

i-»o a;
c i ,•
Solution. TT
Here, i-
lim
*-»o
log (i +*) I
~^~ -1
_
i = iim
.. e{eM -1}
= lim -- lim
*-»o M z->o
log(l + a;)
where Af = —- -- 1
_ i
.. e-{eM-l} 1 +x
= lim hm —
= e x 1 x lim
Target Exercise 5.5

1. If a and p are roots of ax2 + bx + c-Q, then the value for
(a) «*•<«- P> (b) e a<a - 3)
(c) e"3" (a ~ P) (d) None of these

2. The value of lira ((15)" + [(1 + 0.000 1)10000]")1'", where [ • ] denotes the greatest
n -> oo
integer function is
(a) 1 (b) \
(c) Doesn't exist (d) 2
_(i + x^lx '
e
3. The value of lim —-- , is
*-*o tan*
(a)e - (b)£
(c) - (d) None of these
2
. The
4. ™. value, of.,lim -— - ... , is
*->o^ n
(a) (n!)"/n
(b) n!
(c) a n!
(d) Doesn't exist
5. If lim (1 + ax + bx2)2/x = e3, then the values of a and b, is
*->o
(a) a = , 6 6 f l
(b) a = 6eB
t.t
(c) aeR,beR
Use of Standard Theorems/Results

Theorem-1 (Sandwich/Squeeze Play Theorem)
General The Squeeze Principle is used on limit problems where
the usual algebraic methods, factorisation or algebraic
manipulation etc.) are not effective. However, it requires
to "squeeze" our problem in between two other simpler
function, whose limits can be easily computed and equal.
Use of Squeeze principle requires accurate analysis,
indepth algebra skills and careful use of inequalities.
Statement If /, g and h are 3 functions such that f(x) S g(x) < h^x)
for all x in some interval containing the point x = c and if
lim f(x) = lim h(x) = L
(0,1)
Fig. 5.13
Then, lim g(x) = L

x—»e
From the figure note that lim g(x) = 1
Point to Consider ' ' '-,;-i^^ ••"'•'• -• T

The quantity c may be a finite number, + oo or - oo. Similarly, L may also be finite
number, + oo or - oo.
Examples on Sandwich Theorem

O
Illustration 84 Evaluate lim x3 cos —
2 2
Solution. -l<cos-<l, -* 3 <* 3 cos-<x 3 f o r x > 0
2
and
x
where lim x cos — = 0, as in both the cases limit is zero.
*-»o x
_. , ,. __ _, , , x2(2 + sin2 x)
»~ x + 100
2x2 2
Solution. , asO<sin2x<l
x + 100 x + 100 k+ 100
lim • < lim-

100
lim
x + 100
Illustration 86 Evaluate lim I —5 + —5—— + —5—- + .... + •

n +3 n +n
Solution. Let f ( n ) = -^— + -£— + ~-~ + .... + 2

«2 + 1 n +2 ? r + 3 » +n
Note that /"(/i) has n terms which are decreasing.
Suppose, h(n) = " + " + -5^—r + ....+ ? , , «terms
2 2 2 ^
[Obviously /•(«)< A (re)]
and g(i)= -2 — + -5 — + -5 — + •••• + -5 — re terms

+n n +n n* + n n' +
2
[Obviously g(re) < f(n)]
n +n
Hence, g(n) < f ( n ) < h(n)
Since, lim g(n) = 1 = lim h(n)
n—>°° rt—»oo
Hence, using Sandwich theorem lim /"(«) = !

n-»<x>
Illustration 87 The value of the lim — — (a * 0) (where [ • ] denotes the

*->oa L*J
greatest integer function) is equal to
(a)a (b)6 (c)- (d)l--
a a
Solution, *-l<\*]<*
x LX] x
Case I For->0
,. (b ,}x \b~\x .. b x
hm — 1 — < - — < lim --- ,
*->ova; ) a [_x]a
_ *^><>x a
Using Squeeze play theorem = —
a
Case II For-<0
,. (b i}x ["&lx . . . b x
lim ! — > — — > hm
x-*o\x ja \_x]a x-tox a
Using Squeeze play theorem = —
a
,. x\b]
lim. — b
— =—
x^>Qa\_x] a
Theorem-2 (Limits of Trigonometric Functions)

If x is small and is measured in radians, then
,. sin a; , ,. x ,. ,. sin"1^ ,. x
lim = 1 = hm = lim xcosec* = hm = hm q
*->o
Proof Consider a circle with unit radius.
Area of AOAP < Area of sector OAF < Area of AOAT
T
tanx
Fig. 5.14
sina; a; tana:
(0<a;<7C/2)
sin a: cos a;
sin x
cosx < <1
Now, using Sandwich theorem lim cos a: < lim ^Lt < 1
*-»9 i-»o+ a:
Obviously, we have lim =1
*->o+ x
, . sin y
Put x = -y, lim -- = 1
•,. sinx = 1
lim -
Hence, ...(i)
The lim always approaches 1 from its left hand ie, 0.9999....
=> lim —- =0, where [ • ] denotes step up function. Note that lim 51M1= i
*^°l * J I, L*- >0 X J
Using Eq. (i), we can deduce

,. tana: , .. a; ,. '
lim = 1 = hm ——- = hm accotac
x->0
x—»0 v
X x-*Q tan v r—»0
tan 1x ,.
= ,.
hm = lim
a;
•" v * x^> o tan } x
4-Q n v ' •'
Note that the lim approaches 1 from RHS
*->o x
=> lim = 1, where [ • ] denotes step up function.
z-^L X J-'
„, . .. «„ „ , ,. [x] + [2x] + [3x]+ ....+[rex]
Illustration 88 Evaluate hm , —-,
»-»•» re
where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution. We know that, x -1 < [x] < x
=j> / 2x-l<[2x]<2x
=» \ 3x-l<[3x]<3x
nx — 1 < [rex] < re*

(x + 2x + 3* + ....+ nx)- n <[x] + [2x] + + [nx]
S(x + 2x + + nx)
xn(n + l)
__ ,. [x] + [2x] + + [rex]

Thus, hm g
,. . ,. . [nx]
lim — 1 + — —: < lim
»-»- 2 v rej re n-*°° re 2
Him i|l +-
n
n-»~ n)
x .. [x] + [2x]+ ..... ..+ [nxl x
— < h m -s- < —
2 »->- n2 2
,. ...... .+ [rex] x
=* hm -§- = -
«^~ re 2 2
Aftter : We know that [x] = x -
....+ [rex]
r=l
= x - { x } + 2 x - { 2 x } + .....
=(x + 2x + 3x^. ..+rex)-({x} + {2x } + ... + {rex})
2
1 V
£ rr !
, *(-,
*T, 1}l"l {a: } + {2x} + ....+{rex}
XLrre]=— 1+ —
re2^ J"2^ rej
Since, 0 < {rx} < 1
lim r 1 = 0
r=l n-»~ n"
n2
,. r=l X
lim s— = —
»-»«• re 2
(b) Use of Newton-Leibnitz's formula in evaluating the limits
Let us consider the definite integral,
/.(*)*
Newton-Leibnitz's formula states that,

IT-
|.rf*
*<
Illustration 89 Evaluate lira [i f V'2 eft —^ + -^ 1

*->oU 5 J ° x4 3x2)
}
Solution, lim
*->o 3*° formJ
Applying L'Hospital's rule,
= lim — 4
Applying Newton-Leibnitz's formula to

.JL(*)_ e -ojL ( o)
dx dx
lim-feii.
I5x4
, 3e-**-3 + O f ^
= hm --. -formj
= lira -s—- (Again, apply L'Hospital's rule)

*-+o 60*
.. ,.
= hm -5-- = hm
*->o 60*s *ô
*-»o -x2 10 10
Olustration 90 Evaluate lim

*-»"o x3 - 6*
fX o
x - I cos f at ,^ >.
Solution, lim £ I _ form
^-*o * 3 -ft«; U J
Applying L'Hospital's rule, we get
Applying Newton-Leibnitz's rule to

— (cos r)
z dt = cos (or)-1
2 -0
dx J o
1 ["cost2 dt
i. nrJ0
lim ^^~
*ô 3x -6
1-cosU 2 ) 1-cosO 1-1
= lim
3(* 2 -2) 3(0-2) 3(-2) -6
J* cos*2 eft
Illustration 91 Evaluate lim —-. [IIT JEE 1997]
*->o xsinx
Solution. Applying Newton-Leibnitz's rule,
. cos(x 2 ) 2 -{2x}-0 . 2cosx4 2cosO 2 ,
lim -- = lim --T-.-r- = - = - = 1
*->o # cos x + sin x *->o (sinx\1 1 + 1
COS X ~r
\
(c) Summation of series using definite integral as the limit

1 v(x) ( r\
The expression of the form, lim — Y / " — ] = [ f(x)dx,
n^°°nr=^(X) vny J a
where (i) I is replaced by [ , (ii) — is replaced by x,
1
(iii) — is replaced by dx, (iv) To obtain, a = lim
n n-»°°
, , v V(«)
and b = lim -
n-»°° n
The value so obtained is the required sum of the given series.
1 2n
Illustration 92 Evaluate lim - £ -. [IIT JEE 1997]
, 2n
Solution. Here, lim — ,y-7= dividing numerator and denominator
-\ v
+r
both by n, we get
i 2n ,
,. 1 -t- r/n
r 1 2n b
Put — = x; — = dx; lim V = f
n n n - > o o r =i
where a = lim — =0 and b = lim — =

,. 1 ^ r/n
lim — ^ .
' l r =1^/1 +(r/n) 2
Illustration 93 Evaluate lim I " „ +-
Solution. Let S = lim | —5'* 5- H—5 5- + .... +«^—5-^-

+. -\1 «* i
n +O^2 i
n +,
(dividing numerator and denominator both by n)

1 " 1
= lim — y
1 n ^
Replace — =*; — = dx; lim Y =f
n n n-»-r'7i J °
We get, lim — V
-
4
t
Illustration 94 The value of lim —-\s equal to
«-»~ \nn )
(a) i (b) e (c) e2 (d) \
[nnî
, . ,. 1 , (n (n-l) (re -2) 3 2 1
log A = lim — log —
n n n n n
-I n-l (n _ r \
= Urn - £ log = f l-\og(l-x)dx=-l
n->~> n r=Q \ ) J0
=* loge'A = -1 => A = e 1
2n 4
Illustration 95 The value of lim ~ 5n"+l is equal to

n
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) - (d) e ?'5

\e
,. ( r e H s n ' + i ,. fre!
lim I —r I = hm -i I —
As lim I -^ = - and lim

e n^~ 5nb + 1 5
L

\t Exercise 5.6
1. The value of lim -^(U2* + !2] + [22* + 22] + ... + [n2x + re2]), is (where [•]
«-><» n
denotes the greatest integer function.)
x 1
a 3 3
(c)- + i (d) None of these
3 3
2. The value of lim lim ^ ^"'îf—-'' »' — ;is (where
x->~> ^ n - > ~ n J
[ • ] denotes the greatest integer function.)

, . x sinx ... x . . vc
)3+~3~ (b)- + (smxf
(c) - (d) 0
O
J x \t-l\dt
3. The value of lim , is
*-»r sin(*-l)
(a) 0 (b) 1
n ( K\
4. The value of lim I log 1 + — , is
(a) log, Qj (b) log, f j

(c) Iog c 4 (d) None of these
5. The value of lim — + H + ... + — , is
n-»°°^rea na +1 na + 2 nb)
(a) log f f \) log f-

vo/' Va
(c) log (aft) (d) None of these
Worked Examples
Type 1 : Subjective Type Questions

Example 1 Solve lim 1 + — , n > 0.
Solution. Here, lim 1+ — , n > 0

x
lim x lim :
=e ...(i)
Now,
lim |!H
1• -I •*•
=g v—4
* =e
U
xn)
1 V lim -i^- 1
if n lim 11 + 4-1 =e'^~~ (•/ M - 1 > 0)
if n lim |1 + — I =e'
iy Um lim
e, n =1
lim 1 + -4- = 1, rc > 1
0 < ra < 1
n -,
Example 2 Solve lim ^ — |, where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer.
Solution. We knpw, (sum of re terms of GP)

r=l 1——
2
which tends to one, as n —» °° but always remains less than one.

n -,
Thus, —r = 0,' as re —> =x> /. lim y- =o
/j or '
r=l Z
Example 3 Solve
?/r +2" +S/2" +3" +mn +4" +... m
lim lim \ —> M n —> oo
m
Solution. Here,
ln +2" + 2 ' 1 +3 n + 3 " +4 n +...+ (m-l) n
lim lim
388 Differential Callus
1 + 2", -\^ +1
3
= lim • lim
n-> oo m
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . .. + m
= lim
|,-l i Ôaan-^-l -,Oa S n ^ -5...;! m —> 0 as n —» oo
m(m + 1)
= lim
m->~ 2m
= lim - 1 + — = -
T -,
!l n +2" + 2 " +3" + 3 " +4" +...+ (m-

lim lim
m —> ™ n —»°° 771
1
2
Example 4 Evaluate lim — , a e R+.
Solution, lim —, a e R+
"-><*> n \t
< a < X + 1 where X € 7+
a" (a-o-o-o- -a)(a-a-a- -a)
n\- .-X)-
a" a x a a a
n! ' X! X + l X + 2 n
Here, a a a a
X + 1 X + 2 X +3 , n
n-X
=a^ a x [ a
"n!<
a
Also, <1
X +1
n-X,
lim . =0
»-»~ X + l
Using Sandwich theorem, we can say that
lim — = 0, a e R+
Chapter 5.-Limits 389
Example 5 Evaluate lim 1 + — 1+ — 1 + — , where a , = l and

»-»H aj( a a
an —
Solution, lim
n —> °°
We know, an ...(i)
= lim a"+ 1 = hm ^^ [using Eq. (i)]

n-*°° (re + 1)! «- > °° n \ lim — + ^- 1 = lim I — + —-— + C'ra"1
[using Eq. (i)]
! nl n->
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim — H --- 1 -- + . . . . H -- + —i- —
l ( n - D ! (n-2)! (2)! 1! 1
=e A e = ,l + — + — + — +
As
1! 2! 3!
Example 6 If jds + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all *, yeR and f ( l ) = l, then evaluate
Solution. Here, f(s: + y) = /"(x) + /Xy) '

A2) = /•(!) + AD = 2
f(x) = x, forallxsR
/"(tan x) = tan *, /"(sin at) = sin x
9/Xtan *) _ Q/^tsin x) <ân x — 9sin
lim = lim
*->o sinx
2 sin^
s i n ^ t{2
an»r-8in^ _1}
- sin X
= lim
*->o sinx-x tan x - sin x
osin;c
= hm - x -= x2 sm3c
* -» o tan x - sin x [ x sin x
tan x - sin i
• - COS X -SI
= lim
1
x 2s
* -> o tan x - sin x x cos x
— i' _ lnx
x 2 smx x
x-»o tanx-sinx 4(x/2f cosx
Example 7 Evaluate
lim n~n
n —> °°
Solution, lim n'"2 \(n + 1)1 n + ^ 1... I n +
= lim
n+
= lim n+ 2 2"'1
71
V /
(T form)
2n
2n
-t \* /" -t \, 1 ) 2 ,
I 1+— • 1+
2n)
.... 1 +
=e l . e l / 2 . e l / 4 .
Using lim 1 + — =e
I
(1+1/2 + 1/4 + )
=e
Example 8 Find L = lim —^ -^-^—-, where a, b, c, d, e and k are constants

dxq
and p >0, q >0.
Solution. Here, lim

da;9 + ea;'
= lim ...U)
k/x9}
Now, we have to consider all the we have to consider all the three cases because
which one of these p and q is greater, is not given, three cases because^ which one of
these p and q is greater not given. v
Case I p > q
b c
x x fSince, p-q >0
= lim xp~q
e k rP~9. as x —>
1=
CaseII p-q
A _L
°Wj a
= lim
Caselll p<q
6 c
Since, p-q <0
= lim
oo, when p > q and ad > 0

- oo, when p>q and od < 0
ox + +c
Hence, lim
dxq + ex"'2 + k ' —, when p = q
d
0, whenp<q
Example 9 If a and p be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0, then
evaluate
1 - cos (ax2 + bx + c)
lim ----H- .
1 - cos (ax2 +ftjc+ c)

Solution, lim
(x-a)2
1 - cos a (x - a)(x -
g
*-»« (a; - a)
[As a, p are roots of a*2 + bx + c :. ax2 + bx + c = a(x- a)(x - p>]
2sin 2 a(a:-a)(x-p)/2
= lim
(*-or
-P) 2 /4
= lim \2
i-» a (x-a)
sinate-aMx-p)^ 2 a 2
«-»a^ v a(x-a)(x-p)/2 )
= ^ a 2 (a - p) 2 =ia 2 {(a + P) 2 - 4ap}

4 '" -, £i
â?\\-
- 0-\£ (As a, p are roots of ax2 + bx + c - 0)
2
_ 4c
"2°
ia 2 (6 2 -4ac) 1
sin [x]
Example 10 I f f M = - ' f ° r W "°
0, for[x] = <
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then lim f(x).
x -> 0
Solution. Here, limit can be calculated only after removing greatest integral
function (ie, [x])
(LHLatx=0)
,. ,, , ,. sinfx] sin[0-/i]
= hm f(x)= hm = hm
*_><>-' *->o- [x] /»->o [0-h]
= lim = sin 1 (As -1 < [0 - h] < 0 /. [0 - h] = -1 ie, [x] * 0)
Again, (RHL at x = 0)
[sin [x]
lim f ( x ) = lim Q As
+ -
0,
=0
lim f(x) = 0 Here,0<[0 +h]<l .: [x] =0 => f(x) = (
So, lim f ( x ) * lim f(x)

x -> 0" ic -» 0+
Thus, limit doesn't exist.
Example 11 Evaluate a, b, c and d.

If hm ( - * 4 + ox3 + 3x2 + bx + 2 -x* + 2X3-cx2+3x-d) =
Solution. Here, lim (^x4 + ox3 + 3x2 + bx + 2 - Jx4 + 2xs - ex2 + 3x - d) =4

(oo — oo form)
Rationalising
(a - 2)x3 + (3 + c)*2 + (b - 3)x + (2 + d)
=> lim
+ ax3 + 3x2 + bx + 2 + -Jx4 + 2x3 - ex2 + 3x - d
Since, limit is finite, the degree of the numerator must be 2. So, a - 2 = 0 ie,a =2.
=> lim —f=
ax 3 + x2 + bx
x + 2 + x 4 + 2x3 - ex2 + 3x - d
On dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 . We get,
(3 + c) + (b-3)/x + (2 + d)/x2 3 +c
lim , -1 =-
a 3 b 2 f 2 c 3 cT 2
+ - + ~2+ — + — + 1 + --- + — 3 -- 4
x a;'' x 3 x 4 V x x2 x3 x 4
3 +c
Given, - =4 => c=5 .-. c=5, a =2
^
Hence, a = 2, c = 5 and b, d are any real numbers.

_ gl
Example 12 Let f ( x ) = . Find the set of points a, where
x3 -
lim fW doesn't exist.
JC-» a
Solution. We write, f(x) = -
-1, x<1
' 1, l<x<2
/•(*) = -I, 2<x<3 (Leaving x = 1,2,3 as denominator * 0)
1, x>3
Using Wavy-curve method, as shown in figure
— 1 2 ~ 3
ie, when* >3,

\(x- l)(x-2)(x -3)\=(x-l)(x :-2)(x-3)
when 2 < x <3,
\(x- l)(x-2)(x _ 3 ) | = -(*-l)(x-2)(x-3)
when 1 < x < 2,
\(x- l)(x-2)(x -3)| = + ( x - l ) (x-2)(x-3)
when x < 1,
\(x- l)(x-2)(x -3)| = - ( x - l )(x-2)(x-3)
-1, X< 1
1, l<x<2
Thus,
fM = '-1, 2<x<3
1, x>3
Shows limit exists at all points except at x = 1,2, 3.
Graphically, this is shown in given figure.
1 2
Which shows limit doesn't exist at x = 1,2,3.

Example 13 Let the rth term, ^ of a series is given by ^. = 5 j- Then find

1 + r 2 + r4
n
the value of lim Y ^.
n-> oo ~
r if 2r 2r
Solution. Here, ^. =
r2 + r4 2 r 2 ) 2 -(r 2 )
II 2r
J_
' 2 ( (1 + r 2 + r)(l + r 2 - r ) j 2 ( l + r 2 - r 1 + rff+r
1 ( 1 1
...(i)
Thus, *r n
2 1 + 0 1+2 2 3
1 1 1(1 1
2{l + 2 1 + 2-3 2\3 7
1(1 1
217 13; 2 ^ 7 13
lim ...01)
n^~
Hence, lim =ifl--
r=l
Example 14 Solve lim ]T cot'1
Solution. Here, lim Ycot"1

n _i rvi "^
r=l
= lim = lim 2r

Miller - Calculus For The Clueless - Calc II

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Limits

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

Left hand point

Mathematically, we write this, as

\f(x)- l\<e V x whenever 0< I x- o|<8 and e and 8 sufficiently small

(c) When the left tendency and/or

For example lim — = < » v

Frequently Used Series Expansions

13. (sin-1.;)2 =^x2 + —x4 + 2'*"^* x6 + .....

\PointtoConsider • ' • • • ' . '.".„'. , - ^ y ' ' , .,••,, ^y', ''•

Infinity (°o) oo is a symbol and not a number. It is a symbol for the

Left Hand and Right Hand Limits

LHL off (x)at x = 4

Thus, RHL * LHL. So, lim f(x) does not exist.

= lim 4(1 + A)3 -3 (1 + h)= 4(1)3 - 3 (1) = 1

Solution. Let A*) = T7j • Then,

[as A ^ 0 => -> oo ^g1 -^ <*> => l/ g 1 l ^ 0 ] ...(i)

[Dividing numerator and denominator both by e1/A]

Clearly, lim /(*)# lim /(*)

Hence, lim ^Cx) doesn't exist.

Illustration 4 Evaluate lim ^-——-—— [IIT JEE 1998]

Solution, lim -- = lim

Hence, lim f (x) doesn't exist.

Illustration 5 Solve (i) lim [Sin l x] (ii) lim (iii) lim

lim [f] => 1-1 = 1

(ii) Here, lim+

lim [« = [--! =[-1.57] = -2

(ii) Here, lim

=> i —> 1+ as * —> 0 (ie, As * —> 0 - /i => < ^ 1 + /i)

lim+ [sin(sin~1 x)]

(ii) lim [snT^sinx)]

=> lim [x] => £ -

and lim [cot*] = lim [£] = -=><> (vcotx = t =>t—>-°°asx —» 0~)

.'. Limit doesn't exist.

Illustration 10 Solve lim sin — , where [ . ] denotes the greatest

Solution. Here, lim sin — , since we have greatest integral function we

We know, —> 1 as h —> 0 but less than 1.

Again, LHL (put x - 0 - h) lim sin ——

Illustration 11 Solve lim ——— , where [•] denotes greatest integer

Illustration 13 The value of lim - = — is equal to

Target Exercise 5.1

(2) Trigonometric Limits

Then, differentiate numerator and denominator till this form is

But, if it again take form — or — I , then

= lim(*-2) (As* -1*0)

So, applying L'Hospital's rule,

„ , . a:3 - x2 log a: + log x - 1

= 1 + 1 + 1-^(1 + 1) log 1 = | (As log 1=0)

Illustration 17 Let f(x) be polynomial of degree 4 with roots 1, 2, 3, 4 and

Illustration 18 Evaluate lim

(c) Based on standard formula

lim f(x)=lim (x"-1 + ax"-2 + a V ~ 3 + ...+ a""1)

=3(2) 3 - 1 ' | As lim — = n-a

Illustration 20 Evaluate ton

, i^-1 { / x - D <* 3 / a -l)

Illustration 21 Evaluate lim

Dividing numerator and denominator by (x-1), we get

x 3 + ....+ x p )-(l + 1 + 1 + ...... uptoP times)

.. f ( x - l ) (x 2 -!) (x 3 -!) (xp-l)

Solution. Here, A (0) = 0

Illustration 23 The graph of function 'y = f(x) has a unique tangent at

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

Target Exercise 5.2

13. (sin-1.;)2 =^x2 + —x4 + 2'"^ x6 + .....

Clearly, lim /()# lim /()

= lim(-2) (As -1*0)

Dlustration 47 Evaluate lim lt>g (5 + >' Iog (5 ~ >