Plasma: o 4th state of matter, o Gas of charged particles , o Metal as a type of plasma, In a metal, metallic plasma is a neutral plasma, i.e. same number of positive and negative charged particles, positive charges are screened nuclei and negative charges are electron, nuclei (positive) are stationary and electrons moves, o Ionized state of matter, o Ionized form of gas, o Consists of electrons and ions, o Namely electrons, nuclei and neutrons. Photons: o A single quantum of electromagnetic oscillation (light), o A small energy quanta, o A small energy packet(s), o Also known as Quantum of light. Plasmons: o A single quantum of a plasma oscillation, o Just as light consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons, Difference b/w electromagnetic oscillation and plasma oscillation o Exchange of energy, o Both of these phenomena exchange energy differently, o One does it by interference, o While other by waves. Surface Plasmons: Surface Plasmons Polaritons: Plasma Oscillations: o Exchange of energy o Electrostatic energy to kinetic energy o Charge Separation: Exchange happen twice per oscillation period Electrostatic potential to kinetic potential Kinetic potential to electrostatic potential Types of Plasmons: o Volume plasmons: o Surface Plasmon polaritons (SPPs) o Localized surface plasmons Quasi-Particles: o Phonon: quantum of vibrational mechanical energy Quantization of mechanical vibration. a collective excitation of atoms/molecules A phonon is a quantum mechanical description of an elementary vibrational motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules uniformly oscillates at a single frequency. In classical mechanics this designates a normal mode of vibration. Phonon, in condensed matter physics, is a unit of vibrational energy that arises from oscillating atoms within a crystal. A packet of these waves can travel throughout the crystal with a definite energy and momentum. So in quantum mechanical terms the waves can be treated as a particle called a phonon. Phonons and electrons are two main types of elementary particles or excitations in solids Electrons are responsible for the electrical properties of materials. o Excitons: o Plasmons: A quantum of plasma oscillation Quantization of plasma oscillation Collective oscillation of the free electron gas density. At optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasi-particle called a plasmons polaritons. o Polaritons: Photons + Plasmons Bosonic Quasi-particle Resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation. They are an expression of common quantum phenomena known as level repulsion or avoided crossing principle. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. Types: Phonon polaritons: coupling of an infrared photon with an optic phonon. Excitons polaritons: visible light + excitons Intersubband polaritons: infrared photon + Intersubband excitation Surface Plasmon polaritons: surface Plasmon + light Bragg polaritons: Bragg photon modes + bulk excitons Plexcitons o Polaron: A fermionic quasiparticle It is used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions of electrons with atoms in a solid material. o Magnon: A quasiparticle A collective excitation of electrons spin structure in a crystal lattice Quantized spin wave o Photon: quantum of electromagnetic or light energy. Photonics: o Photonics is the technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. o Photonics involves cutting-edge uses of: Lasers, Optics Fibre-optics Electro-optical devices in numerous fields of technology Alternate energy Manufacturing Health care Telecommunication Environmental monitoring Homeland security Aerospace Solid state lighting and many more. Plasmonics: o Plasmonics is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic field and free electrons in metal. o Free electrons in the metal can be excited by the electric component of light to have collective oscillations. Nano-Plasmonics: o Control of the light at nanoscale o Study of optical phenomena in the nanoscale vicinity of metal surfaces Applications of Nano-Plasmonics: o Molecular sensors Casein in milk Proteins o Plasmon-based amplifiers Plasmonstor Analogous to transistor o High resolution lithography and microscopy o Organic light-emitting diode (2009, Korean Company improve its efficiency by using plasmons) o To control colours of materials Tools to study the Plasmonics and Nano-Plasmonics o Laws of reflection, o Laws of refraction, o Refractive Index (RI) , o Snell’s law (SL), o Bragg’s law (BL), o Maxwell’s equations (ME), o Plasma frequency (PF), o Optical properties, o Electromagnetic spectrum, UV IR Visible o Permittivity of free space, o Relative permittivity (dielectric constants) of different mediums o Planck’s constant (h), o Reduced Planck’s constant (h cut) o Plasmon Energy (PE) Characterization Techniques: o Raman Spectroscopy (RS), o Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), o SEM o AFM Simulation Methods: o Rapid Prototyping o COMSOL o MATLAB o Green’s tensor approach o Scattering-matrix formalism o Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulations SPR Bio-sensing: o Diverse fundamental methods were and are currently under investigation to create Bio-sensing devices. o Surface acoustic waves o Micro-cantilevers o Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) o Optical mode probing