Chapter 5:: Limits 395

•A _i I (r2 + r)-(r2 — r
• lim > tan 5 —5—
n~*°°r~L ^l + (r + r ) ( r —

= lim ^

= lim [(tan'1 2 - tan"10) + (tan"1 6 - tan"12) + (tan'112 - tan'16)

n —> ***

+ ...+ {(tan~1(re2 + n)- tan"1 (n2 - n)}]

n-»">
= tan~1(~)-tan-1(0) =-

lim J,cot 1
r =1

Example 15 Let (tana)* + (sina);y = a and (a cosec a )x + (cosa);y = l be two

variable straight lines, a being the parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of
the lines. In the limiting position when a -> 0. Then, find the point of intersection of
straight lines. ^__—--~~~~~
Solution. Here, two straight lines (tan a) x + (sin a) y = a and
(a cosec a ) x + (cos a ) y = 1 have their point of intersection, as
i ' / a cos a - sin a , a - x tan a
' x=
7 sin a -a sin a
,, / , ^^ —
.•; when a -» 0, we obtain the point P.
. ,. ,. a cos a -sin a (Q „ "\ lim x = lim — -
a -» o a -> o sin a - a \Q )
.. -a sin a + cosa-cosa \. , . - , „ , . . .
= lim -.- (Applying L Hospital s rule)
a -> o cos a - 1
a 2 sin — cos —
,. -asma ,. V 2 2
= hm 5 = hm —- —
« - » o _ 2 sin2 a/2 «^o 2sin 2 -
2
2a

tan
2
. . ,. a-a; tan a
Again, as lim y = hm
a->0 a->0 sin a

,. i a ac 1i ,.,. aa ,.,. x
= lim == lim hhm
cos a j « -»o sin a «
= 1-2 I As lim x =2
a-> 0
lim v = -1
a->0^
Hence, in limiting position, P (2, -1).
396 Differential Calculus

Example 16 Let a = min {x2 + 2x + 3, x e R} and b = lim 5—. Then, the

9->0 Q*
n:_
value of ^ ar • b" ~r.

Solution. Here, a = min [x2 + 2x + 3, x e R}

ie, x2+2x + 3 = x2 + 2*+ 1 + 2 =(x + lf+2
a is minimum when x = — 1 ie, a =2
, ,. 2sin 2 6/2 2 sin 2 6/2 ,. 2 sin 2 0/2 1
Agam, 6 = to—^^ = h^---^^ = Inn---^^ =-

Hence, f a r 6"~ r = fjJT {!)" "

r=0 r=0 ^Z/
i

=* 2n

1 f 1 (4" + : - 1)1 4" + 1 - 1

JL J ±^Z ^L = [je sum Of ( n + 1) terms of GP]
2" I 4-1 I 2" x 3

r=0

Example 17 Find a polynomial of least degree, such that

•a/*
lim |1 - ~ ' /v~'' -- 2
^2

Solution. Now, lim 1 1 + — .

x
T t Y
=L (say)

exists only when lim ^ =0 [It converts to 1°° form]

So, the least degree in f(x) is of degree 2.

ie, f(x) = a^c2 + a3x3 +....
2 ,- \
11+ s =e2

=e
,. x2 2+f(x)
hm - - = 2

=2

=> a 2 = - l , a 3 = 2 and a 4 , a 5 are any arbitrary constants. Since, we want

polynomial of least degree.
Hence, f(x) = -x2 +2xa
 Chapter5.-Limits 397
Example 18 Find the value of a, b and c such that
axe* — b log (1 + x) + cxe
lim s-
-> o x sin a:
Solution. Using the expansion, we have

lim -- - = 2
,
x''a x --
*3 + *--
5
.....
3! 5!
b
— -c +x _ _ _ + -
o
lim - ---'--,- =2
X X 1
3! 5!
Now, above limit would exists, if least power in numerator is greater than or equal
to least power in denominator.
ie, Coefficient of x and x 2 must be zero and coefficient of x 3 should be 2.
ie, a - b + c=Q,a + c = 0. + -=2
2 2 3 2
On solving, we get a = 3, 6 = 12, c = 9

Example 19 Evaluate lim cos f- j cos f- j cos f- j cos f-^-j.

Solution. Here, lim cos — cos =- cos — cos — I cos —

n^~ V2"J l2n-V \.8J \4J \
We know, cos A cos 2A cos 22A cos 2" -1A =
2" sin A
Thus, lim cosl^-lcosl^rl cos f * |cos f * ]cos
X
sin 2"
= lim ¥r4r = lim
.

» ,.
=smx- hm

sin*
= -- lim

x . ... sine ,
1 n —> «=,, -- > 0 and hm - = 1
x [ 2"" e-^o e
sinx
398 Differential Calculus

Example 20 If x is a real number in [0, 1]. Then, the value of

lim lim [1 + cos 2m (/i! roc)].
771—> °° H— > •

Solution, x is a real number \inI x[0,e 1], thus we number)

Q (rational have two \s
cases xeither,
€ Q, we have *=0, -,-,- ..........

Zt o 4

which shows (n \) is integral multiple of n for large values of n

cos(n !rac)= ± 1
Thus, lim lim [1 + cos2m(n, ! roc)]
771 —> oo n —» oo

= lim lim (1+1)

m-> oo n-> oo

=2
Case II x £ Q (irrational number)
A8*«Q,wehave ^= ,-L,-L, ...........

which shows (n ! nx) is not an integral multiple of n and so, cos (n !roc)will lie
between -1 and + 1.
Thus, lim lim [1 + cos2m(/i !ra;)]
m —> oo 71 —> oo

lim lim [1 + (a value between - 1 and + l)2m ]

m —> oo n —* °°
lim {1 + 0} [AsO<^ <1 =$ x°° = 0]

Thus, lim lim [1 + cos («!rac)] =

m—> oo n —> oo

Example 21 Let [ • ] represent the greatest integral function less than or equal to
x. Then, find the value of lim +

Solution. We know, n < [x] < n + 1 => [x] = n

n sin x
Here, > n, as x —> 0 but less than n.
x
n tan x
Also, > n, as x —> 0 but more than n.
x
Thus, ra-l<[^ll<n,as*-»0 => Hl^EffLn-i
L % J L 3c J
. f/itanxl rratanxl
Again, /i < < /i +1, as a; -> 0 =* =n
L * J L * J
_., f[nsinx~\n tan
Thus, lim + =(7i-l) + (n) =(2ra-l)
* ~*" vL x J |_ x
nsvcix~ n tan ac
lim
i-»oU a; J I x
 Chapter 5.: Limits 399

Example 22 Solve lim U2-x + Jl + x ] , where a e 0, - and [ ] denote the

x->o L 2J

greatest integer function.

Solution. Here, lim [J2-X + Jl + x] and we know, we could only apply limit
x->a v

after defining greatest integral function.

Thus, finding range of U2 - x + Jl + x] when x e 0, - L
L ^J
le, Let
* T 4-
f(x) = j4 — x+Ji + x
ff**\O *• -i /I _i_ ...

For range f (x) = -1 -

A

/" (x ) will be the +ve for ^/2-x >

/"'(*) will be +ve for 2 - x > 1 + *.
/" (* ) will be +ve for 2* < 1.

"(x) will be increasing for x < -.

which shows range of f(x) is [1 + V2, V6] when jc e 0, -

L 2J

=> lim [J2-a; + Jl + x] = lim 2 = 2

*-»0 V I->0

Example 23 Evaluate

-1 + J(tan x - sin x) + J (tan x - sin x) + J(tanx -sinx)+ ....~

lim • : v
/ ° -l+Jx3+-^X3+Jx3 + oo

Solution. Let y = J(tan x - sin x) + ^(tanx - sin x) + J(tan x -sin x)+.... <
- y - (tan a; - sinx)=0

-sina:)4
[Asy>0] ...(1)

Again, let + y]X + °°

Z = Jx3 =* Z2-Z-a:3=0

[AsZ>0] ...(ii)
-1 + J(tan x — sin a:) + J (tan a; - sin *) + ....<
lim ?!
-1 + * + * + +
400 Differential Calculus
I 1 +../I+ 4 (tan*-si
-1 + i 2.
= lim =v [FromEqs. (i)
-1 +

-1 + Jl + 4(tanx - sin x)
= lim --- -

Rationalising numerator and denominator, we get

4 (tan x - sin x)(l + Jl + 4*3)
lim

= lim

sin a: (1 - cos a;) l + 4*3)

= lim =
cos a;

sin* 2sin2 | 1 1 + 4*3)

== lim
->0T X 4X COSX

1 , (1 + 1) 1
-1 + J(tan x - sin x) + ^ (tan x - sin x) + ^(tan x - sin x)+....>
lim

1
"2

v i o>n7 i A i- cos 2 (l-cos 2 (l-cos 2 (l...cos 2 9)) )

Example 24 Evaluate lim
sin
+ 4 - 2)
e
„ , ... , cos 2 (l-cos 2 (l-cos 2 (l...cos 2 9)) )
Solution, lim -, —— r
8^0 ^7c(-/9 + 4 - 2 ) ^
sin
9

, cos2 (sin2 (sin2 (sin2 9)) )

= lim 7 ,
«^o frefJeT4-2)
sin
9
, cos2 (sin2 (sin2 (sm29)) )
= lim -
6^0
,. -, 9
sin 7t lim
6-^09(^/9
cos2 (0)
sin —
 Chapter 5.: Limits 401

Example 25 Solve lim an when an + 1= J2 + an, n =1,2,3,...

n —> o°
Solution. Here, lim an = lim an +i
7t —» oo n -» oo

So, let Z = lim an = lim an + 1

n —> oo n —> 0°

I = lim a n + ! = lim J2 + a n
re-> oo n-> oo

or Z = ,/277 v lim a n = I

=> Z2=2 + Z => Z 2 - Z - 2 = 0

=> (Z-2)(Z+1) = 0 ie,l=2,—l
lim on =2 or -1 => lim an =2
n —» oo n —> oo

Neglecting lim a n = -1, as an > 0

I n —> oo

Example 26 If c^ =landa n + 1 = -, n >1, then showan + 2 >an + i andifa n

has a limit Z as n —> °°, then evaluate lim an.

Solution. Here, Oj = 1; " "* °°
4 +3 7 ,
a2 = = —> 1
3 + 2 5

Assuming an + 1 >an,
_4 + 3an + 1 4 + 3an

i n + 1 )(3+2a n )-(4 + 3a n )(3+2a r a .

(3+2a n +1 )(3+2aJ

1 a" >o (
(3+2o n + 1 ) ( 3 + 2 a n )

an +2 - a n + l > 0
=* a n + 2 > «n + 1 whenever a n +: > a n
.-. The sequence of values an is increasing and since ax = 1, an > 0, for all n.
Now, let / = lim an = lim a r a + 1

n -> oo 3 + 2a

vlima../

(Neglecting l = -J2, as
402 Differential Calculus

I Point to Consider '" _ """" • , , '^»^:,^£A

Before doing the examples, revise introduction of limits, definition of limits and
Squeeze theorem. j

( " 2 1
Example 27 Show 1 + £ -— -» e2, as n -» <*>. ( For n >6)
I .*=! C*J

n ^
Solution. Let an = 1 + 2 £ —-

•n>6, an=: - + 2-

(n-2)
, 2 (n-2)
< 1+ — +
n nf
^3
6(w-2)
an < 1 + — + —: +
n n(n-l) ra(re-l)(re-2)
10
an< 1 + - + ...(i)
n n(n-l)
" 1 9
Also, a'*n = l + 2Zw
y —>!
n /"» +n/^
-=- ...(ii)

2 i 9« in
j-v
— **re —
n n(n-l)
o\"- 10
10
•- S ojl
ra w(n-l)

lim 11 + -] < lim a" < lim 1 + -i 1 + -

re I re-1

e2 < lim £ 1
U=i
.-. By Squeeze principle for limits,

*=i

Example 28 Solve lim xn, when a;2 = a + xn_i and a:0 = V?.
n —> oo

Solution. Here, x0 = Vo^, x1 =Ja + -Ja, which shows x1 > x0

Assuming xn >xn_1
Jtn_1~a:n_1-a<0

,/4aTI /4a + 1-1

<0
11'-'+
 Chapter 5:: Limits 403
^/4a + 1 + 1
xn-l< £

lim «„_! = lim xn =

n-» oo ra-> oo

Z2-Z-a=0
1± A ,
; since / > 0
1 + , 1 + 4a

jl + 4a + 1
or lim

Example 29 Let alt a2, ...,an be sequence of real numbers with

an +l= a,. + JlTof and a 0 = 0. Prove that lim 2*-!

Solution. Here, a n + 1 =a n + ^1 + af, where let a n =cot(a n )

=> a n + i =cot(a n ) + cosec (an)

cos(a n )+l 2cos2<an/2)

2sin(a n /2)cos(a re /2)
Putting ra = 1,
aj =cot(a 1 )anda 1 =a 0 a02=l
cot(a1) = 1 ora! = —
4
Again, a 2 =cot -catlf

-2 3

a n = cot =- ; put r
U-2"" 1 / 2"'1
cot -
Hence, Um

lim
404 Differential Calculus

Example 30 A square is inscribed in a circle of radius J?, a circle is inscribed in

this square, then a square in this circle and so on, n times. Find the limit of the
sum of areas of all the squares as n -»<*>.
Solution. Let the side of a square, Si be 'a' units.
Then, aj2=2R
R = —= is radius of circle Cj.

If Oj be the side of another square, then

0lV2 = a => a: = J=
/jr ai
02^2=0! =» a 2 = =

So, sum of areas of all the squares,

Sn = a 2 + af + af + ... upto n terms
2 a2 a2
=a + 1- — + ... upto n terms
2 4
= a2 1 H 1 1 h . . . upto re terms
I 2 4 8 P J

_!_
= a2 I 2"
2"
1-

lim Sn = lim 1- -
" 2"

Asre->

2 : Only One Correct Option

Example 31 Let lim =f(a). The value of /"(lOl) equals to
\) 4950 (d) 101

(a) 5050 (b)5151

Solution. Put x = 1 + h
. (l + h
lim

-a-an + a -
A-+0

/•(a) = = 5050

Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

 Chapter5.-Limits 405

Example 32 lim - where n = 100 is equal to

*->i (e -e)sin7DC
, ^ 5050 ... 100 . . 5050 , 4950
(a) - (b) - (c) -- (d) --
TO Tie TO rce
„ , .. . .. nx"(x-l)-(x"-l)
Solution. I = hm -----
*-»i (e -e)sin7cc
Put x = 1 + /i, so that as x -» 1, h -» 0

, , -
i = - lim
h->o
, , n.Wl+"C 1 /i+ n C 2 /i 2
I = - lim
*-»i

re2-"C2 2fi 2 -re(re- 1) n + ft re(n

27ie | 2(7te) 2(jce)
/?;n?;n
If n = 100 =>

Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

Example 33 If lim (1 + x (1 + f-^\\ e3 and f (4) = 64, then k has value

*->o^ V fee /V
(a)l (b)2 (c)4 (d) None of these
i
/ f fi ~\\\~
Solution. Given, lim 1 + x 1 + '—^ 1 T = e 3 '

As,
x->0

kx
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

-cosx)+ (l-cosa:)+ ^(1 -cosx)+ ...... .;<*> j -1

Example 34 lim --^-'-— equals to
*^o x2

(a)0 (b)- (c)l (d)2

/
Solution. Let y = a + a +Ja+". ...... .^ where a = 1 - cos x; as x -» 0, a -^ 0

± Jl + 4a
-- (Neglecting -ve sign, as y can't be -ve)
406 Differential Calculus
/T+4a

Now, 7 1™
x->0
L 2
2 J lim ^'
2-2-a ^
A<- lim ^
i-*ol-cosx
•N
9
}
<x-»0
l^cosx
(l + 4a)-l _0 4
(Rationalising the denominator)
2
1 1
/I + 4a + 1 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

Example 35 Which one of the following statements is true?

(a) If lim (f(x)-g(x)} and lim f(x) exist, then lim g(x) exists.
x-»c x-*c x-*c

(b) If lim (f(x)-g(x)} exists, then lim f(x) and lim g(x) exist.
I-»C X-»C I-»C

(c) If lim {/(a;)+ g( a;)} and lim f(x) exist, then lim g(x) also exists.
x—»c x—»c x—»c

(d) If lim {/"(*) + g( a: )} exists, then lim /(a;) and lim g(x) also exist.
X— > C X —> C JC—»C

Solution, (a) This is false, /"(*) = * ; gOc) = cosecx, now lim (f(x)-g(x)} exists = 1
*->o .• , /
Also, lim f ( x ) = 0 exists but lim MX) doesn't exist.
- -
(b)This is false. Let f be defined as f(x) = *~ . Let g(x) = 0. Then,
iX > 0
= 0 and so lim f(x)-g(x) exists, while lim f(x ) doesn't.
i-»0 i-»0

(c) This is true. Note that g = (f + g) - f. Therefore, by the Limit theorem,

lim g(x) = lim {f(x) + g(x)} - lim f(x)
x—»c x-*c x-*c
(d) This is false.
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

Example 36 If lim [f(x) + g(x)] = 2 and lim [f(x) - g(x)] = 1, then lim f(x)g(x)
3 3 4
(a) need not exist (b) exists and is — (c) exists and is — (d) exists and is —
4 4 3
Solution. Let /(x) + g(jc) = f\x)
f(x)-g(x) = G(x)
Since, lim F(x ) and lim G{x ) exist.
„ ,. , F(x)-CKx)
Hence, lim and lim '- must also exist.
2 x^>a 2
,. F(x) + G(x) 3 , . F(x)-GKx) 1
lim - = — and lim - = -
x->a 2 2 *->o 2 2

- «(*)} =
4

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

 Chapter5.-Limits 407
n i or, ,. 1 i + 2 2 ( n - l ) + 3 2 ( n - 2 ) + . . . . + /i 2 .l .
Example 37 lim -=-5-5-~- is equal to
«^~ ! 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ...... + n3

0 . .. . l 2 n + 2 2 (ra-l) + 3 2 (n-2) +........+ n2{« -(n -1)}

Solution, lim -= --
n->~ Ire3
Numerator = n(l2 + 22 + ...... + n2)-{l-22 + 2-3 2 + 3 - 4 2 + ......
= nZn 2 - I ( r - l ) - r 2 =rcSn 2- i ( r 3 - r 2 )
r=2 r=l

= nlrc2 - [In3 - Sn2] = (re + 1) Sre2 - Sn3

, , (n + 1) I/i2 - &i3
/ = lim -3-

lim
6n(n + 1) w (n + 1)
1-1=1
3 3
Aliter :
-.... - |

! 3 +2 3 +3 3 +....+ «3

I2(n + 1) + 22 (n + 1) +....+ n2 (n + 1)
n -L

* — Q -
Zn3
.. (re-)-l)-n(n , ,
hm -g-5 -- 1 =--1 = —
«^~ „ n2(n + lf 3 3
4
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

rnt"1 (r~a Incr v\e 38 The value of lim / ga ' (a > 1) is equal to
*->•*> sec (a* log^ a)
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) — (d) Doesn't exist
£i

cot"'1
Solution, lim }. xr ^; as lim
sec"

I
and - ---- -> oo (Using L' Hospital's rule)

i..i
2
Hexice, (a) is the correct answer.
408 Differential Calculus
sin y. cos x
Example 39 Let a = min [x2 + 2x + 3, x e R] and b = lim —-— . Then, the
*->o e -e
value of Z arbn ~r is
r =0
QI + I . - I 2" + 1 — 1 2™ — 1 4" + 1 — 1

Solution, a = (x + I)2 + 2 => a = 2

, ,.
6 = lim

2x
n -r
Now, I arbn-r =1.2 {-} = — i 2 2 r = — Z 4r
" "

1_ _l
3-2"
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

Example 40 Suppose that a and b(b * a) are real positive numbers, then the

value of lim has the value equal to

'^°( b~a )
i
alnb-b\na blnb-alna .„
(a) (b) (c) b In 6 - a In a (d) [ —
b-a b-a
Solution. Obviously, limit is of the form 1°°.
-
lim 1 hm
Hence, / =e'"utL »-« J = e '- 0 l t(b~a)

6(6'-l)-a(o' -1)") 61nfc-alna

Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

i^Examplei 41
A* lim
i - cor1 ( Jin -
^-^ is equal to
sec
_ r1
x -1

(a)l (b)0 (c)- (d) non-existent

£i

Solution. As lim Jx + 1 - VS" = 0 => cot^1 (0) = —

x^~ v 2

lim - -> oo ^sec"1 (oo) = — .-J = i

_1 J 2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
 Chapter5.-Limits 409

Example 42 lim cos(nJn2 + n) (when n is an integer) is equal to

(a)l' (b)-l (c)0 (d) Doesn't exist
Solution. I = lim ± cos (nn - n Jn2 + n)

\n — -yn. -i- n » — 11II1 T UUS

f \
1^nj' + ^/n 2 +n
\ J
= lim + cos
n —> «> i i 2
rn + nnv/ 1 +«J
+ 1
r r nj
Aliter : nn \ + —
iY /2
«y 2n. 2^2 J2!n2 ""J
i
= H 71 + - + 1 + ....
2 2l2 J2\n
As n—> °o;
n
lim cos (2ra + D- =0
n^~ I, 2j

Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

Example 43 The value of lim -an -sm_^_ where {x} denotes the

fractional part function

(a) 1 (b) tan 1 (c) sin 1 (d) Doesn't exist
c
Solution, hm
tan(/i -l)-sinA tan(-l)
lim /u)= lim - = - = tanl

TtrT ,. sinl
LHL = hm = sin 1
d-/i)(i-/i-i)
Hence, lim f(x) doesn't exist.

Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

Example 44 lim (-ln({x} + \[x] |)) M is

x-»(T

(a)0 (b)l (c)ln2

Solution, lim (-ln({0-/i}+|[-ft]|)) 1 - / ! }

= lim ( =-ln2 =

Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

410 Differential Calculus
TI i A* , 2 + 2x +
Example 45 hm :— is equal to
* x-*°°(2x+sin2x)esmx
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) non-existent
2 „ sin2x
- + 2+
Solution, lim y^- —^ , as x -> °°
|^oT .

2 1 1
I = lim :— = oscillatory between - and —r => non-existent
x-»-2-e s m * e e"1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

Example 46 The value of lim (cosox)cosec2 bx is

/ \ Q I /i^\ / i \ 26 i ij\v ' (Dje^ ' (c)e v y

lim cosec2 bx (cos ox -1)

Solution. l = e'^~
2
XT ,. 1-coscpt ,. sin2 a* 1 a 2 , -•£-*
Now, -lim y = -lim—= -,-•—y,l = e 2b
*^o sin bx x-*08in. bx 1 + cos ax 2b
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

Example 47 lim Z -5— equals to

n->oor=i n + n + r
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
Solution. Let f ( n ) = —^ + —5 + ....+ —5—
n + n + 1 re +re+2 re +re+re
n -A
Consider ^ .= —g !
g(n) 1—^ 2 + ... + —s »
re + re + w re + re + n re + re + re
_ 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ n _ n(n + l)
n2+2n 2(re 2 +2re)
g(n)<f(n) ...(i)
„ . . , , , , , 1 2 n n(n +1)
Similarly, h(n) = -= + -= + ...+ —, = —-=

f(n)<h(n) ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), #(n) < f ( n ) < h(n)
But lim g(n)= lim h(n) = — -Hence, using Sandwich theorem
n —> •» n —> ™ 2

lim f ( n ) = -
n->=o 2

Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

Example 48 lim (Jn2 + n + l -[Jn2 + « + !]) where [] denotes the greatest

n->~ v "
integer function is
(a)0 (b)l/2 (c)2/3 (d) 1/4
 Chapter 5.: Limits 411

Solution, n <nz + n + 1 <ra+ 1

Hence, [Jn +n + l] = n
n +1 1
I - lim (Jn2 + n + 1 - n) = lim
n i _ V » —i „„

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

n i .in ,. sin2 (x3 + x 2 + x - 3 ) , ,

Example 49 lim 5 has the value equal to
*->! l-cos(* 2 -4x+3)
(a) 18 (b)9/2 (c)9 (d) None of these
„ . . , sin 2 (x 3 + * 2 + x - 3 ) ( x 3 + x 2 + x-3) 2
Solution, lim
( x 3 + x 2 + x - 3 ) 2 l-cos(x 2 -4x + 3)
(x 2 -4x + 3)2
-co8(*a -4x + 3) (*a -4*

where Z = lim (Using L' Hospital's rule)

* -»i 2x -4
= — = -3 /. Z=2(-3) 2 =18
-2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

Type 3 : More than One Correct Options

Example 50 f(x) = 5 , then which of the following can be correct?
a: + x - 2
(a) lim f(x) exists => a = - 2 (b) lim f(x) exists =>a = 13
*->! x-»-2
(c) lim AX) = 473 (d) lim f(x) = -l/3
Solution. f(x) =

As x —> 1, Dr. —> 0 hence, as x —> 1, Nr. —» 0

3 + 2 a + l=0 => a = - 2
As x -» - 2, Dr. -4 0 hence, as x -» - 2, Nr. -> 0
12 -2a + a + l=0 => a=13
XT ,. ,, , v 3x 2 -2x-l .. (3x + l)(x-l) 4
Now, hm /(x) = hm - = lim
(x + 2)(x-l) 3
, (3* +?)(* + 2) 1
Now, - lim - = lim
*->-2 (x + 2)(x-l) x ^ - 2 (x + 2)(x-l) 3
Hence, (a), (b), (c) and (d) are the correct answer.
412 Differential Calculus

Example 51 lim f(x) doesn't exist

x~> c

) = [[*]]-[2*-l],c =3 (b)A*) = [*]-x,c =

sgn*
where [x] denotes step up function and (x} fractional part function.
Solution, (a) lim [[*]]-[2* -1]
*->3

RHL lim [(3 + h)] - [6 + 2h - 1]

A-»0

=> lim (3-5) = -2

A-»0
LHL d lim [[3 -h]] - [6 - 2h - 1]
A->0
As 2<3-h<3 => [3-/i]=2and4<5-2/i<5=»[5-2ft]=4
=» lim(2-4) = -2
A->0
lim /"(*) exists, c = 3
* —» c
(b) lim [x] -X lim+ f(x)= lim [1 + /i]-(l + h)= lim (1 -1 -h) = (
lim f(x)= lim [1 -A]-(l -h)= lim 0-(1 -A) = -l
lim /"(#) doesn't exist.
(c) lim {x}2 - {- x}2
RHL lim {h}2-{-h}2
A-»0
=> lim (h-[h]f-((-h)-[-h]f => lim/i 2 -(-/i + l) 2 ^ -1
A-> 0 A-> 0
LHL lim {- h}2 - {h}2 ^ lim((-h)-[-h]f-(h-[h]f
A->0 A-»0
=> lim (-h + I)2 -(h — O)2 =>1
A->0
lim f(x); c = 0, doesn't exist.
X—> C

,,, ,. tan(sgnjt) tanl , ,

(d) lim => lim f(x)= hm = tanl
> o (sgnac) x-*o+ A-»o 1
.. tan(-l) « v .*
= hm = tanl /. hm f (a;) exists.
A-> 0 —1 *-> 0

Hence, (b) and (c) are the correct answers.

f tan2{x} „ n
, for x > 0
Example 52 Let/"(*) = , for x = 0 where [x] is the step up function
J{x] cot {x} , for x < 0

and {x} is the fractional part function of x, then

(a) lim f(x) = l (b) lim f(x) = l
x->0* x->0
(
(c) cor1 lim
^2
f(x)\1 (d) None of these
 Chapter 5. Limits 413

tan 2 '" ' . 2 ,

Solution. RHL lim f ( x ) = lim —5—
i-»0 + A - > 0 h —\2{ft) ' tan 2 h
LHL lim f(x) = lim _/{- A} cot {-A} = lim J(l - h)cot(l -h) = Vcotl
!_>()' A -> 0 * . A -> 0

cot""1 lim /"(*) = cor1 (Vcotl)2 = 1

Hence, (a) and (c) are the correct answers.

Example 53 Given that the derivative f ' ( a ) exists. Indicate which of the
following statement(s) is/are always true?
' , , ,. f ( h ) - f ( a ) f(a)-f(a-h)
(a)f (a) = hm (b)f (a)= hm
h -* a h —Q h —> 0 h
, .ft, , ,. f ( a + 2t)-f(a) f(a + 2t)-f(a + t)
(c)f'(a)=hm- ' (d)f'(a)=hm
t t^o 2t
Solution* Here, options (a) and (b) are true by definition.
Option (c) is false, as
f(a+2t)-f(a)
hm = 2f (a)

and .__
*-»o 2t 2 2
Hence, option (d) is false.
Hence, (a) and (b) are the correct answers.

Type 4 : Assertion and Reason

Example 54 Statement I lim sm(cot *} = - because

Statement II lim = 1 and lim = 1, where 6 is measured in radians.

e->o 6 e-»o 0
(a) Statement I is true, statement II is true and statement II is correct explanation
for statement I.
(b) Statement I is true, statement II is true and statement II is not the correct
explanation for statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, statement II is false.
(d) Statement I is false, statement II is true.
c, , .. ,. sin(cot2jc) cot2* 7t ,
Solution, hm = ^; put x = h
*->7t/2 cor x (n-2xr 2
.. tan2 h I
hm ——y— = -
ft->o 4h 4
=» Statement I is false and statement II is true.
414 Differential Calculus

Type 5 : Linked Comprehension Based Questions

Passage I
(Q. Nos. 55 to 57)

sin x - tan x + cos x - 1 *. ^ A

Let f(x) = - y .A, ^ \J
2x2 + ln(2 + x) + tan x
x=0
0,
where {} represents fractional part function. Suppose, lines LI and L2 represent
tangent and normal to curve y = f ( x ) at x=0 . Consider the family of circles
touching both the lines L: and L2.
55. Ratio of radii of two circles belonging to this family cutting each other
orthogonally is
V3 (b)V3 (c)2 + V2 (d)2-V2
56. A circle having radius unity is inscribed in the triangle formed by Lj and L2 and
a tangent to it. Then, the minimum area of the triangle possible is
(a)3 + V2 (b)2 + V3 (c)3+2V2 (d)3*2V2
57. If centres of circles belonging to family having equal radii r are joined, then the
area of figure formed is
(a)2r 2 (c) (d)r 2

Solution. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)

- sin h + tan h + cos h -1
-0
2h2 + ln(2-h)-tanh
LHD = lim

sin h tan h 1 - cos h

~ h h ~ + h2 X =0
2h2 + In (2 -h) -tan h
en -1-0
) = RHD=lim = hx =0

L1 = y = 0 and L2 s x = 0
55. (;e - r)2 +(y -r)2 = r 2 (family of circle)
x2 + y2 -2rx-2ry+r2 =0
I = /i + /2 or 4r\r2 = i

Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

 Chapter5.-Limits 415

r 1
Using -'

9
!&=|*i
A= ~T~KJT\n |
sm U 2j 2
7t
2 sin 1
A=I + 2s in--sm^
9 fiTj*2

. n
if numerator is maximum when 9 = —
4
A is minimum,
_

Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

57. = (2r) 2 =4r 2

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

Chapter 5.: Limits 417

Type 6 : Match the Columns

Column II
Example 61 9:|i^1 A; ^/r C-'S^aaan I;
(P) e2
(A) lim 1 -—-— I equals to
at-»~ ^1 + X j
-1/2
.. (. 1 IV . ,
hm I sin — + cos — J equals to
(q)
416 Differential Calculus

Passage II
(Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
Let f(x) is a function continuous for all xsR except at x=0. Such that
f'(x)<OV,x€(-°°,0)andf'(x)>Q,Vxe(0,°°).Let lim f ( x ) = 2, lim f(x) = 3and
f(0)=4 -"^ '-*0"
58. The value of X for which 2 (lim f(x3 - x2)j = X f lim f(2x* -x5)} is
^*->0 ) V.x->0 )

(a)- ' (b)2 (c)3 (d)5

ft \
59. The values of lim -I r- where [ • ] denotes greatest integer function and
+ [l-cos*l
f(x)] }
{•} denote fraction part function
(a) 6 (b)12 (c)18 (d) 24
o
sinjc
60. lim where [ • ] denote greatest integer

function
(a) 3 (b)5 (c)7 (d)9
Solution. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
58. x->0,* 3 - * 2 = x 2 (*-!)-> 0~
x -» 0,2x 4 - x5 =* 4 (2-*)->0 +
2(3) = A , ( 2 ) = > X = 3
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

_Q ,. f(-x)x2 3x2
59. hm
i->0 + f l - C O S X ^ fl-COS^l 1-COS3C
~ \
= 6x2 = 12
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

_ _ . . | -V UU.L W |
f
;
v
.V
air» v \ v
Olll A } A

60. lim
*"o- x4 ~{ x3 ) x2
n- _^/rt-\ 1- smx
011AA sinx
0111^ 9 2 +
> 0 => f(0 ) = 3 => lim = —s— * -»0
rt

6 i->o- jc x
sinx3 ,_

x3 - sin3 x .
--r-|>9

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

 Chapter 5.: Limits 419
,1/1 lim -_I
3 + XI _ ,-,0* 1 3-i

,^ , (tan 3 x-x 3 )-(tanx 3 -x 3 )

(C) lim

tan 3 x-x 3 , tanx 3 -x 3

= lim = lim
x->0 x *-><> X5
zero (by expansion)
(tanx-x) (tan 2 x+ x tanx+ x 2 ) 1
= lim 5 5 = 77 x 3 = *
*-»o x3 x2 3
(D) Rationalising gives
(x + 2sinx)[J(x 2 + 2sinx + 1) + JsTn2x -x + 1]
lim 5— 5—!!
^->o (x + 2sinx + l)-(sin x - x + 1)
x + sin 2x
= 2-lim O 9
o a; - sin x + 2 sin x + x
sin2x
1 H
=2 . lim

Example 64 Column I Column II

(A) lim cos2 (n(%ln3 + n2 +2w-/i))wheren (p) 1
n-> ~ 2
is an intger, equals to
(B) lim n sin (2 Jt Jl +re2')(re e AT)equals to (q) i
n ^~ ' 4

(C) lim (- 1)" sin (n re2 +0.5re-+ 1) (r) 71

sin is (where re e 2V)

4re )

(D) If lim -—- = e where a is some real (s) non-existent

constant, then the value of a is equal to

Solution. (A) -> (q); (B) -> (r); (C) -» (p); (D) -»(p)
(A) Z = lim cos2 (n (?/re3 + re2 + 2re - re)) is
n -> «,
1 2
Consider, lim [(re3 + re2 + 2re)1/3 - re]= lim -re
418 Differential Calculus

(C) Iim+(lnsin3*-ln(*4 + e*3))=lim In 3Sm * = lnf-j=-:

(D) tan(2n I sin6|) = tan (- - \2n j

2n |sin6| = rajr+ —-|cos6|27t

£t

2n (|sin 61 + |cos61) = nn + —
Zi

Isine| + |cos9| = - + - ...(i)

£ 4
1
Since, 1 <|sin9|+|cos9l< V 2 ; l < - + -

3 4-V/2-1
-<n< -

Thus, re = 2 is only possible value.

Putting in Eq. (i), I sin 9 | + I cos 9 i = -
4
«(x)=lim 2 -
r (4Yi=0
«-»-[ vs; j
Example 63 Column I ; { Column II
1 -cos2x , I /•_•> i
(A) lim —, equals to I W i

WA i of* ilun
If the value - +-((S/x)+i]V* can be , jl(q) 2
\ \d in the form ofep/9, where p and I

q are relative prime, then (p + q) is equal i

to ,|
._. tan3*-tana;3 ! (r) 4
(C) lim
x-»0 x5
= equals
M
to I
;

, x + 2 sin* ^ /0\
lim -===== | (B) o
(P) I ~ > 0 ^/x2 + 2sin* + 1 -ysin2* -x + 1 i
equals to ;

Solution. (A) -»(r); (B) -* (s); (C) -» (p); (D) -»(q)

(A)/=limC ~1+ *-e + 1

*->o sin^a; 2 ,
^ o ^

lim
»o
g— + lim

1] 1 ^ 1
"2J~4 ^ /'
 Chapter5.-Limits 421

Type 1 : Integer Answer Type Questions

Example 65 If lim (x~3 sin3x + ox"2 + b) exists and is equal to zero, then the
*-»o
V ~A Cl

value of a + 2b, is
c, , .. ,_. , sm3x a , ,. sm3x + ax + bx
Solution. (6) hm —^— + -5- + 6 = lim -5
*-»o x *-»o x

= lim -3*-—5- for existence of limit 3 + o = 0 = > a = - 3

*-»0 x
, , sin 3* - 3* + fex3 „„ sin t - 1 , n
Z=lim -5- =27--5— + b = 0 (3x = t)
*->o a;d r
= -?I + 6 = 0 => 6 = ^
6 2
OR
[Use L' Hospital's rule]
q
Hence, a+26=-3+2x-=6

Example 66 Let / = lim - , then {1} where { } denotes the fractional part

function is e2 - {Z}
Ito-^L
Solution. (7) Z = lim 11 + \ e~
x->

Example 67 For a certain value of c, lim [(x5 + 7x4 + 2)c - x] = X, is finite and
X— > - 00

non-zero. Then, the value of 3c + X is ..........

Solution. ( 2 ) l i m |x5c f l + - + - - 6""1

x^-~^ V X
This will be of the form °° x 0 only, if
5c-l=0 =>c = — substituting c = — , X becomes
o o
Thus, X = lim x [(1 + xf5 - 1] where x = - + ~
,. x f,1 +x— + ....-1
= hm J = vlim xf 7- + -2"\ 7
T •- = -
»-»-- L 5 J *-»-<- U x 5 J 5 5
1 7
Hence, c=- and X=—
5 5
=> 3c+X,=2
420 Differential Calculus
i . . .. i i i
= — + terms containing — , —a-, —5-,.
3 n n n

Z = cosJ - \=-
\3J 4
(B) / = lim 7i sin(2rc Jl + n2 -2nn)
. (2TC(Jl+7l2-7l)
= lim re sin ,* —(
( (A/l + 7i 2 +ra)

2TC 1
n sin
2it
= lim
n->°°

n
2»7C 271
= lim = = JC
2
J^
7l2

(C) lim (-1)" (-1)» -1 sin LJI - 7t Jn 2 + - +

n-»<» ^ V 2

= lim (-
... (hFM-f^FJ 71
¥

= lim (-:
n —> 0°
n 11 + Jl + —- + -j
271 712

1 !_
2 + 7l
= lim (- irn sin TC
, H
1 + J1 + — + -2"
2n n2 j
<-,\
= (l)sm — = -=
4 V2
A1 .
Also, as n —> oo, sin
4n
.•. Final answer is —.
2

e 2 a =e =»a=l/2
 Chapter5.-Limits 423
f 3 + |x-fc| , forx<fe
9. lff(x) = \ 9 sin (x - k) , has minimum at x = k, then
? [ x-k
(a)aefl (b)|o|<2
(c)|a|>2 (d)l<|a|<2

10. If lim --— = 1, then condition on a is

(a)0<a<l (b)-l<a<l
(c) - 1 < a < 2 (d) None of these

sec2 |-1
11. The vlaue of lim -* = is
*-»o x
(a)i (b)-i (c)l (d) doesn't exist
2 2
12. Let f ( x ) be a real valued function defined for all x > 1, satisfying /"(!) = ! and

(a) doesn't exist (b) exists and less than —

4
(c) exists and less than 1 + — (d) exists and equal to 0
4
13. The quadratic equation whose roots are the minimum value of sin2 9 -sin 6 + -
and lim J(x + l)(x + 2) - x is
x-»°° *

(a) 3x 2 - Ix + 3=0 (b)8*2-14x + 3 = 0

(c)* 2 -7x + 3 = 0 (d)2*2-7* + 3 = 0
• t ri
sin — uc]
14. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer function. Let g(x) = --- , then g is such
[x]
that
g
(a) it is continuous at x = - (b) it is continuous at x = 2
£1

(c) it is not continuous at any point (d) it has its right limit at x = 1 as -
A
._ „,. f(x) , .. f(l-cosx) g ( l - .
15. If lim L-^5- = o and lim -5— =ft(where b * 0), then hm --—.- is
* * 4

(a)^ (b)— (c)- (d) None of these

o 4o o
16. If xx = V3 and xn + x = -*" , . , Vree N, then lim 2"xn equal to
1 + ^/1 + x 2 *-»-
, . 3 ,,,2 , ,2n /jx 3 ' 1
(a)- (b)- (c)T (d)T
 Proficiency in 'Limits'
Exercise 1
Type 1 : Only One Correct Option
sin(7r cos2(tan(sin*)))
!• Jim j is equal to

(c)| (d) None of these

.. -
• lun -- is equal to
-

(a)- ( b >-| (02 (d)-2

3. If /j = lim (tan'1 roc - tan"1 x ) cos x and 72 = lim (tan'1 me - tan'1 x ) cos x, then
*-> ~ £_, 0

(/i,/ 2 )is
(a) (0,0) (b)(0,l) (c)(l,0) (d) None of these
4. If f ( x ) = 0 be a quadratic equation such that f ( - K ) = f(n) = 0 and /" f-) = - —
'
then lim - is equal to
*-»-it sin (sin a;)
(b)?i (c)27t (d) None of these
^/1 + sin2* -4/1 -2 tan*
- lim -s-:--^—5- is equal to
^->o sin x + tan x

2
6. The value of lim -^ [(n + l)x (n + 2)x ....(n + n)x]1/n is equal to
™-> °° n

7- If *„ + 1 = ^—^- and U0 | < 1, n > 0, then lim ± ^ is equal to

V n +1 j
f n\1 (\\\1 / \1 / 1

8. For n&N, let /„(*) = tan |(1 + sec*)(l + sec2*)(l + sec4*)... (l + sec2 n *)
Then, lim —— is equal to

(a)0 (b)2 n (c)2 n - 1 (d)2n +1

 Chapter 5:: Limits 425
X 1
24. Statement I lim — — does not exist, (where [ • ] dentoes the greatest integer
*-»o a \xj
function)
Statement II lim - deos not exist.
j
25. Statement I lim f(x) exists =k, but lim g(x) does not exist. If lim g(f(x))
*->a x->fc x-»a
exists, then x = a is a point of extremum for y = f(x). lff(x) is non-linear.
Statement II lim g(x) does not exist, but lim g(f(x)) exists, f(x) will approach
x-»i x->a
fe when x —> a through only one side.
• I n sin
sin • —

26. Statement I lim -^—5—* = TC

*->o x2
Statement II lim - = 1

27. Statement I lim sec"1 =o

*->o V
OA A
Statement A TT i.
II lim - =,1
*-»oV x )
28. Leta n =2.99. ..9, n&N
n times

Statement I lim an = lim [an], [ • } denotes the greatest integer function.

t n — > oo J n -* 0°

Statement II lim an = 3
n — » •»

Type 4 : Linked Comprehension Based Questions

Passage I
(Q. Nos. 29 to 31)
Hm (A*) - D x g(x)
If lim f(x) = 1 and lim g(x) = «>, then lim {/*(:c
i—> a x—> a x—> a
smx
„_ ,. f Sinx V-sini .
29. lim is equal, to
,
*->Q\ J
(c)e (d)-e

on lim
30. i- - is equal to
x J
(b)e 1/2

2
.
31. lim - is equal to
- 3
(a) a2'3 + b2'3 + c2'3 (b) abc (c) (abc)2'3 (d) 1
424 Differential Calculus

17. lim ^ _v_ ,( a >«is

*->a~ (x -a )

(a)— (b) * (c) 1== (d)—^L==

4a a^a-b 2a^a-b 4a^ja-b

18. lim (sin" 1 + cos" 1)" is equal to

n —» °°

(a) cot 1 (b) tan 1 (c) cos 1 (d) sin 1

Type 2 : More than One Correct Options

19. If lim 4# tan"1 = y2 + 4 v + 5, then y can be equal to
*->» ^4 x + 2)
(a)l (b)-l (c)-4 (d)-3
l-cos(# 2 )
20. lim —5 is equal to
*^o x3 (4*-l)
1 1 fe 2
(a) i In2 (b) In2 (c) In4 (d) 1 - - In \~
2t ^t \. If f(x) = g'00**1 where [y] represe

then
(a) lim /•(*) = ! (b) lim f ( x ) = - (c) lim f(x) = - (d) lim f(x) = l
it+ K* e n~ e n~
X —> ^ —> * —> X —>
2 2 2 2

[m sinx jc Ji is equal to (where msl and [ • ] denotes greatest integer

function.)
(a)m,ifm<0 (b)m-l, i f m > 0 (c)m-l,ifm<Q (d)m,ifm>0
23. If lim (1 + ax + bx2)2'* = e3, then

(a)a=3,6=0 (b)a=|,6 =l (c)a=-,ft=4 (d)a=2,6=3

Type 3 : Assertion and Reason

Directions
(Q. Nos. 24 to 28)
For the following questions, choose the correct answers from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) defined as follows :
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II is the correct
explanation of Statement I.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II is not the correct
explanation of Statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
 Proficiency in 'Limits'
Exercise 2
1. Evaluate the lira 0 • 2log^ (1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 +.....">" tmtB) .
n —> oo

2. Let /"(*) be twice-differentiable function and f"(0) = 2, then evaluate

.. 2f(x)-3f(2x)
hm -5

3. The graph of function y = f(x) has unique tangent at the point (a, 0) through
which the graph passes. Then, evaluate lim —-- .
*->a 3f(x)

x(l + mcosx)-nsinx
4. If hm -o- = 1. Then, find the value of m and n.
*->o or
5. Examine whether the following limit exists or not? If exists, find the value of
the limit.
[sinxl
(i) hm -
*-»<>[ x J

(11) hm

(iii) lim - (where [ • ] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x.)
*->o|_ x J

6. lff(x) = \_X' X~ and g(x) = f(x) +\x\. Then, evaluate lim

7. If fl(x) = - + W, V r c e f l and defined by fn(x) = f1{fn_1(x)},Vn>2. Then,

A
evaluate lim fn(x).
n —» ~

8. Solve lim (1 + log2coS x/2 cos x)2.

l->0

9. Evaluate lim ~ {'— — dt.

X^ax3)ot4 +l
[xf \x2'\. Show lim —5- does not exist, but lim —~ exists.
x->0 X i->0 X

11. Solve lim -5— . (where {•} denotes the fractional part of x.)
x->2* (x-2f
426 Differential Calculus

Passage II
(Q. Nos. 32 to 34)
( i—A™
Let f ( x ) = lim cos J- , g(x) = lim (1 + x + x ?fe)n.
n -» - V Vw/ " ~>°°
Now, consider the function y = h(x), where h(x) = tan"1 (g~lf~l(x)\. lim is equal to

*->o In (#(*))
(a)i (b)-~ (c)0

33. Domain of the function y = h(x) is

(a)(0, °°) (b)R
34. Range of the function y = h(x) is
(d>|-£.£
£t

5 : Match the Columns

35. Match the statements of Column I with values of Column II.
Column I ; Column II
(A) lim tan"1 (tan x) i(p) 0
It* i ;
*-» - ; !

2f " ll ^
(B) lim £ — ([•] denotes the greatest integer function) i(q) Doesn't exist
n - » ~ |_r=l 2i J !

(C) lim sec-1 - (r) -

,. cosa; L » TC
/n\n -^75- i ^s^ —
(°) , _ « ( ! - sin*)*8 i 2
2 !

36. Match the statements of Column I with values of Column II.

Column I , > ' Column II

1 1 (q) ^
(B) lim - + 2
 Chapter5.-Limits 429
y. x X
22. If ^n = In cos - + In cos -2 + + In cos —

Then, prove that, lim [ - tan~- +

+ -$
itan ~+
tan-5- + — tan — | =- - cot x.
£t £, £t

ich lim
23. Find the polynomial function/' (x ) for which lim 1 + x +
r =e .
*-»o|_

24. Evaluate lim ft -5 • (where IT represents product of function.)

n _»«,r=3rH-8

25. Evaluate

X +•
lim
x+
.Infinity

f (x)
26. Let f (x) be a function such that lim = 1. Find the values of a and b such
that
x (1 + a cos x) - fe sin *
lim 5 =1

27. Evaluate the lim . (where [ • ] denotes greatest integral function less
n ^" r

than or equal to x.)

28. Evaluate lim Y cot~V2 + 3/4).
-

29. Evaluate
lim {logrt ..!(«)• logn(n + 1) ........ log * _,(«*)}, wherefe e N.
n -» oo "/ *

30. 7\s an isosceles triangle with circumcircle k. Let T2 be another an isosceles

triangle inscribed in k whose base is one of the equal sides of Ti and which
overlaps the interior of Ti.
Similarly, create isosceles triangles T3 from T2, T4 from T3 and so on. Do the
triangles Tn approaches an equilateral triangle as n —> °°.
428 Differential Calculus

12. Given a real valued function /such that;

tan2{*}
for x>0
x2-[xf
/(*) = 1, for x=0
} cot {x}, for x < 0

(where [ • ] and {•} denotes greatest integral and fractional part of at.)

Then, evaluate cot"1 lim f ( x ) \

13. Evaluate
(i)lim(cosx) sin ~ 2 *
*~?° \e1/n 2-(e1/nf 3-(e1/nf
(11) hm \~2~ + g + 2 +- +
n —* °° [ re re re

14. Evaluate the

lim {I1/sin2*4

f iltt // a3 +A
+ n 4 e 1 "' o ffit
) t / 3a „
I cos x ax — I cos at ax
15. Evaluate the lim —5 .

16. Evaluate the limJ^LL^n

L J
(where [ • ] denotes greatest integral function less than or equal to x.)
17. Evaluate the
[I2*] + [22x] + [32*] + + [n2x]
lim
n-»°o tl

(where [ • ] denotes greatest integral function less than or equal to x.)

10 v i i ^u i- l°gsin*C°SJC
18. Evaluate the lim
*->o + log ^cos(a:/2)
sln-

10 rt^ ^ i- xmf(x)+h(x)+l.
19. lfg(x)= lim is continuous at x = 1 and

I = lim [loge(ex)]2/log' *, then find the value of [2g(l) + 2/(l) - A(l)].

20. Show that lim Y „ i. "•*

. C*— = e-2.
n * /" I. _L O \. Evaluate the lim , if it exists.

*-»o^ e )

(where { x } represents the fractional part of x.)

 Chapter5.-Limits 431

Solutions
(Proficiency in 'Limits9 Exercise 1)
Type 1 : Only One Correct Option
„ , sin7c(l-sm ten (sin x))
1. lim —5-^
x -> 0 X

sin 7t sin2 ten (sin x ) (n sin2 ten (sin x)^ ften 2 (sinx)^ /sin _
*->o K sin2 ten (sin x) ( tan2 (sin* ) J ^ sin2x J V x2

_
2. lim =lim * = lim
)-f t-»o
r -1/2
3. 7j = lim (ten"1 TCX - ten"1 x)
X—» ««
/ \ lim ten'1 -^—ST =0 =* A = 0 a n d ^ 2 = 0

V /

4. From given /"(x) = x 2 - 7t2,

r
lim ^ ~ " 2 = lim ,.
*-»-* sin (sinx) jc->-n sin sin (-ic + h) h-*o -sin (sinh)
h-2n
= lim —:—f~.—j-r —— = 27t
h -> o - sin (sin re) sin h
sin n n
sin2x
.^^^_^___ ^
2tanx x2
__^ 4^
2x
5. Using approximations L = lim —3 i— - ijm
*->o sin x +ten x *^o x

*-»o x(l + x) 2

. | , n +2 ,
6. Limit be equal to y, log y = — lim log - +log - +....
n «->•»
1 [ ( r\l
= ±lim Z logp±l '
n n->~ [ V n ) J

= - lim S X log f 1 + -1 = X flog (1 + x) dx

n n-»~r=l V. n) J°

r ll ("4
= X • 2 log 2 - - = A. [log 4 - log e ] = X log I -

log y= log f4"\

-
VeJ
430 Differential Calculus

Answers
Target Exercise 5.1
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a)

Target Exercise 5.2

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

Target Exercise 5.3

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)

Target Exercise 5.4

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)

Target Exercise 5.5

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)

Target Exercise 5.6

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

Exercise 1

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b), (d)
20. (b), (d) 21. (b), (d) 22. (a), (b) 23. (b), (c) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d)
35. (A) -» (r); (B) -»(p); (C) -»(q); (D) -> (q) 36. (A) -> (q); (B) -> (p); (C) -»(s)

Exercise 2
1. 4 2.6 3.2 4. m =-5/2, re =-3/2 5. (i) 0, (ii) 1, (iii) 1 6. 1
7. 20 8. 289 9.- 11. 1 12. 1 13. 1 14. n 15. 1/8
3
16. limit doesn't exist 17. x/3 18. 4 19. 1
21. limit doesn't exist
23. f(x) = 2x2 + an _ 3x3 + ... +aQxn; where an _3, an _4,..., a0 e R
24. - 25. 1 26. a = - 5/2, ft = - 3/2 27. x 28. tan^12 29. k
30. Yes, as n —» °° Tn approaches to equilateral triangle.
 Chapter5.-Limits 433

12. As f (x) > 0 => f(x) is increasing.

So, for t>l;f(t)>l

lim f(x) < 1 +1f 1 *i-

x —»oo t
2 =*x—>°°
lim f(x) <1 + 7
4

1 . =-sin
in 2 e-sine
sin +
+2i-^sm
= fsine-iY +i
2J + 4

=> Minimum value is -.

4
Let K = ^ + 1)^ + 2), then
_ g 2 - j e 2 _3x + 2
"

lim (K - x) - lim
X—* oo JC—» oo

11m - =

7
/. The required equation is*22 — x -\ =0

ie,
. K
Sin
14. M
8- 8V *'" 1 ~^
"T
• £
lim+
"*T
3
/. g(at) is continuous at x = —
£t

lim _
. it
sin— ,
9 1
lim g(a:) = —= —
x^2 + 2 2
g(x) is not continuous at x = 2
TC
sin- ,
432 Differential Calculus

7. Let x0 = cos 9, KI = cos -, x2 = cos —g-

^ 2

sin 6
= lim
9 6 9
I "2 ~ 2 2 " " "2" +1 J
( ft
2" -sin —
2"
} ( • <n
sin —-
2"
/ \

= lim
9 n-» <~ 9 e
9n +l 9" On +l ;

9 =cos x (x 0 )

8. -
2 v cos a:
i i pfic 2 ic I
- (l + sec4x)...(l
cos2x J

= tan 2x (1 + sec 22x) ... (1 + sec 2"x)

= tan 2" -1 *(1 + sec 2nx) = tan 2n*
= tan 2" ~Vl + sec 2"*) = tan2 n x
Now,

9. lim /(*) = 3 + A =>/(*) = 3

f(k~)>f(k)andf(k+)>f(k)
o 2 -2 + 1 >3
|a|>2
10. For finite value
. ^2 + a . ' -
x2 + 1

|tanx/2|
11. lim = lim
• o- x
tan — tan
lim 2
= lim
A->0

tan — tan
lim = lim -7^-
x k->o h\ 2

.-. It doesn't exist.

 Chapter5.-Limits 435

Type 2 : More than One Correct Options

tan-
19. lim

3/ 2 +4;y + 5=2 =>;y = -l, -3.

2
2 sin 2 1—

Also, =1 - l

21. f ( x ) = e[cotx\s cotx is negative in the II quadrant and cot — = 0

£i

tcotx] = -l
lim f ( x ) = e~l=-
it+ e
^T
As x —» —, cot x is positive (being in I quadrant) and hence [cot x] = 0
^
lim />(x) = e ° = l
n

— T close to 0.
22. If m < 0, then for values of* sufficiently
, 1 sinx ,
1 +—< <1
m x
,
m + I >m
sinx
>m
F sin
[
sinxl
m — =m
.•. \m
x J
.. f sin x 1
lim m =
*->oL x J
If m > 0, then for values of x sufficiently clsoe to 0,we can have

m x
, sinx
m -1 < m <m
,. F sinxl ,
lim m =m — 1
*^o[ x J

23. lim(
*->o
lim - (ax + bx2 )

Since, limit value e2° does not involve b.

:. b can have any value.
3
Thus, a = -, 6 e R
fit
 434 Differential Calculus

sin —
15. lim 2
cos
2A 2
= lim -£- x tan2 - = b
*~>°g(x) 2
lim ^l = i*
*->o g(x) a
Thus, lim.

16. Letxre =tan9 n

Now,

tan6

1 + sec 9n
- = tan^
. + cos6n 2

Now,
3-2"
271
=tan
32'
271
tan -
lim

17. L = h m = fc^*>Z<?LZ*> 1
(* 2 -a 2 )
_

*->er (a; + a){^x -b + ^Ja -b}

1
4a Ja- b
18. hm (sin" 1 + cos" if = sin 1 lim U + cot» \l/n
n -> oo

lim—!L_
= sml-e"-" tan ° 1 =si
= sin 1
 Chapter 5. -Limits 437
Solutions (Q. Nos. 32 to 34)
( I— \ ( ! I— "
/•(*)= lira cosj- =lim 1+ cosj--l
n-»~^ \ n j «->» ^ \

- lim 2 -

_e „ _e
- »-,-41/n _ e 2
.
y = f(x) =e-*/2, X>Q, range = (0, 1]
g(x)= lira (I-x +

1-Um at

- = lnyx=21nir 1 (*) = 21ni f o r O < x < l

2 y x
= e*
= lny g'1(x) = \nx
forO<x<l

Mx) = tan- 1 [ln[lnijj forO<x<l

In/(X) -x/2 1
32. lim = lim =—
*-»o + IngCic) *->o x 2

33. Domain ofh(x) is (0,1).

34. MX) = tatrHln (In 1/x2)) for 0 < x < 1
1 i
1 < -2 < oo => 0 < In -^
x x
-oo<ln(ln(l/x 2 ))<oo
.-. Range of MX) is (- jt /2, ic/2).

Type 5 : Match the Columns

35. (A) lim tan"1 (tanx) = , as lim (tanx) = - °°
2
436 Differential Calculus

Type 3 : Assertion and Reason

24. Dm £(£-{£}]-to (A_£/£]].*
[xjj x-*o(a a [xjj a
25. Because maximum and minima is also dependent of f(a).

sin • — I n sin
. it sin . —I
26. lira -^ -- ^ x ^ ,, 2) = - and not n
(I) " 4
Statement II is evidently true.
,
27. Since, *> sin* in o,-
\ x
_i (sinx
sec -
V x
is not defined and lim sec'1 [ - 1 does not exist.
*-»o ^ x J
28. lim 2.9 = 3, as there is no real number between 2.9 and 3 and hence 2.9 = 3
n -> oo

Hence, lim an = [3] = 3, while [an ] = 2, for all n e N and hence

L"~ J r I
lim [a n ]=2* lim an
n->~ L/i^oo J

4 : Linked Comprehension Based Questions

Solutions (Q. Nos. 29 to 31)
sinx
0_ ,. sin* ,.
29. hm = hm
*->o

Hm fsiD3c 11 Bin
» 1
Hence, L=e*"
='"o{H * >*-<***
)*- -e*-°

30. lim +cos* _ ]im j 2_j

~ -. ^.,«- ^m
Hence, L =e*~*
(a* + b* + c' \2
lim •—- 1 -
31. L=e"^( 3 )*
.. (o*-l
hm

2
- (log o+ log 6+ logo) -logoic ,/3
= e3 =e 3 =(a6c)
 Chapter 5 .-Limits 439
(Proficiency in 'Limits' Exercise 2)

=> lim 02

M-6).
2. Given, /"'(0) = 2 ...(i)
.. 2f(x)-3f(2x) + . . .,„ .. ., , ,
lim 5 (using L Hospital s rule)
*->0 X
, 2f(x)-6f (4x) f
d
•=*} lim — & 8^-
d
(x),, —-
2x L dx dx
Again, applying L/Hospital's rule, we get
.. 2f"(x)-I2f"(2x)+l(>f"(4x)
=> hm -

=> 3f'(0) = 6
3. Given f (x) has unique tangent at (a, 0)
f (a) = 0 and f ' ( x ) exists
=> lim -,form
3 /•(*) 0
1
•«/'(*)
1 + 6/-U)
lim (using L'Hospital's rule)

2
. . .
4. lim =1 ...(i)
_. ,. - nsinx 0 \ form
Since, lim
x-»o O J
Applying expansions of (sin jc) and (cos x), we get

.
ilUl

*->0

x(l + m-n)-x 3 - m - — ] + x5 (and higher powers)

Urn -^-^ -^— -...Oi)
438 Differential Calculus

(C) As x -> oo,

and hence lim sec"-1 x doesn't exist.

lJ

(D) Put x = 9, then the given limit is

,. sin 9 ,. sin 9
lim ^75- = lim
8->0(l-cos6) 2 / 3 aiT ,4/3
-sm -

0. 9 9 9
2 sin - cos - cos-
= lim 2 2 _. lim
8 ^°2 2 / 3 .sin 4 / 3 -

which doesn't exist as for lim limit is °° and for lim limit is - °°.
e->o + e->o +
36. (A) It can be reduced to

£ ^xdx=tir^dx -w-^-vraj-f -(-D=f + i

(B) lim -
1-
...

= lim - I

Replace — by x and — dx also when r = 1, x = — =0 when r = n - 1

71 71 71

=> f . dx =(sin-1a:)o =sin-1 1 -sin"1 0 = —

J Jl-x2 2
.In
//-i\ A=i. limi 1| 2 3 «
(C)
n n n
log A = lim log — + log — + log —H . . .+ log 1
n->°°\_ n n n J
= lim — £ log —

Put — = a; — = dx and limits 0 to 1.

n n
log A = J log x dx = (x log X)Q - I x -
 Chapter 5: Limits 441

l i m ( l ' + 2 * + . . . . + n' 1"

!'+ 2' + . . . . + n'

^y/su, , /2y/sm* (n-l

Aliter: limn\l+\-\ - +...+
*->o (n) \n) \

=> n{l+0 + 0 + ...-t

=> n

20. lir 4— =
= »

i n /».
= f ^2 lim y n C J -
Jo » — r Hi

using lim 11 + — | = <

x^

0 Jo

*)10 + 2j1 e*dx=e-2(e 1 ) + 2(e 1 -e°)

= e-2e + 2e-2 = e - 2

21. LetL =

...(i)
tolto
Now, the test for existence of limit in the expression (i).
And hence from Eq. (i)
RHL i-
lim i Lr - lim
log i- —* * 1- * * + = —1
X _K> + *^o+*l 2 3 4 2
/.RHL = lim L=
x -> o+
.-.LHL x and hence [x } —>
lim log e L=log2-l =* lim L=~
x -» o~ x -> o e
.•. Limit doesn't exists, as RHL * LHL
440 Differential Calculus
Now, Eq. (ii) to have finite value numerator and denominator must have same
power ie, coefficient of* must be zero.
ie, 1 +m - n = 0
/. Eq. (ii) reduces to,
-x3 \-m —- + *5(and higher powers)
lim * «2
x-O *3

n m ^ . —. -.
=> —- —= 1 [using Eq. (i)]

1 + m - n=Q
5 3
and n - 3 m = 6 on solving m = — and n =
2 2
5. (i) We know, sin* <*for* >0 .-. <1
*
and sin* >x for* <0 .'. <1
/'QITI v \i v ~I
f ^ < l as*-»ol /. — =0
I * J I x J
fsin * 1
or lim =0
^^OL * j
(ii) We know, sin"1 * > * for * > 0 => >1
sin 1x +
lim >1

and for * < 0, sin 1 x < x => >1

*
sin"1* .
hm >1

,. I sin
hm =1

(iii) We know, when * > 0, tan * > * and when * < 0, tan * < *
tan *
>1 as * —> 0
*
[tan*]
=> hm =1
i-»o[ * J
14. We have, lim {I1 /s^x + 21/sin^ + ....+ n1 /si"^}si"^

Put —5— = ^ > 1. Such that as * -> 0; ^ -> °=

sin *
Then lim ( 1 * + 2 ' + . . . . +/i') 17 ' ...(i)
«-

We know,
 Chapter 5. -Limits 443

Asf (x) is polynomial, let/" (x) = a<>>c" + c^x"' 1 + .... + an

.: Eq. (ii) reduces to
x2
lim — 5
X

which shows an = an _^ = 0 for above limit to exists, thus

lim
*->0

an_2=3

where an-3»an-4. a0£R

n f_3_g>

24- j^n 7
v f33-8V43-8^ fre3-8
= lim —5 -3 —o
«— 33 + 8 43 + 8 U3 + 8

3 - 2 3 z + 4 + 2(3)l f 4 - 2 4 ^ + 4 + 2(4)1 In-2 n2

= lim
nn —»«
^ ~ 1^3+2 3 2 +4-2(3)J 1^4 + 2 4 2 +4-2(4)J [n + 2 n 2 + 4 - 2 n J
3-2 4-2 5-2 re-2] f3 2 + 4 + 2(3) 4 2 + 4 + 2(4) n2 +
= lim
3+2 4 + 2 5 + 2 ' " w + 2j \3 2 +4-2(3) 4 2 +4-2(4) '" n 2

,. 1-2-3-4-5-6 1 f 19-28-39-52-63
= lim
n-.- 5-6-7-8 M7-12-19-28-39-52-63....

2) 7-12
2
7
25. Let
y =-

infinity
x
I
x+
x2'3 x + 3/x infinity

x 5/3
442 Differential Calculus

22. Let yn = log cos - + log cos -g- + ....+ log cos —
2 2 2

. ( x x sinx
= log lcos —-cos
9
-5-
9*
cos
V & & 2"" sin

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dyn \ . x \ . x 1. x d sin A:
-^2- = — tan o tan-^ + .... + — tan—- = — In- ...(0
dx 2 2 22 22 2" 2" d*

.-. RHSofEq. (i)

sin(*) 2" -
sin

=cot* —- -cos

=cot x cot ——
2" 2
Taking lim we have,
°° / - •• •«
,. f 1 , X L . X 1.
hm - tan — + -5- tan -^ + ..... + — tan
»-.-U 2 22 22 2"

1 x
= lim • COS -— - COt X = --cot*

Aliter : tan — = cot — 2 cot x

2 2
( 1 * - cot x
Series = —— -cot ——
2"
23. We have,

3 .
lim 1 + =e d , only if hm =0
*-»o x
hm-
^0 X X —,

,. x 2 + f ( x ) Q
hm 5 =3 ...(ii)
 Chapter5.-Limits

Let Jt, = lim

, Y —§- and., Za, = lim
v
-"' "-*"

Now, li = lim
n—» «°

= lim

= lim * - l + - = x ..-(iii)
n,
Again, for second limit, 0 < {2 nc} < 1, for all r

r=l

}=a/i; whereO<a<l

Thus, lz = lim -^—5- = lim ^ =0 ...(iv)

n -* °* /I n —» » n

.: From Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

,.
lun

28. lim t-1r + -

4

= lim Y tan
"^~r=l
n
= lim Y tan"1
-" |4-l+4r

= lim y tan-H
M _i ~. *™
1

» _j [ (r + 1/2)- (r- 1/2)1 f , ( . i

= lim > tan - as, 1 = r + - - r
-- - '

= hm tan'1 r + - - ' ' - -

444 Differential Calculus

-(x5/3)±JxW3+4-X 5'3
= --
2_
- x5/3+ 10/3+4x5/3
(:• y>0)
4x5/3

lim y = lim
X^M *-»~
2

lim ;y =
lim =1
JC +
infinity

26. Given, lim — = 1 ...(i)

*->o x
,. a: (1 + a cos jc) - b sin * , ,
lim -=- = 1, applying expansion
«-»o (/"(*))

hm l 5!

a •
b

Now, for limit to exists (1 + a - b) = 0; ...(ii)

O, u 9 b

-a b .
=> — + —= 1
2 6
Solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
a=— , ,b
and 3
2 2
27. [2rx]=2rx-{2rx} ...(i)
o
So, tusingEq.O)]

•" 2rr
=lim Y —§— li ...(u)
"->~T W n
446 Differential Calculus

= tan-1(~)-tan"1f~)
\2/
n . _! (1>
as tan l x + cot"! x = —

= cot-1|-| = tan'1 (2) [tan"1 a: = cot"1 (I/*)]

\2J
29. Let P= lira log n _j (n)-logn(re +1)

log re log (re + 1) log (re*)

n ^ **> log (re -1) log (re) log (n* - 1)
log (re*)
n->™ . og (re - 1)
log re
n —> - log (re - 1)
I/ re
71 —> i. i
re-1

= *• lim 1-

=> lim {log n _ 1 (re)-log n (re + l)-log n + 1 (re + 2) ..... log(nt _l)nk} = k
30. Note that the base angle of Tn is equal to the angle opposite the base of Tn + 1
(as the figure indicates).
Therefore, 0 is the base angle for Tn, then the base angle for the next triangle

2 2
Suppose, now that 0 is the base angle for Tj .
Then, the base angle for T2 is 190° - - |.
2;
0N
I 90° .

Then, base angle for T3 is 90° - — - - .

Proceeding in same way base angle for Tn is

9QO 90° 90° 90° 90°
2 4 8 16 2"- 1
Here, as re —> <*>, above series tends to an infinite geometric progression.
,. tnno 90° 90° 90° 90°
lim 90° + +. -=60°
2 4 8 2"- 1 + 1/2
Now, since Tn is isosceles and one of the angle approaches to 60° as re —»°°.
Tn is equilateral triangle as re —> °°.