Nama : Bobbie Rizkie Mandhala H.

NIM : 03031181419036

# TASK 3
Reading Article
Find And Detect
1. New Word
2. Passive Voice
3. Gerund
4. Past Participle
5. Present Participle

Title of journal :
The Reaction Mechanism of Formation of Chemically Synthesized Nd2Fe14B
Hard Magnetic Nanoparticles
P.K. Deheri, S. Shukla, R.V. Ramanujan
1. New words
a. Sol-gel e. Transducers i. Refinement
b. Enormous f. Remanant j. Amorphous
c. Coercivity g. Nucleation k. Stochastic
d. Sintered h. Abusitropic

2. Passive voice
- In this work, the formation mechanism of chemically synthesized Nd2Fe14B
magnetic nanoparticles was studied.
- The activation energy for Nd2Fe14B phase formation was found to be 365 kJ
mol-1.
- The optimum heat treatment temperature and time for Nd2Fe14B phase formation
were found to be 800 C and 90 min, respectively.
- Hence, there has been an intense effort to process these magnetic materials by
chemical synthesis techniques
- The reduction–diffusion (R–D) process has been previously reported as a
promising technique to produce Nd2Fe14B based magnetic nanoparticles
- Sidhu and Verma have studied the kinetics of formation of Nd2Fe14B by
calciothermic reaction, however, the mechanism and kinetics were not clearly
identified.
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used in this study.
- The activation energy for Nd2Fe14B phase formation (Ea) was found to be 365
kJ mol-1.
- Neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl3.6H2O, 99.9%), iron chloride
hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97–102%), boric acid (H3BO3, 99.8%), citric acid
(99.5%) and ethylene glycol (99%) from Alfa Aesar, CaH2 (90–95%, Sigma)
were used for synthesis.
Nama : Bobbie Rizkie Mandhala H.
NIM : 03031181419036

- In a typical experiment, nominal composition of Nd15Fe77.5B7.5 was selected,

which had been previously shown to result in the maximum mass percentage of
Nd2Fe14B phase and good magnetic properties [26].
- Then citric acid and ethylene glycol in 2:1 molar ratio to metal salts were added
to prepare a thermally stable sol.
- The mixed solution was heated at 90 C overnight resulting a viscous gel, the gel
was then dried at 200 C.
- The phases formed were identified by a Bruker AXS X-ray diffractometer
(CuKa radiation, l¼0.154 nm).
- The XRD data were collected in the 2y range of 20–1201 with a 0.01 step size
- Rietveld refinement was carried out using the software program TOPAS 4
- The mass percentage obtained by the Rietveld refinement was used for kinetic
study
- Isothermal DSC of mixtures of Nd–Fe–B oxide, amorphous boron and CaH2
powders were carried out at temperatures of 265 C, 616 C and 650 C.
- Solution based synthesis followed by reduction–diffusion (R–D) was found to
be a successful method to produce rare-earth magnetic nanoparticles.
- The Nd–Fe–B oxide which was obtained by heating this Nd–Fe–B gel, was
found to be a mixture of Nd2O3, NdFeO3, Fe2O3 and B2O3 oxides.
- The CaO phase was removed by washing with dilute acetic acid and deionized
water to isolate the magnetic nanoparticles.
- The magnetic properties were improved by amorphous boron addition.
- Isothermal DSC measurements were carried out to investigate the kinetics of
the reduction–diffusion (R–D) process of Nd2Fe14B formation.
- To study nucleation and growth, isothermal DSC measurements were
performed at temperatures lower than the peak temperature of 300, 620 and 692
C.
- A theoretical basis for the interpretation of isothermal DSC data was provided
by Avrami [31,32] and describes the evolution of the volume fraction
crystallized (a) as a function of time t.
- The Avrami exponent n and kinetic constant k were calculated from the slope
and intercept of the plot.
- The compounded activation energy of both nucleation and growth was
calculated using the Kissinger model
- Ea was calculated to be 365 kJ mol-1.

3. Gerund
- Challenging - Reducing - Preparing
- Competing - Ripening - Scanning
- Spinning - Decreasing - Heating
- Milling - Controlling - Calculating
- Washing - Promising - Melting
Nama : Bobbie Rizkie Mandhala H.
NIM : 03031181419036

4. Past Participle
- Synthesized
- Followed
- Resulted
- Used
- Sintered
- Bonded
- Combined
- Minimized
- Controlled
- Identified
- Studied
- Increased
- Analyzed
- Selected
- Dried
- Obtained
- Removed
- Deionized
- Contained
- Observed
- Showed
- Performed
- Calculated
- Approximated

5. Present Participle
None