aigi2018 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology Article shared by : Debapriya M 1 Download This to PDF - View PDF ox Convert doc to pdf and paf to doc free.fromdoctopdf.com/PDFIC 2 Start Download Get PDF-Convert.co and convert documents to PDF. It's Free! pdf-convert.co ‘The following terms and definitions are important from the subject point of view: 1. Shaft: The term shaft refers not only to the diameter of a circular shaft but to any external dimension on a component. x o Conductivity Measurement - Theory Guide ‘The definition of shaft is shown in figure. 1.49: hitpswur yourartceliorary.comimetralogymis-fts-and-olerances-metrologyi95253,1972018 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology Fig. 149, Defnition of sft. Hole: The term hole refers not only to the diameter of a circular hole but to any internal dimension of a component. The definition of hole is shown in figure. 1.50: as mmtts, Some Fig. 1.50, Definition of hole The term size refers to the numerical value of a linear dimension in a particular unit. 4. Nominal Size: The term nominal size refers to the s ze of a part specified in the drawing for convenience to shop floor. 5. Basic Size: ‘The term bas e size refers to the size from which the limits of size are derived by the application of tolerance (i.e. upper and lower deviation). The basic size or nominal size of a part is often the same and it is termed as zero line. 6. Actual Size: The term actual size referred to the actual measured dimension of a part. The difference between the basic si: and the actual size should not exceed a certain limit, if so; it will disturb the interchangeability of assembly parts. tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 ane1972018 tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology f _scimiin sss son | Lom oy... WU = i} oan A = AAG Hoe Hole Hoe dooce ©lDaRC below vanesae Sze basesie Fig, 1.81. Basic size and zero line. 7. Limits of Siz ‘The term limits of size referred to the two extreme permissible sizes for a dimension of a part, between which the actual size should lie. The largest permissible size for a dimension is called upper or high or maximum limit, whereas the smallest size is called lower or minimum limit. The limits of sizes are shown in Fig. 1.52: Fig. 1.82, Definition of Limits of size 8. Maximum Limit of Size: The term maximum limit of size referred to the maximum or greatest permissible size ofa feature. 9. Minimum Limit of Siz The term minimum limit of size referred to the minimum or smallest permissible size of a feature. 10. Allowance: anaaanote Lis, Fits and Toarances | Metrology The term allowance refers to the difference between the basic dimensions of mating parts. The allowance may be Positive or negative. In positive allowance the shaft size is less than the hole size, and in negative allowance the shaft size is greater than the hole size. Allowance tells the type of fit. Positive allowance provides clearance fit while negative allowance provides interference fit. Sometimes it is also referred as clearance. 11. Tolerance: The term tolerance refers to the difference between the upper (maximum) limit and lower (minimum) limit of a dimension, In other words, tolerance is the maximum permissible variation in a dimension. ‘The tolerance may be of two types i.e. unilateral or bilateral. When the tolerance is allowed on one side of the nominal size, e.g., 3023888, then it is said to be unilateral system of tolerance. ‘When the tolerance is allowed on both sides 9.003 of the nominal size, e.g., 303883 then it is said to be bilateral system of tolerance. ‘The unilateral system is widely used in practice as it permits changing the tolerance value while still retaining the same allowance or type of fit. The two methods of providing tolerance are shown in Figure 1.5: Example: Example, ailaerl sytem: 3000°8. 3000°8%. 3000284. Biluterd sysiem : 30.00%" . 3000305 ST nis Toieance Fig. 153. Unilateral and bicteralcoerances, 12. Tolerance Zone: The definition of tolerance zone is shown in Figure 1.54: tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 ana1972018 Limits, Fils and Tolerances | Matology prion romanse eran sere enn Lone dein tt Lerwcere Fig. $4, Definition of Tolerance zone. 13. Zone Line: The term zero line refers to the straight line corresponding to the basic size, to which deviations and tolerances are referred. According to convention, the positive and negative deviations are shown above and below the zero line respectively. 14. Deviation: The term deviation referred to the algebraic difference between a size (actual size limits of size, etc.) and the corresponding basic size. 15. Upper-Deviation: e term upper deviation refers to the algebraic difference between the maximum limit and the basic size. The upper deviation of a hole is demoted by a symbol ‘ES’ and of a shaft is denoted by a symbioses’. This is shown in Fig. Fendamertl deviaton “oersnce ql a <. — zene Topance Fig. 1.88. Upper deviation, lower deviation and fundamental deviation 16. Lower Deviation: ence between the minimum limit The term lower deviation refers to the algebraic differ and basic size. The lower deviation of a hole is denoted by a symbol ‘EI’ and of a shaft it is denoted by a symbol ‘ei’. This is shown in Fig. 1.55. tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 sna1972018 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology 17. Actual Deviation: ‘The term actual deviation refers to the algebraic difference between an actual size and the corresponding basic size. 18. Mean Deviation: The term mean deviation refers to the arithmetical mean between the upper and lower deviations. 19. Fundamental Deviatior The term fundamental deviation refers to the deviation, either the upper or the lower deviation, which is nearest one to the zero line for either a hole or a shaft. Fundamental deviation provides the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the zero line. The fundamental deviation is shown in fig. 1.55. 20. Fits: The term fits refers to the degree of tightness or looseness between two mating parts. Depending upon the actual limits of the hole and shaft. Fits may be classified into the following three type: (i) Clearance fit. (ii) Interference fit. (ii) Transition fit. 21. Clearan ‘The term clearance refers to the difference between the sizes of the hole and the shaft before assembly. Clearance must be positive. 22. Interference: The term interference refers to the arithmetical difference between the sizes of the- hole and the shaft, before assembly. Interference is negative clearance. 23. Clearance Fit: tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 ene1972018 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology A fit that alwa is known as clearance fit. ys provides a clearance (gap) between the hole and shaft when assembled In clearance fit, the minimum size of the hole is either greater than or, equal to (in extreme case) the maximum size of the shaft, so that the shaft can rotate or slide as per the purpose of the assembled members. In clearance fit, the difference between the maximum size of the hole and minimum size of the shaft is called maximum clearance, whereas the minimum size of the hole and maximum size of the shaft is known as minimum clearance. Clearan hown in Fig. 1.56 (a (ayClearanee fe. (terrace fits (Transition ft Fig, 186. Types of fis. The slack running fit and loose running fit, etc. clearance fit may be of different types, e.g,, slide fit, easy sliding fit, running fit, 24, Interference Fit: A fit that everywhere provides interference between the hole and shaft when assembled, is known as interference fit. In interference fit, the maximum size of the hole is either smaller or equal to (in extreme case) the minimum size of the shaft. In this fit, the shaft and the hole members are intended to be attached permanently, so that they can be used as a solid component, but according to the purpose and function of this combination, this type of fit can be varied. It may be noted from the figure that in interference fit, the tolerance zone of the hole is entirely below the tolerance zone of the shaft. In interference fit, the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft is called maximum interference. Whereas difference between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft is known as minimum interference, Interference fit is shown in Fig. 1.56 (b). tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 maaanote Lis, Fits and Toarances | Metrology The interference fit may be of different types, e.g., shrink fit, light drive fit, heavy drive fit. Example of this type of fit are bearing bushes which are in an interference fit in their housing of a small end of the connecting rod of an engine. 25. Transition A fit which may provide either a clearance or interference between the shaft and hole when assembled, depending on the actual sizes of the shaft and hole, is known as ‘Transition fit. It may be noted that in a transition fit, the tolerance zone of shaft and hole overlap completely or partially. Transition fit is shown in Fig. 1.56 (c). The transition fit may be of different types, e.g. Push fit, force fit, tight fit ete. 26. Hole Basis System: In hole basis system, the size of the hole is constant and different fits are obtained by varying the size of shaft as shown in Fig. 1.57 (a). 1. Clearance fit 2. Transition fi3 Interference fit (o) Hoe basis system. (b) Shaft basis system. lg 1.57. Bass of imi system It may be noted that, from manufacturing point of view, a hole basis system is always preferred. Because holes are produced by standard size of drills and reamers, whose size cannot be adjusted easily on the other hand, the size of the shaft which is to go into hole, can be easily adjusted by turning and grinding. 27. Shaft Basic Syste In shaft basic system, the size of the shaft is constant and different fits are obtained by varying the size of the hole, as shown in fig. 1.58 (b). | Chsarance i 2 Transition fi. ntrerence ft (1) Mote basis system (6) Sha bass system, Fig. 1.88 Boss of tint syste tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 anesror0%8 Limits, Fils and Tolerances | Matology 28, Maximum Metal Limit (MML) and Least or Minimum Metal Limit (LML) for a Shaft: ‘The shaft shown in Fig. 1.59 has an upper and lower limit of 40.05 mm and 39.95 mm respectively. The shaft is said to have a maximum metal limit (MML) of 40.05mm because at this limit the shaft has the maximum possible amount of metal. The limit of 39.95mm is called the minimum or least metal limit (LML) because at this limit the shaft has minimum or least possible amount of metal. * : fla £9 2/2 gee gilt s| > ale 3,8 Fig. 1.89. Maximum and Minimum metal limits for a shaft 29. Maximum Metal Limit (MML) and Least or Minimum Metal Limit (LML) for a Hole: ‘The hole shown in figure 1.60 has an upper and lower limit of 20.05 mm and 19.95 mm respectively. When the hole is at its upper limit the minimum amount of metal is left. The limit of 20.05 mm is therefore called the least or minimum metal limit (LML). When the hole is at its lower limit the maximum amount of metal is left and hence the limit of 19.95mm is called the maximum metal limit (MML). This is shown in Figure 1.60: Max amount of metalic Min amount o! metal lett 19.95 mn Fig. 1.60. Maximum and minimum metal limits for a hole. You May Like ‘Sponsor Unk by Tabla Only a heart surgery can make my son better. “HairFall" Everytime & EveryWhere? Try This To "Regrow" Again tp: yourartclebrary.comimetrologylimits-ts-and-tolerances-metrology!95253 ana1972018 Limits, Fits and Tolerances | Metrology Create the virtual you and join the fun - Play Second lifet Watch The Show That's Breaking The Internet! 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